Mixture Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

A Mixture of Soybean Oil and Lard Alleviates Postpartum Cognitive Impairment via Regulating the Brain Fatty Acid Composition and SCFA/ERK(1/2)/CREB/BDNF Pathway.

Lard is highly appreciated for its flavor. However, it has not been elucidated how to consume lard while at the same time eliminating its adverse effects on postpartum cognitive function. Female mice were divided into three groups (n = 10): soybean oil (SO), lard oil (LO), and a mixture of soybean oil and lard at a ratio of 1:1 (LS). No significant difference was observed between the SO and LS groups in behavioral testing of the maternal mice, but the LO group was significantly worse compared with these two groups. Moreover, the SO and LS supplementation increased docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels in the brain and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria in feces, thereby mitigating neuroinflammation and lowering the p-ERK(1/2)/ERK(1/2), p-CREB/CREB, and BDNF levels in the brain compared to the LO group. Collectively, the LS group inhibited postpartum cognitive impairment by regulating the brain fatty acid composition, neuroinflammation, gut microbiota, and the SCFA/ERK(1/2)/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway compared to lard.

Bioremediation of trichloroethylene-contaminated groundwater using green carbon-releasing substrate with pH control capability

In this research, a sustainable substrate, termed green and long-lasting substrate (GLS), featuring a blend of emulsified substrate (ES) and modified rice husk ash (m-RHA) was devised. The primary objective was to facilitate the bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) using innovative GLS for slow carbon release and pH control. The GLS was concocted by homogenizing a mixture of soybean oil, surfactants (Simple Green™ and soya lecithin), and m-RHA, ensuring a gradual release of carbon sources. The hydrothermal synthesis was applied for the production of m-RHA production. The analyses demonstrate that m-RHA were uniform sphere-shape granules with diameters in micro-scale ranges. Results from the microcosm study show that approximately 83% of TCE could be removed (initial TCE concentration = 7.6 mg/L) with GLS supplement after 60 days of operation. Compared to other substrates without RHA addition, higher TCE removal efficiency was obtained, and higher Dehalococcoides sp. (DHC) population and hydA gene (hydrogen-producing gene) copy number were also detected in microcosms with GLS addition. Higher hydrogen concentrations enhanced the DHC growth, which corresponded to the increased DHC populations. The addition of the GLS could provide alkalinity at the initial stage to neutralize the acidified groundwater caused by the produced organic acids after substrate biodegradation, which was advantageous to DHC growth and TCE dechlorination. The addition of m-RHA reached an increased TCE removal efficiency, which was due to the fact that the m-RHA had the zeolite-like structure with a higher surface area and lower granular diameter, and thus, it resulted in a more effective initial adsorption effect. Therefore, a significant amount of TCE could be adsorbed onto the surface of m-RHA, which caused a rapid TCE removal through adsorption. The carbon substrates released from m-RHA could then enhance the subsequent dechlorination. The developed GLS is an environmentally-friendly and green substrate.

Higher alcohols as cosolvents of mixtures of ethanol and soybean oil: Solubility and physical properties of ternary systems

Mixtures of soybean oil (SO) and ethanol (EtOH) are of interest for several applications, such as the addition of the mixtures to diesel, the production of ethyl esters (ethyl biodiesel) from SO and the extraction of vegetable oils with a renewable solvent. However, the solubility between the components of this mixture is limited, which may hinder the possible applications. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the solubility of mixtures composed of SO and EtOH with the addition of cosolvents, n-butanol (nBut) and isoamyl alcohol (IAA), which are higher alcohols present in fusel oil, a coproduct of the production of EtOH. The physical properties of the ternary mixtures were also determined, which are necessary data for proposing the use of these renewable inputs. The regions of phase separation for the systems were determined using the cloud point method at constant temperature (25, 40 and 55 °C). The physical properties, density (ρ, kg·m−3) and dynamic viscosity (η, mPa·s) were experimentally determined for the binary (EtOH + nBut and EtOH + IAA, temperatures from 20.0 to 70.0 ± 0.1 °C) and ternary (SO + EtOH + nBut and SO + EtOH + IAA, 25.0, 40.0 and 55.0 ± 0.1 °C) mixtures. The experimental ρ data were described mathematically by the simple mixing rule (SMR) and the Jouyban-Acree (JA) model. For the description of η, the modified Kay rule (MKR), the Kendall and Monroe (KM) model, the Grunberg-Nissan (GN) model and the JA model were considered. Regarding the binary mixtures, the SMR and the GN model showed the lowest average relative deviation (ARD) values, 0 to 0.31% for ρ and 0.21 to 5% for η. For the ternary systems, the JA model best described the behavior of both physical properties (ARD from 0.02 to 4.51% for ρ and from 0.85 to 7.14% for η). Both cosolvents enabled the reduction of the immiscibility region, with similar performance in the evaluated temperature range.

