Mixture Of Flavonoids Research Articles

FORMULASI DAN UJI EKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN LOTION EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SAWAO TERHADAP BAKTERI Stapylococcuc aureus dan Escherchia coli

Manila sapodilla leaves contain phytochemical mixtures of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids and glycosides which are known to have antibacterial movement of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The reason for this study was whether the planning of sapodilla leaf extricate salve can be utilized as an enemy of bacterial technique. This exploration was led utilizing a trial which plans to decide all side effects or impacts that emerge, because of specific medicines. Sawo Leaf Ethanol Extract was completed by submerging maceration utilizing 96% ethanol. Antibacterial action testing was done on Sawo leaf extricate with different centralizations of 5%, 10% and 20% and Chaladine cream as a positive control was completed utilizing the discdiffusion strategy. The consequences of the restraint zone movement of Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial lotio arrangements Chaladine sapodilla leaf remove 18 mm, Extract focus 5% 14.5 mm, Extract fixation 10% 20.3 mm, Extract focus 20% 15.46 mm, The aftereffects of the inhibitory zone action in the cream readiness antibacterial concentrate of sapodilla lotio leaf Escherichia coli lotio Chaladine 14 mm, Extract focus 5% 14.16 mm, Extract fixation 10% 20.3 mm, Extract fixation 20% 16.06 mm > 0.05, this demonstrates that the information are typically dispersed, homogeneity trial of 2 gatherings of microscopic organisms and shows a meaning of p > 0.05, showing that the information utilized came from homogeneous information. This demonstrates that Lotio ethanol concentrate of sapodilla leaves has antibacterial movement.

Stability and ultraviolet A photostability of silymarin polyphenols and its consequences for practical use in dermatology

Silymarin (SM), a complex mixture of polyphenols, flavonolignans and flavonoids, isolated from milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Asteraceae), is widely accepted as a phytomedicine for the treatment of numerous diseases of various etiology. Thanks to its manifold biological properties, i.e. anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and regenerative attributes, SM is of interest for dermatological applications. The stability of SM components for dermal use in aqueous environments of varying pH, as well as their photostability after UVA irradiation, were studied here using UV/VIS spectroscopy and HPLC-MS. Isosilybin, silychristin and silydianin were found to be stable and UVA photostable. Silybin and mainly taxifolin were unstable in aqueous solutions but both were UVA photostable. Quercetin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin were unstable and dose-dependent UVA-induced degradation was also found. The main UVA-induced degradation product of 2,3-dehydrosilybin (C24H19O10, m/z 467.0978) in aqueous solutions was detected by UHPLC-HRMS analysis and MSE spectra. The main UVA photodegradation product of 2,3-dehydrosilybin has a similar structural motif to the minor quercetin photoproduct (C14H9O7, m/z 289.0348), newly identified in this study.

Cellular and Gene Expression Response to the Combination of Genistein and Kaempferol in the Treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I.

Flavonoids are investigated as therapeutics for mucopolysaccharidosis, a metabolic disorder with impaired glycosaminoglycan degradation. Here we determined the effects of genistein and kaempferol, used alone or in combination, on cellular response and gene expression in a mucopolysaccharidosis type I model. We assessed the cell cycle, viability, proliferation, subcellular localization of the translocation factor EB (TFEB), number and distribution of lysosomes, and glycosaminoglycan synthesis after exposure to flavonoids. Global gene expression was analysed using DNA microarray and quantitative PCR. The type and degree of flavonoid interaction were determined based on the combination and dose reduction indexes. The combination of both flavonoids synergistically inhibits glycosaminoglycan synthesis, modulates TFEB localization, lysosomal number, and distribution. Genistein and kaempferol in a 1:1 ratio regulate the expression of 52% of glycosaminoglycan metabolism genes. Flavonoids show synergy, additivity, or slight antagonism in all analysed parameters, and the type of interaction depends on the concentration and component ratios. With the simultaneous use of genistein and kaempferol in a ratio of 4:1, even a 10-fold reduction in the concentration of kaempferol is possible. Flavonoid mixtures, used as the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis, are effective in reducing glycosaminoglycan production and storage and show a slight cytotoxic effect compared to single-flavonoid usage.

