Mixture Of Soybean Oil Research Articles

Effect of two dosages of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum against Rhammatocerus schistocercoides Rehn

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, strain CG 423, was tested under field conditions against the gregarious grasshopper Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Conidia formulated in a racemic mixture of soybean oil and kerosene were sprayed under field conditions using an ultralow-volume hand-held atomizer Ulva Plus adjusted to deliver 2.9 L/ha. Bands composed of 2nd instar nymphs were treated with either 5.0x10(12) or 1.0x10(13) viable conidia/ha. The number of insects in each band was estimated at day one following spraying and by the end of the field trial (15 to 16 days post-treatment). Reductions in population size reached, in average, 65.8% and 80.4% for bands treated with the higher and lower dosage, respectively. For both dosages, total mortality rates of insects collected at two days post-application, and kept in cages for 14 days under lab conditions, showed no significant differences as compared to that obtained with insects collected immediately after spraying. Healthy insects were fed to native grasses sprayed on the field with 1.0x10(13) viable conidia/ha. Mortality levels of the nymphs fed on grasses collected two and four days post-application were not affected when compared to nymphs fed on grasses collected immediately following application.

Volatile compounds produced from monosodium glutamate in common food cooking.

A mixture of soybean oil and/or water, sugar and/or monosodium glutamate (MSG) was water-boiled or oil-heated at 100, 120, 140, 160, or 170 degrees C, respectively, and volatile compounds produced were isolated by solid-phase microextraction and then identified by GC and GC/MS. Oxidative thermal degradation products of fatty acids (OTDPFA) were the major volatile compounds detected for all water-boiled samples. When MSG and sugar were heated together, 2, 5-dimethyl pyrazine and methyl pyrazine were also detected at or after 160 min heating. Water added in soybean oil increased OTDPFA production. In oil-heated samples of soybean oil alone, soybean oil with MSG, and soybean oil with sugar, OTDPFA were also the major compounds found. The samples containing MSG also produced 2-pyrrolidone, and the samples containing sugar also produced furfural and 5-hydroxy methyl furfural. The samples containing soybean oil, sugar, and MSG produced 23 pyrazines, OTDPFA, and gamma-butyrolactone as the major volatile compounds. The contents of OTDPFA were lower in MSG plus sugar and MSG-added samples, and it is postulated that antioxidant activities were produced in cooking.

Fish oil-supplemented parenteral diets normalize splanchnic blood flow and improve killing of translocated bacteria in a low-dose endotoxin rat model.

Intestinal ischemia decreases barrier function of the gut and enhances translocation of bacteria and toxins. Several studies indicate that fish oil can modulate prostaglandin formation and thus, regional blood flow and immune function. This study was performed to determine the effects of parenteral diets with omega-3 fatty acids on microcirculation and barrier function of the gut.0 Prospective, randomized, controlled animal study. University laboratory. A total of 64 male Sprague-Dawley CD rats. For 48 hrs, eight groups of eight rats each received total parenteral nutrition with four different types of lipids. The source of fat in group L was soybean oil only and in group L-M a mixture of soybean oil and medium-chain triglycerides. In groups FO-20 and FO-40, 20% or 40%, respectively, of the soybean oil in group L-M was replaced by fish oil. The other four groups received an additional continuous infusion of endotoxin (0.1 mg/100 g body weight per day) for the last 24 hrs. Blood flow was measured with microspheres, and translocation was determined by microbiological methods and instillation of radioactive-marked bacteria into the gut. In the animals without fish oil, the endotoxin application reduced the blood flow to the intestine approximately 25%. Animals with fish oil in their diets showed normal values. Translocation of gut bacteria was increased significantly in all endotoxin groups. However, less-viable bacteria could be detected in the animals with fish oil diets in their mesenteric lymph nodes and livers. In this model, diets enriched with fish oil abolish the endotoxin-induced decrease of nutritive blood flow to the gut and ameliorate the bactericidal defense of the splanchnic region. The lower count of viable bacteria in the fish oil groups is more related to an improved killing of translocated bacteria than a reduction of the translocation rate.

Effect of Sucrose on the Volatile Compounds Produced from Heated Glycine and Soybean Oil.

A mixture of soybean oil and glycine was heated at different temperatures for different periods. The volatile compounds produced were extracted by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and then analyzed by GC and GC-MS. 2-Pentylpyridine was the highest heterocyclic volatile compound found in the mixture. Effect of sucrose on the volatile compounds produced from heated glycine and soybean oil was also studied, furfurals, pyrroles and oxidative thermal degradation products of fatty acids (OTDPFA) were found, but no pyridines. Factors affecting the producing of 2-pentylpyridine were investigated by two sources of chemicals: one was furfural which is one of the major thermal degradation products of sucrose, and the other was OTDPFA which remains from soybean oil after heating. The results indicated that 2, 4-heptadienal induced the production of 2-ethylpyridine, but no 2-pentyl-pyridine; 2, 4-decadienal enhanced the production of 2-pentylpyridine; while all other chemicals tested in this study decreased pyridines. This suggested that oxidation-reduction potential and availability of 2, 4-decadienal affected the production of 2-pentylpyridine.

Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils

The antioxidant activities of a grapefruit seed extract (GFSE) which contains tocopherols, citric acid and ascorbic acid, were investigated in vegetable oils. Different amounts of GFSE in powder were dissolved in a mixture of soybean oil–sunflower oil. The oxidation was carried out in an AOM equipment at temperatures of 98·7°C, 75°C and 66·5°C. The results indicated prooxidant effects of GFSE at 97·8°C and 75°C possibly due to a blockade effect of a hydroxyl compound by tocopherol. The inhibitor reaction orders at these temperatures were 0·902 and 0·465, respectively, while at 66·5°C the oxidation rate was inverse to GFSE concentration with reaction order of −0·420. These results seem to indicate different reaction mechanisms depending on temperature conditions. The blockade effects were explained on the basis of a proposed complex between tocopherol and citric acid molecules. © 1998 SCI.

Isolation of four tocopherols and four tocotrienols from a variety of natural sources by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography

Quantitative measurements of tocopherols and tocotrienols required isolation of four tocopherols from a mixture of soybean oil and wheat germ and four tocotrienols from a mixture of wheat bran and rubber latex. Semi-preparative HPLC was accomplished using a 250 mm × 10 mm I.D. column packed with 10-μm silica gel in hexane containing 2–15% tetrahydrofuran. Identification of isolated and purified tocopherols and tocotrienols was confirmed from mass spectra, and concentrations of identified vitamers were determined by absorption coefficients. Recovery of tocopherols and tocotrienols ranged from 54 to 83%. Isomer purities were found to be above 99% by capillary GC and HPLC.

Improving the oxidative stability of polyunsaturated vegetable oils by blending with high‐oleic sunflower oil

AbstractMixing different proportions of high‐oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) with polyunsaturated vegetable oils provides a simple method to prepare more stable edible oils with a wide range of desired fatty acid composition. Oxidative stability of soybean, canola and corn oils, blended with different proportions of HOSO to lower the respective levels of linolenate and linoleate, was evaluated at 60°C. Oxidation was determined by two methods: peroxide value and volatiles (hexanal and propanal) by static headspace capillary gas chromatography. Determination of hexanal and propanal in mixtures of vegetable oils provided a sensitive index of linoleate and linolenate oxidation, respectively. Our evaluations demonstrated that all‐cis oil compositions of improved oxidative stability can be formulated by blening soybean, canola and corn oils with different proportions of HOSO. On the basis of peroxide values, a partially hydrogenated soybean oil containing 4.5% linolenate was more stable than the mixture of soybean oil and HOSO containing 4.5% linolenate. However, on the basis of volatile analysis, mixtures of soybean and HOSO containing 2.0 and 4.5% linolenate were equivalent or better in oxidative stability than the hydrogenated soybean oil. Mixtures of canola oil and HOSO containing 1 and 2% linolenate had the same or better oxidative stability than did the hydrogenated canola oil containing 1% linolenate. These studies suggest that we can obviate catalytic hydrogenation of linolenate‐containing vegetable oils by blending with HOSO.

Soybean protein bodies: Phospholipids and phospholipase D activity

Protein bodies from mature soybeans were isolated by differential centrifugatioin to examine their composition and relationship with phospholipase D. Densities were adjusted by varying mixtures of soybean oil and carbon tetrachloride. The purity of the final isolate was confirmed by electron microscopy. Approximately 4.5% by weight of the protein bodies was lipid and 2.0% by weight phospholipid. Thin‐layer chromatography revealed only a trace of phosphatidic acid. Treatment with 60% ethanol/40% sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.6) (vol/vol) resulted in phosphatidyl transferase activity with conversion of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine into phosphatidylethanol. It is proposed that protein bodies of soybeans contain phospholipase D.

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of soybean oil

Soybean oil has been hydrogenated electrocatalytically at a moderate temperature, without an external supply of pressurized H2 gas. In the electrocatalytic reaction scheme, atomic hydrogen is produced on an active Raney nickel powder cathode surface by the electrochemical reduction of water molecules from the electrolytic solution. Adsorbed hydrogen then reacts with an oil’s triglycerides to form a hydrogenated product. Experiments were carried out at 70°C with a flow‐through electrochemical reactor operating in a batch recycle mode. The reaction medium was a two‐phase mixture of soybean oil in a water/t‐butanol solvent containing tetraethylammoniump‐toluenesulfonate as the supporting electrolyte. In all experiments the reaction was allowed to continue for sufficient time to synthesize a brush hydrogenation product. The effects of oil content, applied current, solvent composition, and supporting electrolyte concentration on the efficiency of hydrogen addition to the oil and on the chemical properties of the hydrogenated oil product were determined. The electrohydrogenated oil is characterized by a high stearic acid content and a low percentage of totaltrans isomers, as compared to that produced in a traditional hydrogenation process.