The Microstructure, Rheological Characteristics, and Digestibility Properties of Binary or Ternary Mixture Systems of Gelatinized Potato Starch/Milk Protein/Soybean Oil during the In Vitro Digestion Process.

The in vitro digestibility of potato starch-based foods interacting with milk protein and soybean oil was investigated. Microstructures and rheological changes upon digestion were determined. The results showed that the addition of milk proteins (casein and whey protein) promoted gelatinized potato starch digestion, while soybean oil slowed down gelatinized potato starch digestion. A mixture of soybean oil and milk protein promoted the digestion of milk protein, while a mixture of gelatinized potato starch and milk protein inhibited the digestion of milk protein. The mixture of milk protein and/or gelatinized potato starch with soybean oil promoted the release of free fatty acids in soybean oil. The highest release rate of free fatty acids was attained by a mix of milk protein and soybean oil. The mixed samples were digested and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The viscosity of the digestates was determined by a rheometer. Overall, the results demonstrated that the addition of milk protein and soybean oil had an effect on the in vitro digestibility of gelatinized potato starch and its microstructure.

Multiresponse optimization of biodiesel obtained from a mixture of soybean oil, beef tallow, and waste cooking oil

Biodiesel is considered an alternative fuel that offers socio-environmental advantages over regular diesel from fossil origin. Several feedstocks can produce biodiesel, but animal fat and waste cooking oil (WCO) have become attractive due to their low cost and easy availability. These feedstocks can be mixed with traditional soybean oil to improve biodiesel’s properties, such as oxidation stability and cloud point, which would help comply with the quality parameters required by law. This work aimed to optimize pure biodiesel (B100) production from the mixture of soybean oil, beef tallow, and WCO by the methyl route and homogeneous (basic) catalysis. The simplex-centroid mixture experimental design was used to optimize yield, Induction Period (IP), and Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP). The results indicated that the optimum formulation was a mixture containing 50% soybean oil, 33% beef tallow, and 17% WCO. The quality parameters evaluated are within limits established by international legislation; IP of 7.11 h and CFPP of 0 °C. The real values of the R2, p-values, or t-values validate the obtained models.

Dyeing para‐aramid fabrics in supercritical carbon dioxide with pretreatment of nonthermal plasma induced oil polymers

AbstractIt has been a great challenge to effectively dye para‐aramids. This study systematically evaluated the dyeing of textile fabrics made of woven continuous filament, highly crystalline para‐aramids in supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) at various combinations of temperature (T = 80–160°C) and pressure (P = 10–20 MPa), focusing on our new pretreatment method of using nonthermal plasma (NTP) to induce oil polymers on the surface of the fabrics for the enhancement of dyeing. We found that, without any pretreatment, the specific para‐aramid fabric used in this study is undyeable (dyed K/S value of ~0.5), even after an NTP surface treatment and undergoing a dyeing process in ScCO2, due to its high crystallinity and chemical inertness. Pretreating the para‐aramids with soybean oil, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), or a mixture of soybean oil and acrylic acid (AA/Soy) followed by an NTP treatment significantly improved the dyeing color strength, as measured by K/S values up to 9.7. In these cases, AESO and AA/Soy provided comparable results, better than that obtained with soybean oil. The NTP treatment is essential in inducing a cross‐linked polymer network in situ, anchoring the para‐aramids with covalent bonds and also providing functional groups that bind the dye. The new dyeing method did not compromise the strength of the para‐aramids. Further, dyes soluble in ScCO2 should be selected, since the use of dyes insoluble in ScCO2 would require the addition of co‐solvents and other auxiliary chemicals, which complicates the downstream separation of these chemicals and decreases the benefit of ScCO2 dyeing.

Ursodeoxycholic Acid and SMOFlipid for Treating Parenteral Nutrition Associated Cholestasis in Infants.

