Mixture Of Tannins Research Articles

Allylation of cellulose microfibers for hydrosilylation with various hydrosilanes and hydrosiloxanes, and their application in corn-starch-mimosa tannin (CSMT) adhesive to improve particleboard properties

Recently, Cellulose microfibers (CMF) have garnered significant attention due to their renewability, biodegradability, and unique properties such as high aspect ratio, low density, high strength, stiffness, and distinctive optical properties. These characteristics have been highlighted in publications worldwide. However, the structure of CMF is difficult to access with solvents, limiting its dissolution in common organic solvents. The synthesis of CMF–siloxane or CMF–silane hybrid materials from cellulose generally involves several reactions steps, and therefore catalysts. The allylation of CMF is catalyzed by the phase-transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), which enables the combination of CMF with allyl. This is followed by a hydrosilylation reaction catalyzed by Karstedt's catalyst, based on platinum (0), to combine the hydrophilic allylated CMF with hydride-terminated hydrophobic hydrosilane or hydrosiloxane. Environmentally friendly particleboards were developed using bio-based adhesives composed of corn-starch and Mimosa tannin (CSMT) mixtures. These mixtures included 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt% of CMF, allylated CMF and silylated CMF. The mechanical and physical properties of particleboards, such as modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), surface soundness (SS), water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) were determined.

Starch vs. tannin as biodegradable reagents for ultrafine hematite depression

Enrichment of ultrafine liberated valuable minerals from their associated gangue phases is one of the emerging investigation topics within mineral processing and recycling. Using green flotation reagents and turning processes into eco-friendly systems is also one of the challenges in the green transition of ore beneficiation plants. Starch and Tanin as biodegradable depressants for hematite depression have been commercially used in various iron ore processing plants. However, their depression effects on ultrafine particles were not systemically assessed and compared. To fill this gap, this investigation examined the effects of starch, tannin, their mixtures (different ratios), and their different conditioning sequence on the floatability of ultrafine quartz and hematite (− 15 µm). Since the macromolecular polymer of these biodegradable depressants can bind particles together and flocculate them, turbidity analyses were used to assess their optimum ratio for hematite depression without affecting quartz floatability. Turbidity analyses provided a mixture of tannin and starch might enhance the flotation separation of quartz from hematite. Starch could flocculate ultrafine hematite particles, while tannin could disperse ultrafine quartz particles. Floatability experiments indicated that starch had the highest performance in hematite depression (lowest effect on quartz particles) compared to other conditions. Surface analyses (zeta potential and FTIR) proved floatability outcomes and highlighted starch had stronger adsorption on the hematite surface than tannin.

Study on synergistic inhibition and mechanism of flotation separation of fluorite and calcite by tannin and sodium humate

At present, the separation technology of fluorite and calcite is still immature, and the research in this paper can promote the improvement of the separation technology of fluorite and calcite. The selective inhibition mechanism of tannin and humate sodium on calcite was studied by means of actual ore flotation test, single mineral flotation test, Zeta potential measurement and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results show that the mixture of tannin and sodium humate inhibitor has a good inhibitory effect on carbonate under weak alkaline condition. The reaction products of sodium humate, tannin and calcium ions in solution interact with organic compounds adsorbed on the surface of calcite, forming multilayer adsorption on the surface of calcite, making calcite more hydrophilic. Based on density functional theory, Materials Studio (MS) was used to calculate the relevant adsorption energy, and the result was as follows: (a) compared with fluorite, tannin and humate sodium molecules are more easily adsorbed on the surface of calcite. (b) Compared with calcite alone adsorption of tannin molecules or sodium humate molecules, the adsorption state will be more stable, and the effect of tannin and sodium humate synergistic inhibition of calcite is better than the effect of inhibition alone. Therefore, using tannin and sodium humate as a combination inhibitor can effectively separate fluorite and calcite, which will promote the development and utilization of fluorite ore in industry.

