Mixture Of HCl Research Articles

Production of Procyanidin compound in seeds , callus and in regenerated plants from vitis vinifera L.

This experiment was conducted in Science and Agriculture College labs, Kufa University, on 2008 to describe methods for extraction and purification of Procyanidin compound from each of grape seeds mother plant(Vitis vinifera L.) ,callus induced from Axillary buds by using MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D at concentration of (1,2,3)mg/l and from leaves of regenerated from callus by using MS medium supplemented with ( IAA )at concentration of 2mg/l and (BA) benzyl adenine at concentration of 0.2 mg/l and from cocoas powdered (control) as well these Procyanidin. The content of Procyanidin were done by using HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) and compare of the quantitatively of Procyanidin with these seeds in mother plant and callus tissue. This study include alcohol extraction by using mixture of ethanol, methanol, D.W and HCL. The result revealed that, the superiority of Procyanidin in seeds content than the content in callus and regenerated plant and increase the content of these compound in the leaves of regenerated plant with the content in callus tissue.

A simple classical wet digestion technique for the determination of total mercury in fish tissue by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry in a low technology environment

Four classical wet digestion procedures for the determination of mercury (Hg) by cold-vapour atomic absorption spectrometry in fish tissue were investigated with the aim of selecting and optimising the most convenient and inexpensive for use in a low technology environment. A mixture of H 2O, HNO 3, HClO 4 and H 2SO 4 or a mixture of HCl, HNO 3, HClO 4 and H 2SO 4 was used for the digestion in two different vessels namely thick walled long neck 50 ml volumetric flask and 50 ml 26 mm × 200 mm pyrex test tube. The effect of temperature and time on the digestion efficiency of the mixture of HCl, HNO 3, HClO 4 and H 2SO 4 using test tubes were investigated to obtain the optimum conditions. Mercury was partly lost at temperatures above 230 °C and this was pronounced when decomposition time was more than 30 min. Detection limit for the optimised procedure was 0.52 ng g −1. The optimised procedure was employed to study the level of Hg in canned fish samples. Concentration of Hg in the samples tested ranged from 0.015 to 0.139 μg g −1 wet weight.

Simultaneous Determination of Imipramine Hydrochloride and Chlordiazepoxide in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Spectrophotometric, RP-HPLC, and HPTLC Methods

A binary mixture of imipramine HCl and chlordiazepoxide was determined by three different methods. The first involved determination of imipramine HCl and chlordiazepoxide using the first derivative spectrophotometric technique at 219 and 231.5 nm over the concentration ranges of 1-20 and 2-24 microg/mL with mean accuracies of 99.47 +/- 0.78 and 101.43 +/- 1.20%, respectively. The second method utilized RP-HPLC with methanol-acetonitrile-0.065 M ammonium acetate buffer (45 + 25 + 30, v/v/v, pH adjusted to 5.6 +/- 0.02 with phosphoric acid) as the mobile phase pumped at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Quantification was achieved using UV detection at 240 nm over concentration ranges of 0.25-4.0 and 0.1-1.6 microg/mL, with mean accuracies of 101.17 +/- 0.56 and 100.67 +/- 0.40% for imipramine HCl and chlordiazepoxide, respectively. The third method was HPTLC with carbon tetrachloride-acetone-triethylamine (pH 8.3; 6 + 3 + 0.3, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantification was achieved with UV detection at 240 nm over concentration ranges of 50-600 and 20-240 ng/spot with mean accuracies of 99.51 +/- 0.59 and 100.59 +/- 0.84% for imipramine HCl and chlordiazepoxide, respectively. The suggested procedures were checked using prepared mixtures, and were successfully applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical preparations. The accuracy and precision of the methods were confirmed when the standard addition technique was applied. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed.