Background: Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) is frequently seen in preterm infants receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for a long duration. The pathogenesis of PNAC is believed to be multifactorial; however, phytosterols are hepatotoxic, resulting in cholestasis. A novel lipid emulsion consisting of a mixture of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOFlipid) with a low level of phytosterols has been shown to improve cholestasis. Moreover, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has improved bile flow and normalized liver function tests. This study aimed to determine the effect of UDCA and SMOFlipid in preventing and treating PNAC in infants.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included all infants who received TPN for at least five days between January 2010 and December 2018, who also received UDCA for the treatment of cholestasis, and infants who developed cholestasis but were not treated with UDCA. In addition, any infants who received SMOFlipid for parenteral nutrition during the same period were included. We recorded multiple variables, including neonatal demographic data, major medical diagnosis, liver function, medications, and maternal variables.Results: A total of 58 infants with cholestasis who received UDCA for treatment were identified. The infants were divided into two groups, Group 1 infants had gestational age (GA) of ≤32 weeks, and Group 2 had GA of >32 weeks. We found that combining SMOFlipid with UDCA resulted in a significant reduction in cholestasis duration in both groups. Infants in Group 1 who received SMOFlipid had cholestasis for a mean of 67 ± 57 days, and those who did not receive SMOFlipid had cholestasis for a mean of 145 ± 102 days (p=0.04). Infants in Group 2 who received SMOFlipid had cholestasis for a mean of 38.2 ± 28 days, and those who did not receive SMOFlipid had cholestasis for a mean of 117 ± 119 days (p=0.02).Conclusions: According to our results, the use of UDCA and SMOFlipid reduced the duration of parenteral nutrition-associated with cholestasis in very low birth weight infants.

A Lard and Soybean Oil Mixture Alleviates Low-Fat-High-Carbohydrate Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice.

Dietary habit is highly related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Low-fat–high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diets could induce lean NAFLD in Asians. Previously, we found that a lard and soybean oil mixture reduced fat accumulation with a medium-fat diet; therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effect of a lard and soybean oil mixture (LFHC diet) on NAFLD and its underlying mechanisms. Mice in groups were fed with lard, soybean oil, or a lard and soybean oil mixture—an LFHC diet—separately. Our results showed that mixed oil significantly inhibited serum triglyceride, liver triglyceride, serum free fatty acids (FFAs), and liver FFAs compared with soybean oil or lard, and we found fewer inflammatory cells in mice fed with mixed oil. RNA-seq results indicate that mixed oil reduced FFAs transportation into the liver via decreasing liver fatty acid-binding protein 2 expression, inhibited oxidative phosphorylation via tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 downregulation, and alleviated inflammation via downregulating inflammatory cytokine. The liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry results showed that the mixed oil promoted bile acid conjugated with taurine and glycine, thus activating G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 for improved lipids metabolism. In conclusion, the lard and soybean oil mixture alleviated NAFLD.

Dispersion states of lecithin–soybean oil mixtures in water

Dispersion states of lecithin–soybean oil mixtures in water

Elaboration and Properties of an Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsion Loaded with a Terpene-Enriched Oil Mixture Obtained Biotechnologically

Biotechnological production is an economical and sustainable pathway to produce some natural terpenes of major industrial importance such as limonene (LIM) and α-terpineol (α-TOH). Thus, in this article, the raw and nonpurified product obtained from the LIM biotransformation (mixture of soybean oil, LIM, and α-TOH), namely as a biotransformation product (BP), was encapsulated into nanoemulsion (NEs) using Quillaja saponins as a natural small-molecule surfactant. Since the long-term physicochemical stability of the NEs is questionable, the emulsion was kept at different storage temperatures (5, 25, 50 °C) up to 280 days, turbidity and mean droplet diameter being selected as destabilization criteria. Furthermore, gas chromatography was applied to track and monitor the concentration of LIM and α-TOH that could be retained in NEs over time. The NEs that were kept at both 5 and 25 °C were considered stable up to the 280th day, although these monoterpenes were more retained in an emulsion stored at 5 °C. The results also showed that the NEs displayed substantial physicochemical stability at room temperature, indicating that the encapsulation of the BP may work as an alternative natural-friendly nanocolloidal system to deliver these monoterpenes in foodstuff.