Preclinical toxicity test results of a new antiviral–immune-modulator compound consisting of flavonoid molecules (COVID-19 clinical trial preliminary data)

Aim: Isolated specific glycone–aglycone conjugated flavonoids which are investigated for their effect of bioavailability and molecular concentrations. The specific formula is then tested via in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity tests. Methods: Considering the higher affinity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quercetin, quercetin 3-sambubioside-3’-glucoside, luteolin, apigenin-7-4’alloside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, epicatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and hesperetin were selected to investigate the effects of a new combination of the formula. Specific chemical analyses, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF–MS) analysis and ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometry, were performed for molecular qualification and quantification. Results: In silico molecular docking analyses have shown that flavonoids can bind strongly to the spike protein and main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Flavonoids also have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activity by inhibiting cytokines. Although flavonoids may be a treatment alternative for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an effective flavonoid compound has yet to be developed. The main problem here is that the absorption rate of flavonoids is very low (2–10%) in the intestines, and these compounds are metabolized rapidly. In contrast, according to recent literature, a conjugated flavonoid mixture is better absorbed in the small intestine, and its toxic effects are relatively fewer. Conclusions: It is found that the new formula has no cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. Furthermore, oral administrations of the new compound did not produce any toxicity symptoms or any mortality in male and female rats. The pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo toxicity test results indicated that the new flavonoid formula can be safely used for clinical trials.

Reactive oxygen species: Key players in the anticancer effects of apigenin?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exhibit a double-edged sword in cancer-hence their modulation has been an attractive strategy in cancer prevention and therapy. The abundance of scientific information on the pro-oxidant effects of apigenin in cancer cells suggests the crucial role of ROS in its mechanisms of action. Although apigenin is known to enhance the cellular ROS levels to cytotoxic degrees in cancer cells in vitro, it remains to be determined if these pro-oxidant effects prevail or are relevant in experimental tumor models and clinical trials. Here, we critically examine the pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of apigenin in cancer to provide insightful perspectives on the association between its ROS-modulating action and anticancer potential. We also discussed these effects in a cell/tissue type-specific context to highlight the factors influencing the switch between antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects. Finally, we raised some questions that need addressing for the potential translation of these studies into clinical applications. Further research into this duality in oxidant actions of apigenin, especially in vivo, may enable better exploitation of its anticancer potential. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Apigenin is a naturally occurring compound found in chamomile flowers, parsley, celery, peppermint, and citrus fruits. Many human trials of dietary interventions with apigenin-containing herbs and flavonoid mixture on oxidative stress markers, for instance, point to their antioxidant effects and health benefits in many diseases. Preclinical studies suggest that apigenin alone or its combination with chemotherapeutics has a strong anti-neoplastic effect and can induce ROS-mediated cytotoxicity at concentrations in the micromolar (μM) range, which may not be feasible with dietary interventions. Enhancing the in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of apigenin may be indispensable for its potential cancer-specific pro-oxidant therapy and may provide relevant information for clinical studies of apigenin either as a single agent or an adjuvant to chemotherapeutics.

ЕКСТРАКЦІЯ ПОЛІФЕНОЛЬНИХ СПОЛУК ІЗ ПРОДУКТІВ ПЕРЕРОБКИ ВИНОГРАДУ НИЗЬКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНИМ ЕВТЕКТИЧНИМ РОЗЧИННИКОМ БЕТАЇН-МОЛОЧНА КИСЛОТА

The development of modern chemical technology and engineering is aimed at the concept of greening. Therefore, the search for effective green solvents for the extraction of natural organic compounds from vegetable raw materials is urgent. The use of DES is appropriate and is of increasing interest due to its environmental, technological, and economic features. DES are prepared from readily available materials with high purities, low cost, nontoxicity, non-flammability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.In the work, the effect of water on the viscosity of deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on betaine and lactic acid was studied, and an assessment of polyphenolic compounds of grape pomace processing products was carried out with a water content of up to 10%. When 10% of water was added to DES, the viscosity decreased from 16,000.00 to 3,500.00 mPa s, when 25% of water was added, the viscosity decreased exponentially with increasing temperature. Research results showed that water content also affects other physical properties, such as density, with the density of DES decreasing linearly with increasing water content. When performing liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry during extraction with DES, compared to a traditional solvent, higher peaks are observed, which indicates an increase in the yield of extraction using DES. The main components of grape pomace extract are hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, anthoxanthins and stilbenes. When determining the influence of the solvent on the composition of the extract, significant differences in the compound profile were found between extraction with a 70% ethanol solution and extraction using DES. A complex mixture of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids was obtained during extraction with DES, while with a traditional solvent -mainly hydroxycinnamic acids. The extractive capacity of DES can be correlated with their physicochemical properties, including H-bonding interactions, polarity, and pH.

