Mixture Of Glycol Research Articles

Thermal inspection of hybrid nanofluid flows over a stretched cylinder at an oblique stagnation point with variable characteristics

AbstractThe enhanced thermal characteristics of hybrid nanofluids make them more versatile compared to conventional fluids. These improved thermal properties render hybrid nanomaterials highly practical for a wide range of applications, including solar systems, energy production, and cooling processes. In line with this perspective, the current study concentrates on evaluating the thermal performance of two unique hybrid nanofluid flows that impinge obliquely on a stretched cylinder. Two base fluids, FC‐77 and a binary mixture of water and ethylene glycol (50:50)%, have been considered, with the addition of nanoparticles such as single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The said model's novelty is enhanced by the temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity. Appropriate transformations are applied to derive a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), which are then solved numerically using the bvp4c method. A thorough examination is conducted on the physical phenomenon of pertinent parameters, accompanied by graphical representations. The results revealed that, for the FC‐77 coolant‐based hybrid nanofluid, mounting the particle volume fraction leads to a significant reduction in temperature distribution. Additionally, it is perceived that the presence of a variable viscosity parameter causes a reduction in the surface drag coefficient as well as the axial and tangential velocities. The validity of the proposed flow model is demonstrated by comparing the results with those from an earlier study.

Solubility of atenolol in aqueous propylene glycol mixtures revisited: IKBI preferential solvation analysis

ABSTRACT The preferential solvation parameters of atenolol in aqueous binary mixtures of propylene glycol (PG) were derived from reported molar solubility values after conversion to mole fractions by using the inverse Kirkwood–Buff integrals method. This drug is sensitive to preferential solvation effects in this binary system. The preferential solvation parameter by PG (δx 1,3) is negative in water-rich mixtures but positive in mixtures of 0.20 < x 1 < 1.00. It is conjecturable that hydrophobic hydration around the non-polar methyl and phenylene groups of this drug observable in water-rich mixtures could play a relevant role in drug solvation. Otherwise, in mixtures of 0.20 < x 1 < 1.00, the preferential solvation by PG could be due to the acidic behaviour of atenolol.

Rapid and robust hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride in optimum mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol using phosphorus-doped chitosan polymer matrix dispersed on alumina nanoparticles

Here, the highly efficient hydrogen (H2) generation by sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in a novel synergistic mixture of methanol and ethylene glycol using phosphorus-doped chitosan polymer matrix incorporated on alumina particles was investigated. The efficiency of P-doped chitosan-alumina hybride catalyst for H2 generation from NaBH4(NaBH4-HGR) in methanol, ethylene glycol, and methanol + ethylene glycol mixture showed significant differences. In particular, there is a very effective performance for NaBH4-HGR in a methanol + ethylene glycol mixture. The HGR values by mixture of methanol, ethylene glycol and methanol/ethylene glycol were 2342, 7364 and 13548 ml min-1g−1, respectively. Moreover, the H2 generation rate (HGR) value by NaBH4 using P-doped chitosan-alumina with the combination of methanol (8 ml) + ethylene glycol (2 ml) was 25,964 ml min-1g−1. Also, activation energy (Ea) was 30.62 kJmol−1. Additionally, the mechanism of H2 release by NaBH4 solvolysis reactions in the methanol + ethylene glycol mixture using P-doped chitosan-alumina was evaluated. In the methanol + ethylene glycol mixture, both the low viscosity of methanol and the high acidity of ethylene glycol are likely to have a positive synergistic effect on H2 production at the same time. Moreover, both the positivity of the P atoms and the increased acidity of the alumina become attractive to the negatively charged ions present in the reaction medium.