PSI-23 Effect of Supplementation with Tannins and Saponins on Animal Performance of Holstein Calves

Abstract The optimization of the nutritional program of calves is essential for the sustainability and profitability of dairy companies. The use of additives such as Monensin allows to improve growth efficiency; however, concerns about the use of antibiotics in animal feed are growing. Therefore, the use of alternative products that can replace antimicrobial feed additives is necessary. Our objective was to evaluate the use of a combination of saponins and tannins in rearing stage of Holstein calves. A total of 36 female calves (BW, 114 ± 11 Kg; age, 86 ± 6 days) were distributed in 3 groups (n = 12/group) in a completely randomized design, using BW as criteria for assignment to each treatment (diet): 1) CON: without additives, 2) MON: Sodium Monensin (MON, 60 mg/kg DM, Elanco, Indianapolis, IN), 3) BXS: (900 mg/kg DM, a mixture of saponins and tannins, Silvafeed BXS, Silvateam, Argentina). The animal was used as the experimental unit. The calves were fed individually during an adaptation period of 10 days to the diet and a measurement period of 62 days. Body weight assessments were performed at the beginning and end of the measurement period with 12 previous hours of fasting. The feed intake was determined daily by measuring offer and rejection, and the conversion efficiency was determined using the quotient between the average daily gain and dry matter intake. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS, considering treatment as a fixed effect. Means differences were compared using Tukey's test, considering significance when P value ≤ 0.05. BXS and MON had increased final BW than CON (181, 181, and 174 kg respectively, P = 0.03). ADG was greater in BXS and MON than CON (1.075, 1.080, and 0.958 kg/d respectively, P = 0.03). BXS had similar DMI than MON but greater than CON (5.29, 5.13, and 4.62 Kg/d respectively, P = 0.03). The G:F was similar between treatments (0.208, P = 0.69). In conclusion, a combination of saponins and tannins can be used as an alternative additive to improve the performance of Holstein calves in rearing stage.

Mimosa tannin based NIPU wood adhesive with significant substitution of hexamethylenediamine using polyethyleneimine

Tannin-based non-isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) adhesive exhibits an excellent performance for wood bonding, but contains excess toxic hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), which is emitted to the environment during the preparation of wood panels. Herein, branched polyethylenimine (PEI)/tannin mixtures were utilized to share this adhesive in one integral formulation via various additions at the expense of HMDA. The physical properties, including pH, non-volatile content, viscosity, tannin- and bio-sourced-contents were investigated and compared to a traditional NIPU. The results have shown that the viscosities of the modified adhesives were increased significantly, with improvements at about 2–5% of bio-sourced content and around 4–8% of tannin content being achieved. Moreover, the HMDA content was decreased from 31 % for control T-NIPU-0-0 adhesive to 19 % for the modified adhesives. Possible undergoing reactions of the tannin-NIPU based adhesives series was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The main tannin-based NIPU structure was maintained even after tannin/PEI mixtures were added. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) results showed two typical curing stages for either the control adhesive (T-NIPU-0-0) or the modified ones, but different curing performance was observed for modified adhesives, particularly at the first stage. The thermal stability of the modified adhesives was enhanced due to the inserted tannin/PEI mixture, which was proven by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mechanical properties indicated that formulations with suitable weight ratios of tannin/PEI mixtures, such as T-NIPU-4-1 and T-NIPU-5-1 adhesives, could hold a similar performance to the control T-NIPU-0-0 adhesive, which satisfied the European Norm EN 312–2010 for 12- mm boards of type P2. Moreover, a small addition of glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE) into the T-NIPU-4-1 adhesive endowed an acceptable bonding performance while undergoing different preparation conditions. Therefore, the modified adhesives with the branched PEI/tannin adduct inherited outstanding bonding performance compared to classical tannin-NIPU adhesives along with a noteworthy decreased release of harmful substances such as HMDA, which is in line with the requirements for a cleaner production process.

Prevention of Protein Degradation Using Ensiling Coffee Husk

The purpose of this research is to provide protein protective compounds during the ensiling process using local materials, namely coffee husk waste. The type of coffee used was robusta. Dry coffee husk (moisture <15%) was ground using a Wiley mill (2 mm sieve). The extraction of tannins from coffee husk waste was performed by the Soxhlation method using ethanol organic solvent (70%). The research involved four treatments and five replications, namely P0= elephant grass silage without tannins; P1= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 3g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage; P2= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 6g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage; and P3= elephant grass silage with the mixture of 9g coffee husk tannins per 1kg fresh silage. A completely randomized design (CRD) was employed. The significantly different results were then tested using Duncan's Multiple Test (DMRT). In summary, the addition of coffee husk tannins with a dose of 9g per 1kg of fresh silage presented the best quality elephant grass silage.