Preclinical toxicity test results of a new antiviral–immune-modulator compound consisting of flavonoid molecules (COVID-19 clinical trial preliminary data)

Aim: Isolated specific glycone–aglycone conjugated flavonoids which are investigated for their effect of bioavailability and molecular concentrations. The specific formula is then tested via in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity tests. Methods: Considering the higher affinity for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), quercetin, quercetin 3-sambubioside-3’-glucoside, luteolin, apigenin-7-4’alloside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, epicatechin-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and hesperetin were selected to investigate the effects of a new combination of the formula. Specific chemical analyses, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF–MS) analysis and ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometry, were performed for molecular qualification and quantification. Results: In silico molecular docking analyses have shown that flavonoids can bind strongly to the spike protein and main protease of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Flavonoids also have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating activity by inhibiting cytokines. Although flavonoids may be a treatment alternative for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an effective flavonoid compound has yet to be developed. The main problem here is that the absorption rate of flavonoids is very low (2–10%) in the intestines, and these compounds are metabolized rapidly. In contrast, according to recent literature, a conjugated flavonoid mixture is better absorbed in the small intestine, and its toxic effects are relatively fewer. Conclusions: It is found that the new formula has no cytotoxic or genotoxic effects. Furthermore, oral administrations of the new compound did not produce any toxicity symptoms or any mortality in male and female rats. The pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo toxicity test results indicated that the new flavonoid formula can be safely used for clinical trials.

PENYULUHAN TENTANG KASIAT DAUN SISIK NAGA SEBAGAI PENGOBATAN DIARE DI DESA CANDIREJO

The purpose of welfare improvement is to strive to further develop the highest welfare status that can really be expected. To achieve this goal, proactive and dynamic administration and regulation are needed that cover all fields, be it government, private or regional. In connection with the above, the creators are interested in leading PKM which intends to provide guidance on giving scale leaves which are believed to be a treatment for diarrhea in Candirejo Village. The reason for holding this PKM is to get a healthy local environment and to avoid diarrheal diseases caused by the living guidance of dragon scale leaves as diarrhea in Candirejo Village. Diarrhea is one of the most well-known infections locally. One of the causes of diarrhea is eating food that is processed ineffective and unhygienic so that the food is contaminated by microbes that are around. If not treated immediately can cause loss of body fluids so that the patient will become dry. Tests saw unusual cases of diarrhea causing death in infants and children. Dragon scale leaves expressly contain a mixture of flavonoids and tannins. These substances are useful as, against pain, death, dry medicine, overcoming ulcers and overcoming bloating. The content of flavonoids and tannins in dragon scales leaves may have an effect. pharmacology for human well-being. It consists of three kinds of stages used in the pemekaran strategy, more specifically: Inviting the local area for PKM training, Input by checking items and things to do, Evaluating the side effects of preparation by estimating the consequences of augmentation preparation. This plant is also efficacious for treating various diseases such as gum disease, stiff neck, bruises, bruises, jaundice, vaginal discharge, breast cancer, mumps, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, gonorrhea and difficult bowel movements. The use of dragon scales leaves as traditional medicine began when a pharmacist found a sick chimpanzee and bit the dragon scales leaves so that the body's condition returned to normal.

Proteomic Analysis Revealed Underlying Biological Pathways Associated with Hormetic Response of Hormone Positive Breast Cancer Cell Line Exposed to Low-Dose Flavonoid Mixture