Excess properties for binary liquid mixtures of Hexylene glycol with ketones at different temperatures and correlation with the Jouyban–Acree model

ABSTRACT Excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviation in viscosity, and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow for binary mixtures of Hexylene glycol (2-methyl-pentanediol-2,4 or MPD) with aliphatic ketones (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentan-2-one (J1), 4-methyl-pentan-2-one (J2), and pentan-2-one (J3)) components selected compositions were determined from the measured values of densities (ρ), viscosities (η), and speeds of sound (u) of pure components and their mixtures from 303.15 K to 313.15 K. The results were analysed in terms of intermolecular interactions or hydrogen bonding or hetero-association interactions in the binary mixtures. Finally, the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory is applied to identify the most predominant molecular interaction. The results of the Jouyban-Acree model are discussed in terms of mean relative deviation (MRDs) and individual relative deviation (IRD) between calculated and experimental densities, speeds of sound, and viscosities as an accuracy criterion.

Solubility and thermodynamics of mesalazine in aqueous mixtures of poly ethylene glycol 200/600 at 293.2–313.2 K

In this study, the solubility of mesalazine was investigated in binary solvent mixtures of poly ethylene glycols 200/600 and water at temperatures ranging from 293.2K to 313.2K. The solubility of mesalazine was determined using a shake-flask method, and its concentrations were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The obtained solubility data were analyzed using mathematical models including the van't Hoff, Jouyban-Acree, Jouyban-Acree-van't Hoff, mixture response surface, and modified Wilson models. The experimental data obtained for mesalazine dissolution encompassed various thermodynamic properties, including ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°, and TΔS°. These properties offer valuable insights into the energetic aspects of the dissolution process and were calculated based on the van't Hoff equation.

Investigating antitumor therapeutic efficacy using magnetic hyperthermia of Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Four sets of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a one-pot hydrothermal method using ethylene glycol (EG) and water reaction mixture. The EG coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized using XRD (X-ray diffraction) and DLS (dynamic light scattering). The nanoparticles hydrodynamic sizes are in the range 60-100 nm and showed good dispersibility in water and cellular medium without any aggregation. The specific absorption rate (SAR) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) was measured to evaluate the magneto hyperthermic effect of the nanoparticles under field amplitudes of 51.85, 43.87, 35.89, and 27.92 kA/m and field frequencies in the range 384.5-167.30 kHz. The nanoparticles synthesized using 30% EG showed the highest SAR value of 372.95 W/g, whereas the particles synthesized using 70% EG showed a SAR value of 217.12 W/g. SAR values show a linear dependency on the AC frequency whereas the field amplitude displayed a nonlinear effect on the SAR. Breast cancer cells (MDA) treated with the nanoparticles for 30 minutes under an AMF of frequency of 384.5 kHz and strength of 24.67 kA/m showed a 50% decrease in cell viability. The cellular viability further decreased to 25% after 24 h treatment under the AMF which is remarkable for the therapeutic application of the nanoparticles. The apoptotic cell death showed a dependency on the AMF frequency and strength combinations.

Freezing-mediated formation of supraproteins using depletion forces

HypothesisLong-acting formulations such as microparticles, injectable depots and implantable devices can realize spatiotemporally controlled delivery of protein drugs to extend their therapeutic in vivo half-lives. To efficiently encapsulate the protein drugs into such drug delivery systems, (sub)micron-sized protein particles are needed. The formation of micronized supraproteins can be induced through the synergistic combination of attractive depletion forces and freezing. The size of the supraproteins can be fine-tuned from submicron to several microns by adjusting the ice crystallization rate through the freeze-quench depth, which is set by the target temperature.MethodsSupraprotein micron structures were prepared from protein solutions under various conditions in the presence and absence of nonadsorbing polyethylene glycol. Scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering were employed to determine the sizes of the supraproteins and real-time total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy was used to follow the supraprotein formation during freezing. The protein secondary structure was measured before and after micronization by circular dichroism. A phase diagram of a protein–polyethylene glycol mixture was theoretically predicted to investigate whether the depletion interaction can elucidate the phase behavior.FindingsMicronized protein supraparticles could be prepared in a controlled manner by rapid freeze-drying of aqueous mixtures of bovine serum albumin, horseradish peroxidase and lysozyme mixed with polyethylene glycol. Upon freezing, the temperature quench initiates a phase separation process which is reminiscent of spinodal decomposition. This demixing is subsequently arrested during droplet phase separation to form protein-rich microstructures. The final size of the generated protein microparticles is determined by a competition between phase separation and cooling rate, which can be controlled by target temperature. The experimental phase diagram of the aqueous protein–polyethylene glycol dispersion aligns with predictions from depletion theory for charged colloids and nonadsorbing polymers.