Development, Synthesis and Characterization of Tannin/Bentonite-Derived Biochar for Water and Wastewater Treatment from Methylene Blue

Novel hybrid carbon–mineral materials were synthesized by the mechanochemical activation of a mixture of tannin and bentonite in a ball mill with further pyrolysis in an argon atmosphere at 800 °C. The influence of the initial mixture ingredients content on the structural, textural, and thermal characteristics of biochars has been described using X-ray diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of bentonite clay on the carbon phase characteristics due to the formation of more heat-resistant and structured nanocarbon particles in biochars has been proven. The adsorption effectiveness of the materials towards methylene blue was studied. The adsorption data were analyzed applying Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms with high determination coefficients (R2) in the range of 0.983–0.999 (Langmuir) and 0.783–0.957 (Freundlich). The maximum adsorption amount of MB was 5.78 mg/g. The adsorption efficiency of biochars with respect to phenol was also examined. It was shown that the hybrid biochars show differentiated selectivity to the adsorption of organic compounds. It was concluded that the physicochemical properties of the surface of biochars play an important role in the adsorption effectiveness, making them a good candidate for water and wastewater remediation processes.

P163. Interaction between a potentiated formulation of ZnO and a mixture of tannins to reduce post-weaning-diarrhoea in an ETEC infection model Dietary fumonisins potentially modulate sone health indicators in weaned piglets

P163. Interaction between a potentiated formulation of ZnO and a mixture of tannins to reduce post-weaning-diarrhoea in an ETEC infection model Dietary fumonisins potentially modulate sone health indicators in weaned piglets

PENYULUHAN TENTANG KASIAT DAUN SISIK NAGA SEBAGAI PENGOBATAN DIARE DI DESA CANDIREJO

The purpose of welfare improvement is to strive to further develop the highest welfare status that can really be expected. To achieve this goal, proactive and dynamic administration and regulation are needed that cover all fields, be it government, private or regional. In connection with the above, the creators are interested in leading PKM which intends to provide guidance on giving scale leaves which are believed to be a treatment for diarrhea in Candirejo Village. The reason for holding this PKM is to get a healthy local environment and to avoid diarrheal diseases caused by the living guidance of dragon scale leaves as diarrhea in Candirejo Village. Diarrhea is one of the most well-known infections locally. One of the causes of diarrhea is eating food that is processed ineffective and unhygienic so that the food is contaminated by microbes that are around. If not treated immediately can cause loss of body fluids so that the patient will become dry. Tests saw unusual cases of diarrhea causing death in infants and children. Dragon scale leaves expressly contain a mixture of flavonoids and tannins. These substances are useful as, against pain, death, dry medicine, overcoming ulcers and overcoming bloating. The content of flavonoids and tannins in dragon scales leaves may have an effect. pharmacology for human well-being. It consists of three kinds of stages used in the pemekaran strategy, more specifically: Inviting the local area for PKM training, Input by checking items and things to do, Evaluating the side effects of preparation by estimating the consequences of augmentation preparation. This plant is also efficacious for treating various diseases such as gum disease, stiff neck, bruises, bruises, jaundice, vaginal discharge, breast cancer, mumps, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, gonorrhea and difficult bowel movements. The use of dragon scales leaves as traditional medicine began when a pharmacist found a sick chimpanzee and bit the dragon scales leaves so that the body's condition returned to normal.

Influence of tannins, human saliva, and the interaction between them on volatility of aroma compounds in a model wine.

During wine drinking, aroma release is mainly impacted by wine matrix compositions and oral physiological parameters. Notably, tannins in wine could interact with saliva protein to form aggregates which might also affect the volatility of volatiles. To explore tannins, saliva, and the interaction between them on the volatility of volatiles, the volatility of 16 aroma compounds in the model wine mixed with the commercial tannin extracts, human saliva, or both respectively, was evaluated in vitro static condition by using HS-SPME-GC/MS. The volatility of aroma compounds with high hydrophobicity or benzene ring appeared to decrease more when increasing the tannin levels. Specifically, the volatility of ethyl octanoate, β-ionone, and guaiacol was decreased more than 20% by adding 2 g/L tannin extract. The addition of human saliva could significantly inhibit volatility of most aroma compounds in the model wine. Furthermore, the volatility of most aroma compounds in the mixture of tannins and human saliva was significantly lower than the control or the sample which were added with tannins or human saliva individually. The volatility of some aroma compounds in the mixture of the tannin and saliva was only around 50% or less, relative to the control. Two-way ANOVA analysis showed that there was a synergistic effect between tannin and saliva on decreasing the volatility of most aroma compounds (p < 0.05). Overall, understanding the effect of key factors such as tannins and saliva on volatility of volatiles could help to understand the sophisticated retronasal perceptions during wine tasting. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The outputs of this research will be helpful in understanding the impact of tannins on retronasal aroma release during wine tasting. It might promote the control of tannins in the viticulture and brewing process to improve the retronasal perception of wine aroma.