Objective: A considerable level of evidence has accumulated about the breast cancer risk-reducing effect of consuming specific flavonoids, through the increasing amount of research and epidemiologic studies. Different flavonoids may have different cellular bioavailability and favor, i.e., the occurrence of a hormetic effect, thus it is important to evaluate breast cancer cells’ response to different doses of flavonoids. This study aims to investigate the alterations of the biological pathways in a hormone-positive (HR+) breast cancer cell line as a resemblance for the most common breast cancer subtype, related to the low-dose exposure of the flavonoids. Materials and Methods: Different levels of doses were applied to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In order to determine cellular proliferation, WST-1 analysis was conducted. The highest proliferation was observed with cell lines exposed to a low-dose flavonoid mixture and these were selected for further analysis. Intracellular protein expression were investigated by peptide analysis on a nano LC-MS/MS platform. A protein-protein interaction network and pathway analysis were conducted for the proteins expressed differently between the groups. Results: A total of 214 proteins were identified and 36 proteins with significant alterations (≥1.2-fold change, p≤0.05) were detected. Significant changes were observed in the pathways related to carbon metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, splicing mechanism, mitochondrial protein import and translation elongation pathways. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that flavonoids can have a hormetic effect which can initially alter metabolic pathways vital for cell proliferation and survival. These pathways may include potential targets for enhancing the anticancer activity of the flavonoids.

Flavonoids and Omega3 Prevent Muscle and Cardiac Damage in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Animal Model.

Nutraceutical products possess various anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, cardiotonic, and antioxidant pharmacological activities that could be useful in preventing oxidative damage, mainly induced by reactive oxygen species. Previously published data showed that a mixture of polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids, mediate an antioxidative response in mdx mice, Duchenne muscular dystrophy animal model. Dystrophic muscles are characterized by low regenerative capacity, fibrosis, fiber necrosis, inflammatory process, altered autophagic flux and inadequate anti-oxidant response. FLAVOmega β is a mixture of flavonoids and docosahexaenoic acid. In this study, we evaluated the role of these supplements in the amelioration of the pathological phenotype in dystrophic mice through in vitro and in vivo assays. FLAVOmega β reduced inflammation and fibrosis, dampened reactive oxygen species production, and induced an oxidative metabolic switch of myofibers, with consequent increase of mitochondrial activity, vascularization, and fatigue resistance. Therefore, we propose FLAVOmega β as food supplement suitable for preventing muscle weakness, delaying inflammatory milieu, and sustaining physical health in patients affected from DMD.

A feasibility study on green biorefinery of high lignin content agro-food industry waste through supercritical water treatment

This work discusses hydrolysis of defatted grape in supercritical water (SCW) at 380 °C and 260 bar from 0.18 s to 1 s focusing attention to sugars recovery in the liquid phase of the product and detailed characterization of remaining solid phase enriched in polyaromatics (e.g. lignin, flavonoids, etc.). After the longest reaction time of 1 s, 56% of carbohydrates could be recovered in the liquid phase, as a result of carbohydrate hydrolysis. The high content of insoluble lignin in biomass (36%), acts as a mass transfer limitation and presents an important feature in the hydrolysis process, slowing down the conversion of carbohydrate fraction, as after the maximum time of 1s, 10% of carbohydrates still remained in the solid phase. Milled wood lignin, extracted from biomass and dioxane extract from the solid phase were characterized in order to understand the main structural changes during the SCW hydrolysis process. Dioxane (80%) extraction of solids produces a very complex mixture of lipophilic extractives, flavonoids and lignin with a certain amount of chemically linked carbohydrates. 2D NMR analysis of dioxane extract shows remarkably subtle changes in the amounts of main lignin moieties (β-O-4′, β-β’ (resinol) and β-5 (phenylcoumaran)). This subtle change of the main lignin structures is an important feature in the further valorisation of this sulfur-free lignin residue.

Active Flavonoids from Colubrina greggii var. greggii S. Watson against Clinical Isolates of Candida spp.

Candida albicans is the most commonly implicated agent in invasive human fungal infections. The disease could be presented as minimal symptomatic candidemia or can be fulminant sepsis. Candidemia is associated with a high rate of mortality and high healthcare and hospitalization costs. The surveillance programs have reported the distribution of other Candida species reflecting the trends and antifungal susceptibilities. Previous studies have demonstrated that C. glabrata more frequently presents fluconazole-resistant strains. Extracts from Mexican plants have been reported with activity against pulmonary mycosis, among them Colubrina greggii. In the present study, extracts from the aerial parts (leaves, flowers, and fruits) of this plant were evaluated against clinical isolates of several species of Candida (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) by the broth microdilution assay. Through bioassay-guided fractionation, three antifungal glycosylated flavonoids were isolated and characterized. The isolated compounds showed antifungal activity only against C. glabrata resistant to fluconazole, and were non-toxic toward brine shrimp lethality bioassay and in vitro Vero cell line assay. The ethyl acetate and butanol extracts, as well as the fractions containing the mixture of flavonoids, were more active against Candida spp.