Anion exchange hybrid membranes from PVA and multi-alkoxy silicon copolymer tailored for diffusion dialysis process

Abstract Anion exchange hybrid membranes have been prepared from quaternization and sol–gel reaction of multi-alkoxy silicon copolymer (poly(vinylbenzyl chloride-γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy silane) (poly(VBC-co-γ-MPS)) in presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The membranes are of high thermal stability, mechanical strength, and swelling resistance. Thermal degradation temperatures ( T d , defined as the temperature at 5% weight loss) are in the range of 263–283 °C. Tensile strength (TS) ranges from 24.5 MPa to 59.2 MPa and elongation at break ( E b ) is in the range of 25.4–101.2%. The membranes can remain integrity in 65 °C hot water for more than 25 days and the swelling behavior is better suppressed as poly(VBC-co-γ-MPS) content increases. The membranes are tested for diffusion dialysis (DD) recovery of hydrochloric acid (HCl) from the mixture of HCl and ferrous chloride (FeCl 2 ). The temperature for DD process ranged from 20 °C to 60 °C, revealing that the separation factor ( S ) values are in the range of 12.1–35.7, comparable to the values of commercial DF-120 membranes. When the temperature increases from 20 °C to 30 °C, the separation performances are increased. Further increase of temperature increases the dialysis coefficients, but decreases the S value. The membrane structure and properties are correlated with the DD performances.

<b>Impact of environmental cadmium, lead, copper and zinc on quality of goat meat in Nigeria</b>

This study evaluated the levels of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in the muscles and edible offal’s of goat bred from Nigeria. The samples were digested with a 3:1 mixture of HCl and HNO3 and analysed with a Unicam Solar 32 AAS. The results obtained expressed in mgkg-1 showed that kidney had the highest mean concentration of 0.83 ranging from 0.07-3.08 for cadmium, 0.53 from nd-0.63 for lead; while liver had 134.02 ranging from 26.36-398.16 for copper and muscle 131.55 from nd-417.00 for zinc. Most of the samples studied were found to have these metals above the permissible limits set by some regulatory bodies. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant correlation (p < 0.01) between the metal levels in the heart and kidney, an indication of common source of contamination. The meat quality was found to be impaired by high levels of Zn, Cu and Cd and indicates widespread contamination of the environment by these trace metals.KEY WORDS: Heavy metals, Goat muscles, Edible offal’s, Environmental impactBull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2010, 24(1), 133-138.

Influence of Ionic Strength and pH-value on the Silicon Dioxide Polishing Behaviour of Slurries Based on Pure Silica Suspensions

AbstractIn this study, the effect of the addition of electrolytes in a given ionic strength to various high-purity silica suspensions was investigated by measurement of the removal rates (RR's) in CMP processes on oxide layers under the same experimental conditions. As so-called slurries the following suspensions were used: i) silica sols produced by the Stöber process, ii) conventional silica sols based on alkali silicate as well as iii) suspensions of fumed silica, with the same SiO2 concentration in each suspension. Ionic strength of the added electrolyte was adjusted to e.g. 0.065 mol/l, with the electrolytes being HCl, NH4Cl, KOH, or binary mixtures of these substances.These investigations revealed significant differences of the polishing behaviour between the different types of silica dispersions as slurries. While for the Stöber sols investigated, the RR's are highest in the acidic range and almost negligible in the alkaline pH range, fumed silica suspensions show an entirely different behaviour: RR is very low for acidic pH-values, and increases with the alkalinity of the slurry. In contrast to these observations, the RR's of slurries based on conventional silica sols are highest around the neutral point, and show a decrease for both more alkaline and acidic pH-values. In comparison to the other two types of material, these suspensions have a high amount of electrolyte background, originating from their manufacturing process.A model is developed to explain these results in a comprehensive manner. It involves effects of the electrolyte type and the ionic strengths as well as influences of the particle size.