Increasing the biodegradability of epoxy materials by means of vegetable oils and their oxygenated derivatives

Recycling of epoxy resin products is an urgent problem due to the microbiological resistance of such polymers. In this work, we aimed to increase the biodegradability of epoxy materials under the action of soil microorganisms and mycelial fungi. The modification of epoxy materials was carried out using soybean oil, rubber tree oil and their oxygenated derivatives, as well as a mixture of soybean oil and oleic acid. According to the obtained results, the introduction of a material based on unmodified epoxy resin into a soil leads to a 2.2-fold decrease in the respiratory activity of the soil microbiocenosis compared to untreated soil samples. This proves that epoxy-diane resins or hardeners (aminophenol) inhibit soil microbiocenosis. In comparison with the action of unmodified epoxy resins, the epoxy resins treated with vegetable oils and their oxygenated derivatives caused an increase in the respiratory activity of soil microbiocenosis, thus indicating the biodegradability of the materials under study. The decrease in the content of carboxylic acids in the composition of rubber tree oil after its epoxidation, which was confirmed by a decrease in the acid value, led to a slight decrease in the respiratory activity of soil microbiocenosis. For the same reason, the carbonation of vegetable oils had a similar effect. An improved biodegradation profile of epoxy materials following their modification was also confirmed by assessing their fungal resistance in terms of the number of the Tricho-derma fungi. It was concluded that vegetable oils and their oxygenated derivatives increase the biodegradability of epoxy materials. Among all the studied compositions, the epoxy materials modified with rubber tree oil and a mixture of soybean oil and oleic acid demonstrated the highest level of biodegradability.

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF FAT EMULSIONS IN NEONATAL PARENTAL `NUTRITION IN UKRAINE

Fat emulsions are extremely important for newborns, especially for seriously ill, premature babies with very low and extremely low body weight (congenital or acquired pathology that causes gastrointestinal failure), if routine enteral feeding is problematic and sometimes impossible. All current updated data on the quality, efficacy and feasibility of using lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition for medical reasons were published in the 2019 Cochrane Review “Systematic review of lipid emulsions for intravenous nutrition in term and late preterm infants”. More recently, fatty emulsions obtained from several sources have become available for clinical use. SMOFLipid is one of such fat emulsion. It`s a mixture of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil in a 30: 30: 25: 15 ratio that has certain benefits. Due to the content of medium-chain triglycerides, it`s rapidly metabolized; soybean oil - a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids; olive oil - less immune effects; and fish oil - the antiinflammatory effect is enhanced, and a decrease in the frequency of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and infection in premature infants is noted. Today in Ukraine, to cover the needs for energy, calories, and essential fatty acids in term and premature babies, when oral or enteral nutrition is not possible, insufficient or contraindicated, lipid emulsion SMOFLipid is actively used as part of total parenteral nutrition. The general dynamics of prescribing lipid emulsions in Ukraine are regressive due to certain regions, where the practice of parenteral nutrition for newborns differs from other areas in sporadicity and less priority due to objective and subjective circumstances. One of the key ways to solve the problem of improving the quality of medical care for newborns in neonatal hospitals should be the introduction of a training system (seminars, practical training, etc.) for neonatologists in modern principles of conducting and international clinical guidelines for parenteral nutrition of newborns at all levels in all regions. Ukraine.

Purification of glycerol using organic solvent extraction in a microreactor

This study investigated the purification of glycerol obtained from the biodiesel production process using various solvents including toluene, petroleum ether, and n-butanol in a micro-scale extractor. Glycerol was produced using a mixture of soybean oil and methanol in a molar ratio of 6:1 in the presence of potassium hydroxide catalyst at 60 °C during 4 h; it was then neutralized by sulfuric acid 98%. The produced crude glycerol was extracted in different solvents using a microreactor with a T-shaped mixer with a square cross-section dimension of 0.9 mm. Operating temperatures were 303.15 K and 318.15 K and the solvent to feed ratio were 1:4, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1. Based on the results, petroleum ether was more effective in removing methanol from glycerol and purifying it, as compared with the other two solvents. The highest level of glycerol purity which was obtained through using toluene, petroleum ether, and n-butanol solvents was 93.6, 98.4, and 83.4%, respectively. These values were obtained at 318.15 K.

Synthesis of olephilic aminoester from the triglyceride of soybean oil and methyldyethanolamine

The aminoester of the mixture of soybean oil’s fatty acids has been obtained through the interaction of methyldyethanolamine with triglycerides. The composition and structure of obtained aminoester have been identified via the IR-spectroscopy. High surface activity of aminoester on the water-air boundary has been revealed with the strain measuring and its colloid-chemical parameters calculated as well. The electrical conductivity of aminoester in various concentrations of agent’s water solutions has been studied via conductometric method. The laboratory researches justified that the aminoester and its 5 % water solutions have high oil-collecting property in the waters of different mineralization degree.