Visual sensing of flavonoids based on varying degrees of gold nanoparticle aggregation via linear discriminant analysis

Flavonoids are closely related to human health. The identification and determination of flavonoids is an important and difficult issue. In view of this, this work puts forward a colorimetric sensing array for flavonoid discrimination based on gold nanoparticle (AuNP) aggregation. Two substances (acetylthiocholine iodide (Atc) and S-propionylthiocholine iodide (Ptc)) are hydrolyzed to choline (Chi) under the action of acetylcholinesterase (AcChE). Choline can agglomerate AuNPs by forming AuS bond with its own sulfhydryl functional group. The presence of flavonoids inhibits the AcChE activity, resulting in the formation of different amounts of Chi and different degrees of AuNP aggregation. Controlled by Atc and Ptc as array’s receptors, the five flavonoids, including proanthocyanidin (Pro), naringenin (Nar), quercetin (que), flavone (Fla), and curcumin (Cur), were differentiated through their unique colorimetric “fingerprint” pattern-based recognition with the aid of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The assay is validated under phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer conditions as well as in human serum. In addition, identification for diverse concentrations of single flavonoid and different binary and ternary mixtures of flavonoids were also demonstrated.

Polyphenols as Food Supplement Improved Food Consumption and Longevity of Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Intoxicated by Pesticide Thiacloprid.

Simple SummaryWorldwide, mass losses of honey bee colonies are being observed more frequently. Poor nutrition may cause honey bees to be more susceptible to pesticides and more vulnerable to diseases, and as a direct result of this, honey bee colonies can collapse. Another cause of mass bee colony collapse that is no less important is the use of pesticides. The level of toxicity of most pesticides is greatly affected by nutrient uptake. In addition, the honey bee genome is known to be specific for a significantly lower number of genes associated with detoxification compared with other insect species. Intake of phenolic and flavonoid substances in food can lead to increased expression of genes encoding detoxification enzymes in bees. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated in vitro the effect of phenolic and flavonoid substances on bee mortality and food consumption in the case of intoxication by pesticide thiacloprid. The results of this study showed a significant positive effect on honey bee survival rate as well as increased food intake. In addition, the expression level of genes encoding detoxification enzymes was determined.Malnutrition is one of the main problems related to the global mass collapse of honey bee colonies, because in honey bees, malnutrition is associated with deterioration of the immune system and increased pesticide susceptibility. Another important cause of mass bee colonies losses is the use of pesticides. Therefore, the goal of this study was to verify the influence of polyphenols on longevity, food consumption, and cytochrome P450 gene expression in worker bees intoxicated by thiacloprid. The tests were carried out in vitro under artificial conditions (caged bees). A conclusively lower mortality rate and, in parallel, a higher average food intake, were observed in intoxicated bees treated using a mixture of phenolic acids and flavonoids compared to untreated intoxicated bees. This was probably caused by increased detoxification capacity caused by increased expression level of genes encoding the cytochrome P450 enzyme in the bees. Therefore, the addition of polyphenols into bee nutrition is probably able to positively affect the detoxification capacity of bees, which is often reduced by the impact of malnutrition resulting from degradation of the environment and common beekeeping management.

Dose Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes on the Digestibility of Nutrients, Flavonolignans and the Individual Components of the Silymarin Complex in Horses.