Desorption behavior of methylene blue on pyromellitic dianhydride modified biosorbent by a novel eluent: Acid TiO 2 hydrosol

In this study, waste beer yeast powder was modified by pyromellitic dianhydride to improve its adsorption capacities for cationic dye: methylene blue (MB). According to the Langmuir equation, the maximum uptake capacities ( q m) of the modified biomass for MB was 830.8 mg g −1, which was about five times than that obtained on the unmodified biomass. Adsorption mechanism was investigated by FTIR. Desorption kinetics of methylene blue in six solvents: HCl (0.1 mol L −1), ethanol, mixtures of HCl (0.1 mol L −1) and ethanol with different volume ratio and a self-clean eluent: acid TiO 2 were studied in details. Results showed that desorption kinetics curve fit the two-step kinetic model, and methylene blue release process was distinctly divided into two steps: rapid and slow desorption steps. 52.2% of the methylene blue could be desorbed into TiO 2 hydrosol after 30 h desorption at the first desorption cycle, and the desorbed dye in TiO 2 hydrosol could be degrade completely under sunlight irradiation. After three desorption-photodegradation cycles, 80.0% of the absorbed dyes could be desorbed from the surface of the modified biomass. Although there was much work to do, the self-clean eluent: TiO 2 hydrosol had great potential in practical use.

Local application of olprinone for promotion of peripheral nerve regeneration

BackgroundOlprinone was applied locally to the sciatic nerves of rats, and nerve regeneration activity was examined in relation to heat shock protein (HSP)27 expression. MethodsAdult rat sciatic nerves were locally exposed to olprinone, physiological saline, or a mixture of saline and HCl and underwent crush injury. HSP27 protein levels were assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Nerve regeneration was assessed by sciatic function index (SFI) and by morphological evaluation. ResultsOlprinone was detected in ipsilateral L4–L6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sciatic nerve proximal to the site of crush injury. Western blot analysis of the DRG 24 h postsurgery and the sciatic nerve 7 days postsurgery showed a marked increase in HSP27 protein levels in the olprinone-treated group. Immunohistochemical analysis was consistent with the Western blot analysis. SFI was significantly better for the olprinone-treated group than for either the saline- or HCl-treated groups at 7, 22, and 25 days, respectively, after application. The packing density and the number of myelinated axons 21 days after the crush injury in the olprinone-treated group were significantly greater in comparison to the other groups. ConclusionThe local application of olprinone to the sciatic nerve increases HSP27 protein levels in DRG in the early stage and in the sciatic nerve 1 week thereafter. The results from this crush model indicate that increasing levels of HSP27 appear to result in therapeutic effects.

Diffusion dialysis of hydrochloride acid at different temperatures using PPO–SiO 2 hybrid anion exchange membranes

Membranes for diffusion dialysis (DD) purpose have been mostly based on organic polymer materials up to now. Here, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO)–SiO 2 hybrid membranes, which are produced from hydroxylation, quaternization and sol–gel reaction of brominated PPO, have been successfully applied for DD recovery of hydrochloride acid (HCl) from the mixture of HCl and ferrous chloride (FeCl 2). The temperature for DD process is ranged from 15 °C to 65 °C and the results show that the hybrid membranes can have better separation performances under higher temperature. Separation factor ( S) of hybrid membranes increases to as high as 41 as the temperature increases. The commercial polymer membrane DF-120, as a comparison membrane, exhibits much lower S values as the temperature changes. The physico-chemical structure and properties of the hybrid membranes are investigated and related with DD results, indicating that the inorganic silica network contributes much to the enhanced selectivity, especially at higher temperatures. Findings here show the success of organic–inorganic hybrid membranes in DD application field and may provide clues for their further explorations.

Ocular wavefront analysis and contrast sensitivity in eyes implanted with AcrySof IQ or AcrySof Natural intraocular lenses