Effect of graphene nanoplatelets induced ethylene glycol/water mixture (50:50) fluid on lithium-battery cooling

Battery technology is the main driving force behind the shift towards emission-free transportation. However, a major obstacle to the widespread adoption of this technology is the need to maintain the battery's temperature at a standard of 27 °C. Traditionally, a mixture of ethylene glycol and water is circulated through the battery pack for cooling, but this method is not sufficient. By contrast, the use of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) can improve heat transfer, reducing temperature rise in the battery cell. In this study, a customized battery pack has been simulated using coolants containing varying concentrations of GNPs (ranging from 0.001 vol% to 0.01 vol%) to assess their effectiveness in lowering the operating temperature. The Lagrangian approach has been employed to track the discrete phase particles which couples with Eulerian continuous phase fluid. Results have shown that the pure EG/Water coolant decreases the peak temperature of the system by 16.67% (60 °C–50 °C) which further decreases to 26.85 °C (reduction of 55.25%) till the addition of optimum 0.03 vol% GNP. With the addition of only 0.001 vol% of GNPs, the difference in the peak temperature in the model increases from 10 °C to 31.15 °C as compared to the pure mixture. Higher thermal conductivity, greater surface area and higher specific heat capacity of the particles are attributed for this enhanced cooling.

Polyurethane Microstructures for 2'-Deoxycytidinic Acid Delivery: Preparation and Preliminary Characterization.

Background and Objectives: Nucleotide delivery has emerged as a noteworthy research trend in recent years because of its potential utility in addressing a range of genetic defects resulting in the presence of incorrect nucleotides. The primary goals of this research were to create and to characterize polyurethane microstructures, with the aim of utilizing them for nucleotide transport. Materials and Methods: Two samples were prepared using an aliphatic diisocyanate in reaction with a mixture of polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone diol, where 2'-deoxycytidinic acid was used as the active agent and glycerol 1,2-diacetate was used as an enhancer of the aqueous solubility. The solubility, pH, size distribution, and surface charge of the samples were measured, and encapsulation efficacy and release, cell proliferation, and irritation tests on mouse skin were conducted. Results: The results showed almost neutral acidic-basic structures with a high heterogeneity, and a medium tendency to form clusters with non-cytotoxic and non-irritative potentials. Conclusions: Future research could explore the efficacy of this carrier in delivering other nucleotides, as well as investigating the long-term effects and safety of these microstructures in vivo.

Optimizing Preparation of Fish Scale Collagen Peptide/Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Seed Oil Nanoemulsion

AbstractThis study presents results of extracting hydrolyzed collagen peptide from fresh‐water fish scale and using it to prepare a nanoemulsion based on Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seed oil and collagen peptide. The sacha inchi seed oil is extracted from the seeds of Sacha Inchi (abbreviated as sachi) plant and contains approximate 45 % triple omega 3–6‐9 (ω‐3, ω‐6, ω‐9) content. Pseudo‐ternary phase diagrams of three components: aqueous collagen solution, sachi seed oil, and surfactant/co‐surfactant (Smix) have been constructed. The parameters including the composition of Smix, sachi seed oil, and aqueous collagen solution have been selected to optimize the technology factors for the emulsion process. A quadratic regression equation was chosen, and experimental planning following the Box‐Behnken model using response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation conditions for the nanoemulsion. The average droplet size of the emulsion systems is the object function for optimization. The Smix is a mixture of surfactant (Tween80) and propylene glycol (PG) with different ratios of Tween80/PG of 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, and 4/1, corresponding to the formation of four emulsion systems, code 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. The optimal parameters for each emulsion system are different, however, the aqueous collagen solution contains a higher proportion in emulsions. Under the optimal conditions, the predicted values of the objective function of emulsions code 1–code 4 ranged from 95.62 to 185.14 nm, increasing together with the Tween80 ratio in Smix. The experiment values of the objective function of emulsions code 1–code 4 prepared under the optimal conditions are 104.22, 133.70, 159.27, and 207.87 nm, respectively. These values are close to the predicted values, suggesting that the suitability of the experiment and theory. Additionally, the stability of the nanoemulsion prepared under the optimal conditions is also evaluated. A stable nanoemulsion is potentially for loading nutraceuticals and vitamins for applications in personal health care and medicinal fields.