Simple SummarySilybum marianum is a well-known herb in terms of its pharmacological activities, and it is used as both a medicament and a dietary supplement (phytobiotics). Milk thistle seeds contain a mixture of flavonoids known as silymarin, which consists of silybin, isosilybin, silychristine, and silydianin. Until now, there has been no evidence of monitoring the digestibility of silymarin complex in horses. The aim of the research was to evaluate digestibility of silymarin complex and the effect of nutrient digestibility in horses. Different daily feed doses of milk thistle expeller (0 g, 100 g, 200 g, 400 g, 700 g) were administered to five mares kept under the same conditions and at the same feed rations. We monitored the digestibility of silymarin, digestible energy, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, crude ash, calcium, phosphorus, and plasma profile. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between daily doses in digestibilities of flavonolignans and nutrients. Our findings showed the digestibility of flavonolignans increased with the daily dose and then stagnated with the dose of milk thistle seed cakes at 700 g/day. Milk thistle seeds contain a mixture of flavonoids known as silymarin, which consists of silybin, isosilybin, silychristine, and silydianin. Until now, there has been no evidence of monitoring the digestibility of silymarin complex in horses. The aim of the research was to evaluate the digestibility of silymarin complex and the effect of nutrient digestibility in horses. Different daily feed doses (FD) of milk thistle expeller (0 g, 100 g, 200 g, 400 g, 700 g) were administered to five mares kept under the same conditions and at the same feed rations. Digestibility of silymarin complex was monitored by HPLC-UV. Digestible energy (DE), crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude ash, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) were determined according ISO/IEC 17025:2017. The biochemical profile of blood plasma (total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bilirubin, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triacyl glyceride (TAG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, urea, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant status (TAS), glucose, calcium, and inorganic phosphate) was investigated. Moreover, the flavonolignans of the silymarin complex in plasma were detected. Statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) were found between daily doses of milk thistle expellers in digestibilities. Our findings showed the digestibility of flavonolignans increased with the daily dose and then stagnated with the dose of milk thistle seed cakes at 700 g/day.

Analysis of silymarin-modulating effects against acrylamide-induced cerebellar damage in male rats: Biochemical and pathological markers

BackgroundAcrylamide (ACR) is a well-proven neurotoxin and potential food carcinogen in humans and rodent models. Silymarin (SIL) is a flavonoid mixture isolated from seeds, leaves, and fruits of Silymarin marianum (milk thistle) that possesses a free-radical scavenging effect. ObjectiveIn this work, the primary focus was to investigate the efficacy of SIL to mitigate ACR-induced subacute neurotoxic effects and oxidative changes in rat cerebellum. MethodsAdult male rats were treated intraperitoneally with ACR (50 mg/kg) with or without SIL (160 mg/kg). The neuropathology and biochemical parameters viz. lipid peroxidation (measured as levels of malondialdehyde or MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT), dopamine (DA), and cathepsin D (CTSD) in the cerebellum have been evaluated. ResultsThe data showed that ACR induced redox disruptions as measured by increased MDA levels and inhibition of CAT, SOD, and GPx antioxidant enzyme activities. Besides, cerebellar monoamine neurotransmitters, 5-HT and DA, were depleted in ACR-treated rats. Furthermore, ACR administration caused a significant elevation of CTSD activity, indicating that ACR could trigger apoptosis or apoptosis-like death. At the tissue level, cerebellar cortex sections from ACR-treated animals were characterized by severe neuronal damage. The administration of SIL to ACR-treated rats remarkably alleviated all the aforementioned ACR-induced effects. ConclusionSIL has a potent therapeutic effect against ACR-induced cerebellar neurotoxicity in experimental rats via the attenuation of oxidative/antioxidative responses and the inhibition of CTSD-activity.

Traditional Uses of Herbal Medicines in Khartoum and Gezira state (Central Sudan)

Background: Traditional medicine is a folk medicine or herbalism practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts. The diversity of the climate of Sudan is responsible for its very rich flora. Purpose: The aims of this work are to determine habitat, folkloric and current medicinal uses and the active constituents of the studied plants. Study design: The type of study design used in this work is observational and descriptive study design. Methodology: Method used is face-to-face interviews of herbal shops in Khartoum and Gezira state. The language used is Arabic language. The interviews involved 15 from 50 herbal shops; 10 in Khartoum state and 5 in Gezira state. The study also contains information about current uses and newly active constituents of some plants species therein were cited. Conclusion: Eighty-six plants and herbs are reported in this study. They are distributed in Forty-three families. The popularly used species by natives were found to include Solenostemma argel , Trigonella foenum-graecum , Acacia spp, Nigella sativa and Hibiscus sabdariffa . All of which known to contain mixture of phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids and sterols phytoconstituents. The highest numbers of plants are found belong to family Lamiaceae (Seven species), Fabaceae (Seven species), Apiaceae (Six plant species) and Asteraceae (Five plant species).