This study aimed to compare ocular wavefront aberrations for pupil diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm, and contrast sensitivity, in eyes with AcrySof IQ and AcrySof Natural intraocular lenses (IOLs). Sixty eyes of 60 patients were enrolled in this prospective randomized study. After phacoemulsification the eyes received either AcrySof IQ SN60WF or AcrySof Natural SN60AT IOLs. One month after surgery, all patients underwent complete ophthalmological examination including corneal topography, wavefront analysis for pupil diameters of 4 mm and 6 mm, and contrast sensitivity measurements with the CSV 1000E instrument under photopic and mesopic conditions with and without glare. There was no statistically significant difference between groups in age, sex or other preoperative ocular characteristics (p > 0.05). Patients with AcrySof IQ IOLs had higher contrast sensitivity at 6 c.p.d. under photopic conditions, at 6 c.p.d. and 18 c.p.d. under mesopic conditions, and at 6 c.p.d., 12 c.p.d. and 18 c.p.d. under mesopic conditions with glare (p < 0.05). Corneal spherical aberration was 0.273 ± 0.074 μm in the AcrySof Natural group and 0.294 ± 0.086 μm in the AcrySof IQ group (p = 0489). Ocular spherical aberration was 0.362 ± 0.141 μm and 0.069 ± 0.043 μm (p < 0.001) for 6-mm diameter pupils and 0.143 ± 0.091 μm and 0.017 ± 0.016 μm (p < 0.001) for 4-mm diameter pupils, with AcrySof Natural and AcrySof IQ IOLs, respectively. There were no significant differences in other higher-order aberrations between the groups (p > 0.05). Aspherical AcrySof IQ IOLs significantly reduced spherical aberration for pupil diameters of both 4 mm and 6 mm and also improved contrast sensitivity more than spherical AcrySof Natural IOLs, especially in mesopic conditions.

A simulation study of the vibration–rotational spectra of HCl diluted in Ar: Rotational dynamics and the origin of the Q-branch

A quantum stochastic simulation of the rotational motion of HCl molecules diluted in fluid Ar is presented at both sub-critical and supercritical temperatures. Simulated spectra are compared with the experimental data on the fundamental vibration–rotation IR band profiles for HCl in mixtures with dense Ar obtained at different thermodynamic states. Features of the observed triple PQR band structure are reproduced by simulations in a reasonable agreement with the experiment. A comparative study is made with the results of alternative classical molecular dynamics and classical stochastic simulations. The solute orientational relaxation, the relaxation time scales involved, the statistical properties of the nearest neighbor environment, and the nature of the central Q-branch are discussed.

Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Nano-Palladium from Spent Catalyst

Hydrometallurgical recovery of nano-palladium (Pd) from spent Pd/Al2O3 catalyst has been investigated. The Pd content in the spent catalyst sample was assayed to be 0.42% while the remainder was mainly aluminum oxide. Mixture of HCl and AlCl3 was studied as leaching agent for the sample. The Pd was deposited with formic acid. Different parameters affecting leaching and deposition processes such as, time, temperature, liquid/solid ratio, were investigated. Phase of spent catalyst were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The deposited Pd was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) for identification of the grain size and composition. The deposited palladium was found to be in the nano-size range (34.5-70.5 nm).

On-line preconcentration and recovery of palladium from waters using polyaniline (PANI) loaded in mini-column and determination by ICP-MS; elimination of spectral interferences

The applicability of polyaniline (PANI) for the on-line preconcentration and recovery of palladium from various water samples has been investigated. Batch experiments were performed to optimize conditions such as pH and contact time to achieve quantitative separation of Pd spiked at high (μg ml −1) and low levels (ng ml −1). During all the steps of the removal process, it was found that Pd was selectively removed by PANI even in the presence of various ions. Quantitative removal of Pd occured in the entire studied pH range (1–12) and the K d value was found to be >10 6. Kinetic studies show that a contact time of <4 min was adequate to reach equilibrium. The retained Pd was subsequently eluted with a mixture of HCl and thiourea, optimized using a factorial experimental design approach. ICP-OES was used for the micro-level determinations of Pd whereas ICP-MS was used for the determination of Pd at sub-ppb levels. Breakthrough curve using column experiments demonstrated that PANI has an excellent ability to accumulate up to ∼120 mg g −1 of Pd from synthetic sample solutions. A preconcentration factor of about 125 was achieved for Pd when 250 ml of water was passed. PANI columns prepared were used up to 10 times in consecutive retention–elution cycles without appreciable deterioration in their performance. The proposed on-line method also has the ability to remove interfering elements Cu and Y for the determination of Pd in waters by ICP-MS. The reported method has been applied successfully for the determination of Pd in ground water, lake water sea-water and waste water samples. The recoveries were found to be >95% in all cases. These studies indicate that PANI has an excellent ability to preconcentrate Pd from various waters making the method very promising for the determination of Pd.