Effects of two tannin extracts at different doses in interaction with a green or dry forage substrate on in vitro rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation

Extensive ruminant farming systems often face fluctuating pasture availability, resulting in two periods with very different forage quality. Tannins are natural bioactive compounds able to modify ruminants’ digestive metabolism thanks to their bioactive properties. To evaluate a differential effect of tannins in different feeding situations, according to the availability of pasture along the year, an in vitro rumen incubation trial was performed. Buffered sheep rumen content was incubated in vitro with two different substrates, vetch pasture (VP) and vetch hay (VH), in the presence of two different tannin extracts, from quebracho (QUE) and a mixture of quebracho and chestnut tannins (MIX). Each of the tannin extract was tested at 0, 15 and 30 g of tannin/kg DM. The gas production was determined at 3.5 and 24 h of fermentation. After 24 h in anaerobic conditions, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia and fatty acids (FA) were analysed. Interesting significative two-way interactions with different tannin extracts were observed in some fermentation parameters. Adding MIX to VH treatment resulted in a higher depression (P < 0.050) of ammonia production and iso-VFA proportions, compared to QUE supplementation, while no differences were observed in VP treatment. QUE was more effective than MIX (P < 0.050) in reducing acetate/propionate ratio when supplemented to VH treatment. However, the MIX treatment showed a higher increase (P < 0.050) of CO2/CH4 ratio after 24 h of incubation when supplemented at 30 g/kg, compared to QUE treatment. MIX and QUE exerted similar effects on rumen biohydrogenation. Tannin extracts decreased the rumenic/linoleic acid ratio and iso-FA proportions (P < 0.050) only when added to the VH treatment. These results demonstrate that tannin extracts are more effective in modulating rumen metabolism when associated with a hay-based diet. Also, the MIX treatment was more effective in protecting proteins from ruminal degradation, a key point in grazing periods. Therefore, extensive husbandry could benefit from different strategies for using dietary tannin extracts according to season and pasture availability.

A mixture of quebracho and chestnut tannins drives butyrate-producing bacteria populations shift in the gut microbiota of weaned piglets.

Weaning is a critical period for piglets, in which unbalanced gut microbiota and/or pathogen colonisation can contribute to diseases that interfere with animal performance. Tannins are natural compounds that could be used as functional ingredients to improve gut health in pig farming thanks to their antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiarrhoeal properties. In this study, a mixture of quebracho and chestnut tannins (1.25%) was evaluated for its efficacy in reducing the negative weaning effects on piglet growth. Microbiota composition was assessed by Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene sequencing of DNA extracted from stools at the end of the trial. Sequence analysis revealed an increase in the genera Shuttleworthia, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Peptococcus, Anaerostipes, and Solobacterium in the tannin-supplemented group. Conversely, this dietary intervention reduced the abundance of the genera Syntrophococcus, Atopobium, Mitsuokella, Sharpea, and Prevotella. The populations of butyrate-producing bacteria were modulated by tannin, and higher butyrate concentrations in stools were detected in the tannin-fed pigs. Co-occurrence analysis revealed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to the families Veillonellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Coriobacteriaceae occupied the central part of the network in both the control and the tannin-fed animals. Instead, in the tannin group, the OTUs belonging to the families Acidaminococcaceae, Alcaligenaceae, and Spirochaetaceae characterised its network, whereas Family XIII Incertae Sedis occupied a more central position than in the control group. Conversely, the presence of Desulfovibrionaceae characterised the network of the control group, and this family was not present in the network of the tannin group. Moreover, the prediction of metabolic pathways revealed that the gut microbiome of the tannin group possessed an enhanced potential for carbohydrate transport and metabolism, as well as a lower abundance of pathways related to cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis and inorganic ion transport. In conclusion, the tested tannins seem to modulate the gut microbiota, favouring groups of butyrate-producing bacteria.