Lipid Use in Hospitalized Adults Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

In hospitalized patients, lipid emulsions are an integral part of balanced parenteral nutrition. Traditionally, a single lipid source, soybean oil, has been given to patients and was usually regarded as just a source of energy and to prevent essential fatty-acid deficiency. However, mixtures of different lipid emulsions have now become widely available, including mixtures of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil. Fish oil is high in the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). There is a growing body of evidence that these ω-3 fatty acids can exert beneficial immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and inflammation-resolution effects across a wide range of patient groups including surgical, cancer, and critically ill patients. At least in part, these effects are realized via potent specialized pro-resolution mediators (SPMs). Moreover, parenteral nutrition including ω-3 fatty acids can result in additional clinical benefits over the use of standard lipid emulsions, such as reductions in infection rates and length of hospital and intensive care unit stay. Clinical and experimental evidence is reviewed regarding lipid emulsion use in a variety of hospitalized patient groups, including surgical, critically ill, sepsis, trauma, and acute pancreatitis patients. Practical aspects of lipid emulsion use in critically ill patients are also considered, such as how to determine and fulfill energy expenditure, how and when to consider parenteral nutrition, duration of infusion, and safety monitoring.

Maximization of biodiesel production from sunflower and soybean oils and prediction of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics through response surface methodology

Production of methyl ester from sunflower and soybean oil mixture is performed throughout a catalyzed transesterification procedure. The significance of the four reaction parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, mixing speed, and reaction time and their combined effect on biodiesel yield is investigated through twenty-nine of the pre-designed and performed experiments. Box-Behnken design (BBD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for process optimization. A quadratic regression model was established for biodiesel yield prediction with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9861. An maximum biodiesel yield of 93.38% is accomplished at 203.5:1 ml:l methanol to oil ratio, 0.57 wt% catalyst concentration, 52 min reaction time and 530 rpm mixing. Obtained results show that there is a superior compatibility among the calculated yield of 93.38% and the experimental data of 93.2%. The estimated biodiesel fuel properties met with the American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D6751 standards. Engine operating parameters optimization have been executed using central composite design method (CCD) to achieve an optimum break thermal efficiency of a lone cylinder DI-engine fueled by biodiesel/diesel mixtures. Engine input parameters were considered as engine load and blends percentage for the optimization of engine response represented in break thermal efficiency (BTE), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), and Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Examination of inconsistency (analysis of variance) ANOVA indicated that the quadratic representation were statistically important. RSM optimizer results indicated that the best possible values of BTE, UHC, and NOx were 13.656%, 120.7748 ppm, and 234.8926 ppm, respectively, at the maximum value of biodiesel mixture of 70% and break power of 2.05 kW. A validation test was performed and the error percentage is found to be within the range of 5%. The error percentage for BTE, UHC, and NOx was found to be 3.34%, 1.35%, and 2.31%, respectively.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of an Emulsifier Mixture of Soybean Oil

AbstractFinding a fast, reliable, and reproducible approach for an accurate analysis of complex lipid mixtures of emulsifiers is crucial for the food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, cosmetics, and agrochemicals industries. In the current study, a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis of a high monoester mixture of soybean oil (HMMS) was conducted using 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR of 2‐chloro‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane (CTDP) derivatives. The HMMS was produced by enzymatic alcoholysis of soybean oil and 1.2‐propanediol in a supercritical CO2 system. Compositional distribution analysis, quantified by aliphatic carbons with 13C NMR, showed that HMMS is composed of more unsaturated fatty acids, comprised of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (60 ± 1.1%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (22 ± 0.8%), than saturated fatty acids (18 ± 0.9%). The 31P NMR quantification of HMMS demonstrated that, out of the total amount of monoacylglycerols (MAG), they are composed of 21 ± 2.9% of 2‐MAG and 4 ± 0.3% of 1‐MAG. Among the three techniques, 31P NMR spectroscopy proved to be a practical methodology with high reproducibility for the precise detection and quantification of partially esterified glycerols and free fatty acids in complex lipid mixtures.