Studies on nutritive value of dietary lipids in fish-XXXII. Essential fatty acids of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella.

Two feeding experiments were conducted to detect any essential fatty acids (EFA) deficiency and clarify EFA requirement of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella by feeding diets containing various fatty acids. The fish fed diet without EFA (fat-free and 12:0 alone diets) showed high percentages of vertebral column curvature (VCC) which exhibited an upward displacement of the column at the region of the 12-15th vertebrae from the caudal end, indicating lordsis. At a 1% level of dietary n-6 or n-3 fatty acids, the diet containing 18:3n-3 performed better than that containing 18:2n-6. However, a higher percentage of the VCC was still observed in the fish fed the 1% 18:3n-3 diet, sug-gesting that 18:3n-3 inspite of its positive role on growth, could not prevent the occurrence of VCC. On the other hand, the addition of 1% 18:2n-6 to the diet completely prevented the appearance of the VCC. The highest weight gain and feed efficiency were observed in the fish fed the diet con-taining pollock liver oil plus corn oil or soybean oil mixture. Next in performance came the fish fed both 1% 18:2n-6 and 1% 18:2n-3 or 0.5% n-3HUFA diets. The ratios of 20:3n-9 to 22:6n-3 and 20:3n-9 to 20:4n-6 in polar lipid fractions of hepatopancreas showed less than 0.4 and 0.6 when fish fed the diet containing both 1% n-6 and 0.5 or 1% n-3 fatty acids. This experiment clearly indicated that VCC is one of the EFA-deficiency symptoms, and also suggested that the requirement of grass carp for dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids is found to be 1% and 0.5-1%, respectively.

Flow of vegetable oil-pesticide blank-formulation mixtures through agricultural spray nozzles

Properties of specific gravity, viscosity and flow rate were measured for cottonseed and soybean oil mixed with selected blank pesticide formulations without the active ingredient, i.e., blank-formulations. Fluid temperature ranged from 5 to 70 C for the measurements. Specific gravity of soybean oil mixtures was found to vary approximately 5% inversely with temperature over the temperature range. Above 65 C the mixtures exhibited approximately the same viscosity. Cottonseed oil viscosity remained less than the soybean oil viscosity over the entire range of temperatures studied. Addition of blank-formulation materials resulted in more reduction in viscosity at lower temperatures. Flow rates were measured over the temperature range for selected mixtures through different sizes and types of hydraulic spray nozzles. Fitted equations were derived to predict the necessary pressure correction for temperature for each nozzle and mixtures tested.

Effect of dietary methyl linolenate on fatty acid composition of lipids in rainbow trout.

Rainbow trout fingerlings were kept on a fat-free diet or those supplemented with each of methyl laurate, methyl linolenate, and a mixture of soybean oil and cod liver oil, in order to see the effects of dietary lipids on the fatty acid composition of body lipids. The fat-free diet and one supplemented with methyl laurate brought about an elevation in the proportion of monoethylenic fatty acids, especially of 16:1ω7 and 18:1ω9 acids. Dietary linolenate or ω3 acids depressed the level of monoenes and elevated that of 22:6ω3 acid. These changes were much more conspicuous in phospholipids than in triglycerides. Neither the linolenate level nor the absence of fat in diets exerted any appreciable effect on the contents of vitamin A and E in the liver.

Nutritive Value of Rice for Poultry Feed

Available energy of 6 samples of dehulled rice stored for 1, 2 or 3 years was estimated by bioassay procedure, using 270 male and 270 female meat-type chicks. Ten percent of yellow corn out of 50% and 57.1% in corn-soy type chick starter and broiler finisher, respectively, were replaced with either cellulose alone or a mixture of soybean oil and cellulose (7:3), to prepare 3 standard diets, containing 2.49, 2.84 and 3.14kcal metabolizable energy per kg diet. All of yellow corn in basal chick starter and broiler finisher, containing 2.84kcal/g, was replaced with dehulled rice to prepare test diet.Body weight gain per unit of feed, i.e. feed efficiency g/kg, on 3 standard diets was in proportion to dietary energy level at 4 and 7 weeks of age. Using this linear relationship between dietary energy and body weight gain per unit of feed, available energy of 6 samples of rice was estimated as described previously3, 4). At 3 weeks of age, excreta of chicks on all of experimental diet for 48 hours were collected and analyzed chemically to estimate nitrogen collected metabolizable energy, using chromic oxide as an indicator.Chicks fed 6 samples of rice grew almost as fast and as normal as chicks on the standard diet of 2.84kcal/g, except that skin and shank of them faded in color due to lack of pigment in rice. No significant difference was observed among rices of different strain, croped at different place in this country and stored for different period. Average and standard deviation of available energy estimated at 4 and 7 weeks of age and those of metabolizable energy estimated at 3 weeks of age were 3.45±0.07, 3.57±0.08 and 3.54±0.05kcal/g air-dry matter, respectively. Crude protein content of dehulled rice was 8.0±0.76%.