The Composition of chrysanthemum extracts and their pharmacological functions

Chrysanthemum is a widely planted cash crop worldwide, due to its high ornamental and medicinal values. In addition, as a frequently used material in traditional Chinese medicine, studies have revealed that chrysanthemum extracts are complicated mixtures of flavonoids, volatile oils, organic acids, polysaccharides and other minor components, which possess pharmacological effects against many pathological conditions such as toxin-induced cell loss, bacterial infection-induced inflammation, reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress and tumor formation induced by various stimuli. In this mini review, we collected and summarized the current understanding on the composition and pharmacology of chrysanthemum extracts originally published in both Chinese and English, and aimed to broaden the readership, in order to build up the basis for eliciting more valuable investigations in this topic.

Gastroprotective activity of kaempferol glycosides from Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMalvaviscus arboreus is traditionally used in Mexico and Central America for culinary and medicinal purposes. Leaves and flowers of this species are commonly used for preparation of salads, herbal teas and herbal dyes. Panamanian, Guatemalan and Mexican healers use this medicinal plant for the management of fever, respiratory complications, dysentery, liver and gallbladder problems, stomachache and gastritis between other health troubles. Aim of the studyConsidering the traditional use of M. arboreous as well as its content in flavonoids and other polyphenols, the objective of this work was to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of an aqueous extract and identify the potential bio-active principles from flowers of this species. Material and methodsFresh flowers of Malvaviscus arboreus were collected, dried, and macerated with water. The aqueous extract (ExAq) was partitioned using an immiscible mixture of water and ethyl acetate, giving an aqueous (MaAq) and organic (MaEA) fractions. The gastroprotective effect was carried out using an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer experimental test in male rats. While tween 20 was used as a negative control, famotidine (10 mg/kg) and L-arginine (300 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated by several chromatographic techniques and the chemical characterization was carried out by means of the analysis of the NMR spectra in one and two dimensions. ResultsThe integrate extract (ExAq) to 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg showed gastroprotective effect with high levels of 97.8%, 79.5% and 91.1% respectively. The organic fraction (MaEA) displayed a protection of 91.2%, 96.0% and 99.4% when it was evaluated at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively. Comparison of these results with famotidine at 10 mg/kg (83% of gastroprotection) indicated that ethyl acetate fraction showed a better gastroprotection. The bio-guided separation of this organic mixture, allowed obtaining the most active fraction (C1F4, 60 mg/kg) which was finally purified to obtain two glycosylated flavonols: kaempferol 3-O-D-sophoroside (1) and kaempferol 3-O-D-sambubioside (2). This mixture of flavonoids (40 y 60 mg/kg) showed 93.7 and 92% of gastroprotective activity respectively. ConclusionThis study allowed demonstrating that an aqueous extract and its organic fraction (MaEA) from M. arboreous contain glycosylated flavonoids (1 and 2) which are responsible of the gastroprotective properties of M. arboreous. These results will be used in the future development of a standardized treatment useful in the therapeutic management of gastric ulcers.

Milk thistle seed cold press oil attenuates markers of the metabolic syndrome in a mouse model of dietary-induced obesity.

Milk thistle cold press oil (MTO) is an herbal remedy derived from Silybum marianum which contains a low level of silymarin and mixture of polyphenols and flavonoids. The effect of MTO on the cardiovascular and metabolic complications of obesity was studied in mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20weeks and treated with MTO for the final 8weeks of the diet. MTO treatment attenuated HFD-induced obesity, fasting hyperglycemia, hypertension, and induced markers of mitochondrial fusion and browning of white adipose. Markers of inflammation were also attenuated in both adipose and the liver of MTO-treated mice. In addition, MTO resulted in the improvement of liver fibrosis. These results demonstrate that MTO has beneficial actions to attenuate dietary obesity-induced weight gain, hyperglycemia, hypertension, inflammation, and suggest that MTO supplementation may prove beneficial to patients exhibiting symptoms of metabolic syndrome. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Natural supplements are increasingly being considered as potential therapies for many chronic cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Milk thistle cold press oil (MTO) is derived from Silybum marianum which is used as a dietary supplement in different parts of the world. The results of the present study demonstrate that MTO supplementation normalizes several metabolic and cardiovascular complications arising from dietary-induced obesity. MTO supplementation also had anti-inflammatory actions in the adipose as well as the liver. These results suggest that supplementation of MTO into the diet of obese individuals may afford protection against the worsening of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and improve inflammation and liver fibrosis.