Using in vitro lipolysis and SPECT/CT in vivo imaging to understand oral absorption of fenofibrate from lipid-based drug delivery systems

Using lipid-based drug delivery systems (LbDDS) is an efficient strategy to enhance the low oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Here the oral absorption of fenofibrate (FF) from LbDDS in rats was investigated in pharmacokinetic, in vitro lipolysis, and SPECT/CT in vivo imaging studies. The investigated formulations were soybean oil solution (SBO), a mixture of soybean oil and monoacyl phosphatidylcholine (MAPC) (SBO-MAPC), self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems with and without MAPC (SNEDDS-MAPC and SNEDDS, respectively), and an aqueous suspension (SUSP) as a reference. Oral bioavailability of the LbDDS ranged from 27 to 35%. A two-step in vitro lipolysis model simulating rat gastro-intestinal digestion provided in vitro FF solubilisation data to understand oral absorption. During the in vitro lipolysis, most FF was undissolved for SUSP and distributed into the poorly dispersed oil phase for SBO. For the SNEDDS without MAPC, practically all FF solubilised into the aqueous phase during the dispersion and digestion. Adding MAPC to SBO enhanced the dispersion of the oil phase into the digestion media while adding MAPC to SNEDDS resulted in a distribution of 29% of FF into the oil phase at the beginning of in vitro lipolysis. FF distribution into both oil and aqueous phases explained the higher and prolonged oral absorption of LbDDS containing MAPC. To elucidate the relatively low bioavailability of all formulations, FF and triolein were labeled with 123I and 125I, respectively, to study the biodistribution of drug and lipid excipients in a dual isotope SPECT/CT in vivo imaging study. The concentration of radiolabeled drug as a function of time in the heart correlated to the plasma curves. A significant amount of radiolabeled drug and lipids (i.e., 28–59% and 24–60% of radiolabeled drug and lipids, respectively) was observed in the stomach at 24 h post administration, which can be linked to the low bioavailability of the formulations. The current study for the first time combined in vitro lipolysis and dual isotope in vivo imaging to find the root cause of different fenofibrate absorption profiles from LbDDS and an aqueous suspension.

Waxes derived from self-metathesis modified plant oil blends – A case for exploiting oligomerization to mitigate low molecular mass and unsaturation

The self-metathesis of vegetable oil blends was explored as a means for making functional and environmentally adapted waxes. Several mixtures of soybean oil (SBO) and palm oil (PO), the most readily available triacylglycerol (TAG) oils, were investigated as model unsaturated/ saturated systems to determine the advantages and limits of using such blends. The objective was to control the balance between unsaturation which tend to keep the material fluid at low temperature and saturation coupled with the self-metathesis induced oligomerization which promote crystallization and gelling for optimal wax applications. Five compositions of SBO and PO were metathesized and characterized for thermal transition behavior, solid fat content, microstructure, viscosity and hardness; parameters relevant to the functionality of waxes. The characteristic physical properties versus concentration presented peak-shaped curves with maxima at 15 %w/w SBO. This trend is explained by the modification to the molecular ensemble introduced by the self-metathesis, depleting the low melting species (liquid fraction) and enriching the high temperature melting species (solid fraction). The induced oligomerization combined with the pre-existing saturation which promote solidification are demonstrated to counterbalance the fluidization effect of unsaturation to a tipping point after which the unsaturation is overwhelming. The study shows that although limited in extent, appropriate blending can be an economical and effective tool to shift the crystallization toward room temperature of otherwise liquid TAG derivatives and improve their wax properties.

Experimental studies on the biodiesel production parameters optimization of sunflower and soybean oil mixture and DI engine combustion, performance, and emission analysis fueled with diesel/biodiesel blends

The influence of diesel/biodiesel blends on engine combustion, performance, and exhaust gas emissions have carried out experimentally at different engine loads and constant speed of 1400 rpm. Volumetric percentage of diesel/biodiesel blends: D70B30 (70% diesel−30% biodiesel), D50B50 (50% diesel−50% biodiesel) and D30B70 (30% diesel−70% biodiesel) were prepared to power a single cylinder diesel engine. The engine results as compared to diesel fuel, show a reduction in the rate of change of CO by 33.8% for D50B50. The slight decrease in maximum cylinder pressure for higher percentage of biodiesel blends due to low calorific value of biodiesel and lower ignition delay. The reduction in HRR for biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel. HRR was about 31.7, 52.4 and 63.5 (J/deg) for 10%, 30% and 60% of maximum engine power. The highest reduction in HC emissions concerning diesel fuel was about 4.18% for D30B70. NOx emissions of biodiesel blends were higher than diesel. Exhaust oxygen (EO) emissions for D30B70 was about 0.98% higher than diesel. Exhaust gas temperature (EGT) has observed for all biodiesel blends. Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is increased until it reaches 11.43% for D30B70. A consequent reduction in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) is observed for all biodiesel blends.