Optimization of Fatty Acid Determination in Selected Fish and Microalgal Oils

The use of ten fatty acid methyl ester reference standards coupled with a detailed quantification method was shown to significantly optimize the fatty acid determination of selected fish and microalgal oils when compared to methods that use only one reference standard (C19:0 or C23:0) as a relative response factor. When using the mixture of ten reference standards after transesterifying oils with NaOH/BF3, determination of total fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid improved by an average of 7.3, 11.5 and 8.4%, respectively. Furthermore, improvements of 13.9, 18.9 and 6.8% of total fatty acids, EPA and DHA, respectively, were obtained when using the mixture of reference standards for fatty acid determination after directly extracting and transesterifying oil contained in microalgal cells with a mixture of methanol, HCl and chloroform. Fatty acid methyl ester standards dissolved in isooctane showed <5% variability throughout 130 days of stability testing when stored at −20 °C. The optimized method can be used for improving the quantification of fatty acids in both oils (fish and microalgal oils) and dry microalgal cells.

Pilot studies for the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project – Site selection, sampling protocols, analytical methods, and quality control protocols

In 2004, the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the Geological Survey of Canada sampled and chemically analyzed soils along two transects across Canada and the USA in preparation for a planned soil geochemical survey of North America. This effort was a pilot study to test and refine sampling protocols, analytical methods, quality control protocols, and field logistics for the continental survey. A total of 220 sample sites were selected at approximately 40-km intervals along the two transects. The ideal sampling protocol at each site called for a sample from a depth of 0–5 cm and a composite of each of the O, A, and C horizons. The <2-mm fraction of each sample was analyzed for Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, S, Ti, Ag, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, In, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sn, Sr, Te, Th, Tl, U, V, W, Y, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry following a near-total digestion in a mixture of HCl, HNO 3 , HClO 4 , and HF. Separate methods were used for Hg, Se, total C, and carbonate-C on this same size fraction. Only Ag, In, and Te had a large percentage of concentrations below the detection limit. Quality control (QC) of the analyses was monitored at three levels: the laboratory performing the analysis, the USGS QC officer, and the principal investigator for the study. This level of review resulted in an average of one QC sample for every 20 field samples, which proved to be minimally adequate for such a large-scale survey. Additional QC samples should be added to monitor within-batch quality to the extent that no more than 10 samples are analyzed between a QC sample. Only Cr (77%), Y (82%), and Sb (80%) fell outside the acceptable limits of accuracy (% recovery between 85 and 115%) because of likely residence in mineral phases resistant to the acid digestion. A separate sample of 0–5-cm material was collected at each site for determination of organic compounds. A subset of 73 of these samples was analyzed for a suite of 19 organochlorine pesticides by gas chromatography. Only three of these samples had detectable pesticide concentrations. A separate sample of A-horizon soil was collected for microbial characterization by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA), soil enzyme assays, and determination of selected human and agricultural pathogens. Collection, preservation and analysis of samples for both organic compounds and microbial characterization add a great degree of complication to the sampling and preservation protocols and a significant increase to the cost for a continental-scale survey. Both these issues must be considered carefully prior to adopting these parameters as part of the soil geochemical survey of North America.

Simultaneous Determination of Labetalol and Furosemide by First-Derivative Synchronous Spectrofluorimetry

A rapid, simple and highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of a binary mixture of labetalol HCl (LBT) and furosemide (FUR) without prior separation. The method was based upon measuring the first derivative of synchronous fluorescence spectra of the two drugs at Deltalambda = 130 nm in aqueous ethanol (55% V/V). The different experimental parameters affecting the synchronous fluorescence of the studied drugs were carefully studied and optimized. The first derivative amplitude-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range of 0.10 to 1.00 microg/mL and 0.05-0.50 microg/mL with lower detection limits of 0.0149 and 7 x 10(-3) microg/mL and quantification limits of 0.045 and 0.021 microg/mL for LBT and FUR, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs in synthetic mixtures. The results obtained were in good agreement with those obtained by the reference methods.