On the role of water in antimony electrodeposition from choline chloride/ethylene glycol/water mixture

Through experimental research and theoretical calculation, it was investigated the effect of water and temperature on the electrodeposition of antimony (Sb) on a platinum (Pt) electrode. The plating solutions were prepared by the addition of 0.05 mol L–1 SbCl3 to the mixtures of choline chloride (ChCl), ethylene glycol (EG) and water (W) in the following molar ratio: 1ChCl:2EG (bath 1), 1ChCl:2EG:0.45 W (bath 2), and 1ChCl:2EG:1.62 W (bath 3). Furthermore, the Sb coatings were electrodeposited at 297 and 338 K. The surface morphologies and crystalline structures of Sb electrodeposits were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. In addition, to understand the interactions of Sb3+ species with the other components of the plating solution, models were created and calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The results of the voltammetric behaviour of Sb3+ species indicated that the reduction potential was shifted towards more positive values with increasing water content on the electrolyte, indicating that the water catalyses the electrochemical reduction of the Sb3+ species. The values of the diffusion coefficients for the Sb3+ species were calculated by applying the Cottrell equation, which increased with the addition of water and temperature increment. The water content and temperature increase affect the surface morphologies of the Sb electrodeposited coatings, which is attributed to the improvement of Sb electrodeposition rate. Moreover, Sb electrodeposited coatings were successfully obtained without adding a complexing agent, indicating that the procedure adopted for the Sb electrodeposition is environmentally friendly. The XRD results revealed the pure phase Sb films. DFT simulations indicated that the Sb-Cl interaction is stronger, which suggests the formation of Sb-Cl complexes. Adding H2O molecules favours the electron affinity of the systems, and QTAIM results suggested that this additive decreased the electron density of Sb3+ ions.

Electrodeposition of copper on glassy carbon and palladium from choline chloride - ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent

Electrodeposition of copper from deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol containing CuCl2·2H2O at 50 °C and 80 °C was studied. Electrochemical reduction/oxidation of Cu(II)/Cu(0) on glassy carbon (GC) and palladium (Pd) electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) emphasizing that this process takes place through two steps, Cu(II) ↔ Cu(I) and Cu(I) ↔ Cu(0). The CV results showed that in chloride-rich DES electrolytes, the increased presence of chloro ligands raises the overpotential required for Cu electrodeposition. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate simultaneous electrodeposition of Cu and electrosorption of large cations on electrodeposited Cu on both GC and Pd substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that Cu grains of approximately 1 μm were obtained by electrodeposition of Cu on both Pd and GC, whereby better coverage by electrodeposited Cu was obtained on Pd than on GC. Cu electrodeposited on Pd was relatively uniform and smooth, but porous, while Cu electrodeposited on GC was dispersed in small agglomerates. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of Cu electrodeposited on Pd detected the dominant presence of Cu with the possibility of the formation of CuPd alloy. The presence of CuPd alloy face-centred cubic structures is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with metallic Cu.