Effect of Different Enological Tannins on Oxygen Consumption, Phenolic Compounds, Color and Astringency Evolution of Aglianico Wine.

Background: In the wine industry, in addition to condensed tannins of grape origin, other commercial tannins are commonly used. However, the influence of oxygen uptake related to different tannin additions during the post fermentative phase in wine has not been completely investigated. In this study, we evaluated the influence of four different commercial tannins (namely, condensed tannins, gallotannins, ellagitannins and tea tannins) during four saturation cycles. Method: Wine samples were added with four different tannin classes (30 g/hL) as to have 5 different experimental samples: control, gallotannins (GT), condensed tannins (CT), ellagitannins (ET), and tea tannins (TT). The chemical composition of the four commercially available tannin mixtures was defined by means of NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry. After the addition of tannins, each wine sample was oxidized by air over four cycles of saturation. During the experiment oxygen consumption rate (OCR), sulfur dioxide consumption, acetaldehyde production, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, astringency measured by the reactivity towards saliva proteins and astringency subqualities were evaluated. Results: The experiment lasted 52 days. The addition of tannins influenced the oxygen consumption on the 1st day of the saturation cycles and, in the case of TT, a higher total consumption of oxygen was also detected. Acetaldehyde increased during the experiment while the native anthocyanins decreased throughout the oxidation process. Conclusion: Wines added with tannins featured improved color intensities with respect to the control; the addition of TT, GT and ET slightly promoted the formation of short polymeric pigments; the astringency, determined before and at the end of the experiment, decreased in all the samples, including the control wine, and mostly in the ET and GT samples.

Combination Effects of Plant Extracts Rich in Tannins and Saponins as Feed Additives for Mitigating in Vitro Ruminal Methane and Ammonia Formation.

Simple SummaryRuminant livestock contribute to global warming by emitting methane, a major greenhouse gas, as a product of microbial fermentation occurring in the rumen. Apart from its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, methane emissions represent an energy loss in ruminants. Excessive ruminal ammonia formation, on the other hand, leads to a higher risk of pollution via ammonia, nitrous oxide, and nitrate emissions. Natural plant secondary compounds such as tannins, saponins, and essential oils are among the promising feed additives to mitigate enteric methane and ammonia formation. Though both tannins and saponins, when tested separately, have been reported to be effective, their combinations have rarely been tested. Therefore, in the present study, whether the combination of plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins would act additively or non-additively (associatively) in decreasing methane and ammonia formation in an artificial rumen system was investigated. Indeed, the addition of plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, either individually or in combination, decreased the methane proportion of total gas in both high-forage and high-concentrate diets. This indicates their effectiveness as anti-methanogenic agents across contrasting diet types. Their effects were generally additive and occasionally synergistic (i.e., more than proportionate), especially in mitigating ruminal ammonia formation and, less clearly, concerning methane emissions.The objective of this experiment was to test the effects of combining plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins at varying proportions on in vitro ruminal methane and ammonia formation. Tannins were extracted from Swietenia mahogani leaves and saponins from Sapindus rarak fruits with various solvents. The extracts obtained with the most efficient solvents (tannins: 75% water and 25% methanol; saponins: pure methanol) were then used in vitro. The treatments consisted of two substrate types (high-forage (HF) or high-concentrate (HC) diets) and five extract combinations (tannins: saponins, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) added at 2 mg/mL in incubation liquid. In vitro incubation was performed in four runs, with each treatment being represented with two replicates per run. The addition of plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins, either individually or in combination, decreased the methane proportion of total gas in both the HF (p < 0.05) and HC (p < 0.05) diets. The effects of the plant extracts rich in tannins and saponins were generally additive in mitigating methane emissions. Favorable associative effects between the extracts were observed in the ammonia concentration, both in the HF (p < 0.001) and HC (p < 0.01) diets and in the methane proportion of total gas, with a 1:3 mixture of tannins and saponins added to the HC diet (p < 0.05).