A XeCl laser with a controlled radiation pulse shape

The pump parameters of a three-contour excitation system are studied in a gas-discharge excimer XeCl laser using a Ne—Xe—HCl mixture. A computation model is developed for finding the parameters of multi-contour excitation systems. A setup incorporating a three-contour system for excitation and automatic UV preionisation is designed, which provides multipulse generation of 65-ns, 26-mJ laser pulses at the laser efficiency of 1%. It is shown that generation of short radiation pulses of duration 7 ns and relatively long pulses of duration 65 ns in the multipulse generation regime is possible in the excitation system under study in Xe:HCl = 20:1 mixtures containing neon as buffer gas.

A fast and accurate microwave-assisted digestion method for arsenic determination in complex mining residues by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A fast and accurate microwave-assisted digestion method for arsenic determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) in typical, complex residues from gold mining is presented. Three digestion methods were evaluated: an open vessel digestion using a mixture of HCl:HNO 3:HF acids (Method A) and two microwave digestion methods using a mixture of HCl:H 2O 2:HNO 3 in high (Method B) and medium-pressure (Method C) vessels. The matrix effect was also investigated. Arsenic concentration from external and standard addition calibration curves (at a 95% confidence level) were statistically equal ( p-value = 0.122) using microwave digestion in high-pressure vessel. The results from the open vessel digestion were statistically different ( p-value = 0.007) whereas in the microwave digestion in medium-pressure vessel (Method C) the dissolution of the samples was incomplete.

Infrared spectroscopy of ozone and hydrogen chloride aerosols

Aerosols of ozone have been generated in a collisional cooling cell and observed over a small temperature range via FTIR spectroscopy, with the phase transition from the vapour taking place in the range 80-84 K. The condensed phase bands at 1038 cm(-1) (nu3) and 2105 cm(-1) (nu1+nu3) were assigned to the liquid phase. Aerosols were also generated from mixtures of ozone and HCl. In the presence of liquid ozone aerosols, evidence of solvated HCl was observed via a broad IR band 2795 cm(-1). Notably, production of a metastable, amorphous solid phase of HCl (exhibiting a narrow band at 2780 cm(-1)) was favoured to the extent that it could be generated in large excess over the crystalline orthorhombic form that usually dominates at 80 K.

Simultaneous RP-HPLC and HPTLC estimation of fluoxetine hydrochloride and olanzapine in tablet dosage forms

A binary mixture of fluoxetine HCl and olanzapine was determined by two different methods. The first method involved determination of fluoxetine HCl and olanzapine using reversed-phase liquid chromatography using acetonitrile:methanol:0.032 M ammonium acetate buffer (45:05:50, v/v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Quantitation was achieved with ultraviolet detection at 235 nm over concentration ranges of 0.2-4 and 0.1-2 μg/ml; mean accuracies were 101.16±0.59 and 99.79±0.56% for fluoxetine HCL and olanzapine, respectively. The second method was based on the high performance thin layer chromatography separation of the two drugs followed by densitometric measurements of their spots at 235 nm. The separation was carried out on Merck TLC aluminium sheets of silica gel 60 F254 using acetone:methanol:triethyleamine (5:3:0.5, v/v/v), as mobile phase. The linearity was found to be in the range of 300–1000 and 150–500 ng/spot; mean accuracies were 100.95±0.52 and 99.31±0.51% for fluoxetine HCl and olanzapine, respectively. The method was successively applied to tablets because no chromatographic interferences from the tablet excipients were found. The methods retained their accuracy and precision when the standard addition technique was applied. The results obtained by applying the proposed methods were statistically analyzed.