Research on preparation of high activity and durable carbon-supported platinum catalyst for methanol electro-oxidation by a facile continuous microwave pipeline method

In methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), it is crucial for the catalyst that Pt particles uniformly cover the surface of the carrier and the Pt surface active sites can effectively remove the binding with CO. This article develops a simple and effective continuous microwave technology. Carbon loaded nano platinum was synthesized by rapidly and uniformly heating a ethylene glycol mixture containing carbon black (CB) H2PtCl6 using microwave radiation, with a Pt content of 49.5%. The experimental results indicate that platinum particles are uniformly loaded onto the carbon surface, with uniform shape and size, and an average particle size of 3.02 nm. And the Pt/C catalyst prepared by continuous microwave technology showed enhanced electrocatalytic activity (peak current density of 76.95 mA/cm2) in MOR after heating at appropriate temperature in N2 atmosphere, which exceeded the commercial catalyst TKK (47.07 mA/cm2) by 63.6%. And the catalyst's resistance to CO toxicity and durability; Higher than commercial Pt/C catalysts. Compared with traditional methods, continuous microwave technology exhibits higher energy utilization efficiency and faster reaction speed in the catalyst preparation process. This technology also has the ability to achieve continuous preparation, which is one of the effective technological approaches to achieve large-scale catalysts production.

Effects of Assisting Solvents on Purification Efficiency in the Layer Melt Crystallization of Glycerol.

The efficiency of layer melt crystallization for the selective separation of glycerol from a glycerol-diethylene glycol mixture containing 4 wt % of diethylene glycol was evaluated using solvent-free and solvent-aided approaches. The effect of 1-butanol and the binary solvent of 1-butanol and acetone with a total molar composition of 25 mol % on the crystal growth kinetics and the purity of the final product was studied at different undercooling degrees and crystallization yields. The melting point temperature of the mixtures was predicted by using the modified UNIFAC Dortmund model. The addition of both a single and binary solvents significantly increased the crystal growth rate and purity of the final product compared to crystallization from the solvent-free mixture. Additionally, higher crystal growth rates and product purity were observed in the binary solvent system compared to those in the single solvent system at the same degree of undercooling. The second stage of solvent-aided crystallization resulted in glycerol with a purity above 99.5 wt %, depending on the type of solvent used and the rate of crystal growth.

Investigation of Heat Transfer Performance in Deionized Water–Ethylene Glycol Binary Mixtures during Nucleate Pool Boiling

Pool boiling heat transfer is recognized as an exceptionally effective method, widely applied across various industries. The adoption of non-azeotropic binary mixtures aligns with the environmental objectives of modern industrial development and enhances the coefficient of performance (COP) in numerous systems. Therefore, investigating the boiling heat transfer characteristics of these mixtures is crucial to improving their industrial usability. In this study, mixtures of ethylene glycol and deionized water (EG/DW) in varying concentrations were chosen as the working fluids. A comprehensive experimental setup was developed, followed by a series of experiments to assess their pool boiling performance. Simultaneously, the thermophysical parameters of these mixtures underwent detailed examination and analysis. The research revealed that the concentration of EG in the mixture markedly affects its thermal properties and temperature glide, both of which are crucial in influencing the heat transfer coefficient. Additionally, six established heat transfer coefficient prediction correlations, primarily designed for pure fluids, have been employed. However, their application to non-azeotropic mixtures under experimental conditions revealed significant deviations. To address this issue, the present study modified existing correlations with the temperature slip characteristics of non-azeotropic mixtures. This process involved recalibrating the wall superheat values in the correlations to reflect the local temperature differential at the boiling point, thereby customizing them for application to non-azeotropic mixtures. The modified correlations highlighted the unique behaviors of non-azeotropic mixtures in boiling heat transfer, demonstrating improved compatibility with these mixtures in a deviation within a permissible 20% range compared with experimental results.

The Kinetic Study of the Influence of Common Modifiers on the Curing Process of Epoxy Vitrimers.

An analysis of the influence of common modifiers on the kinetics of the curing process of epoxy-anhydride vitrimers was carried out. As common modifiers to enhance the "vitrimeric" nature of the material, zinc acetylacetonate as a transesterification catalyst and glycerol as a modifier of hydroxyl group content were chosen. The curing process of all obtained compositions was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) followed by the application of the isoconversional approach. It was shown that additives significantly affect the curing process. The resulting cured polymers were shown to be chemically recyclable by dissolution in the mixture of ethylene glycol and N-methylpirrolidone in a volume ratio of nine to one. The introduction of both zinc acethylacetonate and glycerol to the neat formulation led to a decrease in the dissolution time by 85.7% (from 35 h for the neat epoxy-anhydride formulation to 5 h for the modified formulation). In order to show the opportunity of the secondary use of recyclates, the mixtures based on the basic composition containing 10 wt. % of secondary polymers were also studied. The introduction of a recycled material to neat composition led to the same curing behavior as glycerol-containing systems.