Tannin-derived bimetallic CuCo/C catalysts for an efficient in-situ hydrogenation of lauric acid in methanol-water media

Integration of aqueous-phase reforming of methanol (APRM) into the production of value-added fatty alcohols via hydrogenation of fatty acids is an attractive and efficient process in biomass conversion. Herein, we present tannin-derived carbon-supported monometallic Cu/C, Co/C and bimetallic Cu-Co/C catalysts with different Cu/Co ratios for in situ hydrogenation of lauric acid in a methanol-water hydrothermal system. The catalysts were made by a simple mixture of tannin and the metal salts, followed by pyrolysis in an H2 atmosphere. Through synergism induced by Cu-Co interactions, the bimetallic Cu-Co/C catalyst with Cu/Co ratio of 1:4 (CuCo4/C) exhibits higher catalytic activity than monometallic Cu/C catalyst towards lauric acid conversion, as well as higher selectivity to lauryl alcohol than monometallic Co/C catalyst. The CuCo4/C catalyst is composed of metallic Cu, metallic Co, and amorphous carbon, characterized by high surface area (194.5 m2/g) and hierarchical structure. The obtained lauryl alcohol yield in the methanol-water hydrothermal system is significantly higher than other alcohol-water systems, namely ethanol, 1-propanol, and isopropanol hydrothermal systems, highlighting its higher generation rate of hydrogen. Also, the effects of process parameters including the quantity of methanol, catalyst loading and reaction time on the conversion of lauric acid were systematically studied and optimized.

ІНГІБІТОРНА ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ І СКЛАД ЕКСТРАКТУ КОРИ ДУБА

Regional and international researchers have proven that natural products, plants and their extracts can be used to reduce the corrosion rate. Such studies are relevant because natural inhibitors are obtained from renewable sources, therefore they are environmentally friendly. Ukrainian scientists have investigated the inhibition effect of oak bark extracts, but no such studies have been performed on cast iron. What is more, it has not been established which substances cause this effect. The purpose of the study is to determine the corrosion resistance of 08kp steel and gray cast iron SCh-15 (common structural materials of food industry equipment) in acidic and neutral environments in presence of oak bark extracts; to define the qualitative composition of the extract. Structure of cast iron and steel samples was studied on a metallographic microscope MMP-14C. The corrosion rate of metals was evaluated by weight. To determine the corrosion potential, we used a setting of a cathode voltmeter, electrodes (test and saturated chloride-silver), an intermediate vessel with a saturated KCl solution and electrolytic keys filled with the test electrolyte and saturated KCl solution (for the comparison electrode). The extract was analyzed on a Shimadzu GCMS-QP2020 gas chromatograph with mass-selective detection. Using weight method, the inhibition effect of oak shavings alcohol extract was proved in acidic and neutral corrosive environments. Under the influence of oak bark extract (5%), the stationary potential of steel 08kp has shifted: in 3% NaCl solution (oxygen depolarization) – towards more negative values; in 5% HCl solution (hydrogen depolarization) – to less negative values. Gas chromatography with mass-selective detection (GC/MS) revealed that the active substance in the extract is a mixture of natural tannins – polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of 500 to 3000. The inhibition effect of natural tannins is probably enhanced by siloxane compounds.

Influence of Heat Treatment and Tannin Impregnation on Boron Depletion and Wood Durability

Heat treatment (HT) of a mixture of tannins and inorganic boron compounds showed effective results against wood decay organisms. Boron compounds play a critical role in the preservation of wood against wood decay organisms. The use of tannins and HT represents a relatively new environmentally friendly approach to the wood preservation industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tannin impregnation and HT on boron depletion, and termite and fungi resistance. Southern yellow pine (SYP) and yellow-poplar (YP) cube samples were used for this study. A mixture of condensed tannins from the Quebracho tree and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) was injected into the specimens using a vacuum/pressure cycle, and the specimens were then heat-treated under N2 atmosphere for four hours at 190 °C to investigate both the tannin’s fixative ability to reduce boron leaching and the performance of the mixture against brown and white-rot fungi and termites. Tannins restricted boron leaching in 46% and 34% for SYP and YP, respectively, and also significantly increased the resistance against white-rot fungi for YP. Tannins and HT showed unpredictably good performance against termites. Tannins may be acting to denature proteins; in that case, fungal enzymes would be inhibited. This study revealed the importance of HT on a mixture of boron and tannins to decrease boron leaching and increase the durability of preservative systems.

Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extract Legundi Leaf (Vitex trifolia L.) and N-Hexan, Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol-Water Fraction against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells

Indonesia’s biodiversity provides many potential anticancer agent. One of the plants that has anticancer properties is legundi (Vitex tifolia L.). This study was conducted to determine the cytotoxic effects of ethanol extract, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of legundi leaves in MCF-7 cells and to identify compounds contained in the legundi ethanol extract and their fractions. The extraction process was carried out using the socletation method with 96% ethanol. Fractination was done using a liquid-liquid partition. Cytotoxic tests were performed using the MTT assay method. Phytochemical screening was carried out by TLC test using silica GF254 stationary phase, mobile phase n-hexane:ethyl acetate (7:3) and chloroform:methanol:acetic acid (9:3:3). Observation of spot results was done using spray reagents and visualized using UV 366. The cytotoxic test results showed that the ethanol extract and the n-hexane fraction of legundi leaves had cytotoxic effects with IC50 values ​​of 98.69 µg/mL and 41.06 µg/mL, respectively. While ethyl acetate and ethanol-air fractions did not have cytotoxic effects. The results of phytochemical screening from ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of legundi leaves showed flavonoid, phenol, tannin, alkaloid, and terpenoid compounds. The ethyl acetate fraction contains a mixture of steroid, saponin, phenol, tannin, and terpenoid. The ethanol-water fraction contains compounds containing steroid, saponin, phenol, tannin, and alkaloid.

Altered rumen fermentation patterns in lactating dairy cows supplemented with phytochemicals improve milk production and efficiency

Tannins and other phytochemicals are known to improve RUP in the diet by binding protein and then limiting ruminal degradation, which may improve milk yield and milk protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary phytochemicals (tannins and Capsicum species) as rumen modifiers on production parameters and milk efficiency in dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (96 ± 16 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design balanced to measure carryover effects. Cows were blocked according to days in milk, milk production, and body weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (n = 8/group). Each group was assigned to a unique treatment sequence across the 3 periods in the Latin square. The experiment consisted of a 14-d covariate period and three 30-d treatment periods. Cows received a basal diet supplemented with soybean meal pellets (SB) as the control diet, phytochemicals (RUM; Rumiviv, CCPA, Janzé, France) pelleted with soybean meal, or expeller soybean meal (ESBM; SoyPlus, West Central Soy, Ralston, IA). Milk production and dry matter intake during the last 4 d of each period were used for statistical analysis. Blood and rumen fluid samples were collected on d 27 of each period. Rumen fluid was analyzed for ammonia N and volatile fatty acids as well as ruminal bacteria via quantitative PCR amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA genes. Greater milk yield (37.9 vs. 36 kg/d), energy-corrected milk (39.7 vs 37.1 kg/d), and protein yield (1.15 vs. 1.08 kg/d) were observed in RUM compared with SB, but these parameters were similar between RUM and ESBM. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (118.1 vs. 101.5 mM) were greater in RUM in comparison to SB and ESBM diets. Cows fed RUM had greater β-hydroxybutyrate (0.49 vs. 0.42 mmol/L) than SB and ESBM. Selenomonas ruminantium, Succinimonas amylolytica, and Streptococcus bovis in rumen fluid were lower in RUM fed cows in comparison to SB and ESBM. Increased total volatile fatty acids and lower ruminal abundance of bacteria associated with low feed efficiency in RUM cows can partially explain the improvements observed in milk yield and milk efficiency. Overall, these data suggest that feeding a combination of tannin mixture and Capsicum can significantly affect rumen fermentation characteristics via partial manipulation of rumen microbiota, and these effects were reflected in improved milk production and efficiency.

Tannin plywood bioadhesives with non-volatile aldehydes generation by specific oxidation of mono- and disaccharides

Sodium periodate has been shown to cleave glucose by specific oxidation to yield a number of non-volatile aldehydes which can react with the phenolic compounds in tannin extract and lead to tannin cross-linking and hardening. This approach to prepare a tannin resin useable for wood adhesives can be used by either treating with periodate a mixture of tannin and glucose, or to treat glucose beforehand with periodate to cleave it and generate the aldehydes, and only afterwards to mix it with the tannin. The results obtained with these two methods are identical, but the latter method avoids oxidation of tannin. The aldehydes were generated either by direct cleavage of glucose C–C bonds carrying vicinal oriented hydroxyls, or by recombination of the aldehydes so formed by aldol condensation or by water elimination between two aldehyde groups. MALDI ToF analysis indicated that all the three types of aldehydes appeared to react with the polyphenols in the tannin. Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and plywood bonded with the tannin + glucose + periodate mixes gave good bonding results, with dry, 24 h cold water soaking and 3 h at 63 °C shear strength values improving concomitantly to the proportion of periodate used for the oxidation step.