Thermodynamic parameters of hexylene glycol with isomeric butanols at various temperatures

ABSTRACT Excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow for binary mixtures of Hexylene glycol (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol- or MPD) with 1-butanol (J1), 2-butanol (J2) and 2-methyl-2-propanol (J3) components selected compositions were determined from the measured values of densities (ρ), viscosities ( η ), and speeds of sound (u) of pure components and their mixtures from 303.15 K to 313.15 K. The results are analysed in terms of intermolecular interactions or hydrogen bonding or hetero-association interactions in the binary mixtures. Finally, the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) Theory is applied to identify the most predominant molecular interaction. Using Jouyban–Acree model, results are discussed in terms of mean relative deviation (MRDs) and individual relative deviation (IRD) between calculated and experimental densities, speeds of sound and viscosities as an accuracy criterion.

Experimental investigation on Ag NPs-rGO-water/ethylene-glycol hybrid nanofluids used in solar applications

In the current study, an experimental study on synthesis, characterization, stability and thermo-physical properties of silver nanoparticles - reduced graphene oxide dispersed in water and ethylene glycol mixture (Ag NPs-rGO/W + EG) is presented. Ag NPs-rGO sheets (1:1) synthesized and characterized by SEM method were prepared using a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (W + EG (1:1)) as base fluid and low-viscosity sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) as surfactant. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements were performed to estimate particle size distribution of the Ag NPs-rGO sheets in the nanofluids. Polydispersity index (PI) was also used to estimate the average uniformity of particle size in the hybrid nanofluids. The measurements of the thermo-physical properties were carried out at temperatures varying from 293.15 K to 323.15 K and concentrations of Ag NPs-rGO sheets of 0.050, 0.075 and 0.10 wt% respectively. The results indicated that the thermo-physical properties of Ag NPs-rGO/W + EG hybrid nanofluids were generally dependent on concentration and temperature. The thermal conductivity was enhanced by about 1.13 times at 323.15 K and 0.10 wt%. The maximum increase in viscosity and density were 2.33 and 1.066 times compared to the base fluid at 293.15 K and 0.10 wt%. Based on the density measurements, the specific heat values of the Ag NPs-rGO/W + EG hybrid nanofluids were computed, recording a reduction up to 6.541 % at 323.15 K and 0.10 wt% compared to the water+ethylene glycol solution. The thermo-physical properties were compared to theoretical models and experimental results from literature. Based on the experimental data, new correlations for thermo-physical properties were established. Furthermore, this study analyzes the effectiveness of Ag NPs-rGO/W + EG hybrid nanofluids in a flat-plate solar collector (FPSC) in both laminar and turbulent flows by calculating the thermal efficiency.

A direct approach towards synthesis of copper nanofluid by one step solution phase method

We adopted a simple one step approach to synthesize copper nanofluids by reduction of copper sulphate with fructose. The solution phase synthetic technique led to the formation of copper particles whose size was restricted to the nanodimensions by use of sodium lauryl sulphate. We studied the effect of various parameters on the formation and dispersion of the copper nanoparticles in the base fluid containing a 1:1 mixture of water and ethylene glycol. The resulting Newtonian nanofluid was found to be highly stable with increased thermal conductivity. Thus, the applied technique is found to be simple, economic, and extendable to other class of materials to obtain stable dispersions of nanofluids for heat transfer applications.

Equilibrium solubility determination, modeling and thermodynamic analysis of isophthalic acid in aqueous co-solvent mixtures of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and glycerol

Equilibrium solubility determination, modeling and thermodynamic analysis of isophthalic acid in aqueous co-solvent mixtures of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol and glycerol