Mixture Of Essential Oils Research Articles

Sintesis Mikroemulsi Menggunakan Surfaktan dan Minyak Atsiri Kulit Buah Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis) Sebagai Body Mist

This study aims to determine the effect of the mixture ratio of surfactant (Tween 80: Tween 20: Span 80) and essential oil of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis) and determine the appropriate ratio of surfactant and sweet orange essential oil mixture to produce the best microemulsion characteristics. This study used a completely randomized design with phase 1 surfactant mixture ratio Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80. The treatments used were 97:2,75:0,25; 97:2,50:0,50; 97:2,25:0,75; 97:2.00:1.00; 97:1,75:1,25. then step 2 the ratio of surfactant and sweet orange peel oil is 90:10; 87.5:12.5; 85:15; 82.5:17.5; 80:20. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance. The results showed that the ratio of the surfactant mixture Tween 20: Tween 80: Span 80 had an effect on the microemulsion characteristics of sweet orange peel oil. The best treatment on the surfactant mixture ratio 97:2,50:0,50 with the smallest turbidity index value, namely. The best ratio of surfactant and essential oil of sweet orange peel was 82.5:17.5 with turbidity index (%) before and after centrifugation 0.217±0.009% and 0.419±0.005%, respectively. It has a particle size of 26.5±14.2 nm, a zeta potential value of 0.0mV and is stable at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 for 8 weeks of storage.

Oral Supplementation with Hydroxytyrosol Synthesized Using Genetically Modified Escherichia coli Strains and Essential Oils Mixture: A Pilot Study on the Safety and Biological Activity

Several natural compounds have been explored as immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory dietary supplements. Amongst them, hydroxytyrosol, a natural antioxidant found in olive products, and endemic medicinal plants have attracted the scientific community's and industry's interest. We investigated the safety and biological activity of a standardised supplement containing 10 mg of hydroxytyrosol synthesized using genetically modified Escherichia coli strains and equal amounts (8.33 μL) of essential oils from Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Salvia fruticosa and Crithmum maritimum in an open-label, single-arm, prospective clinical study. The supplement was given to 12 healthy subjects, aged 26-52, once a day for 8 weeks. Fasting blood was collected at three-time points (weeks 0, 8 and follow-up at 12) for analysis, which included full blood count and biochemical determination of lipid profile, glucose homeostasis and liver function panel. Specific biomarkers, namely homocysteine, oxLDL, catalase and total glutathione (GSH) were also studied. The supplement induced a significant reduction in glucose, homocysteine and oxLDL levels and was tolerated by the subjects who reported no side effects. Cholesterol, triglyceride levels and liver enzymes remained unaffected except for LDH. These data indicate the supplement's safety and its potential health-beneficial effects against pathologic conditions linked to cardiovascular disease.

Molecular Structure, Electronic Properties, Reactivity (ELF, LOL, and Fukui), and NCI-RDG Studies of the Binary Mixture of Water and Essential Oil of Phlomis bruguieri.

Essential oils are volatile oil-like liquids with a characteristic strong smell and taste. They are formed in plants and are then extracted. Essential oils have extremely strong physiological and pharmacological properties, which are used in the medicine, cosmetics, and food industries. In this study, the molecules caryophyllene oxide, β-pinene, 1,8-cineol, α-cubebene, and β-caryophyllene, which are the molecules with the highest contents in the essential oil of the plant mentioned in the title, were selected and theoretical calculations describing their interactions with water were performed. Because oil-water mixtures are very important in biology and industry and are ubiquitous in nature, quantum chemical calculations for binary mixtures of water with caryophyllene oxide, β-pinene, 1,8-cineol, α-cubebene, and β-caryophyllene were performed using the density functional theory (DFT)/B3LYP method with a basis of 6-31 G (d, p). Molecular structures, HOMO-LUMO energies, electronic properties, reactivity (ELF, LOL, and Fukui), and NCI-RDG and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) on surfaces of the main components of Phlomis bruguieri Desf. essential oil were calculated and described.

Dietary coated essential oil and organic acid mixture supplementation improves health of broilers infected with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.

Colibacillosis caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a very prevalent disease in poultry farms in China. The exploration of effective non-antibiotic substances is of great significance for the control of APEC infections. This experiment evaluated the efficacy of coated essential oil and organic acid (EOA) supplementation to prevent E. coli O78 infection in broiler chickens. A total of 288 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group. Chickens were fed a diet either supplemented with EOA (500mg/kg feed) or not, and either uninfected or infected with E. coli O78 intratracheally. Results showed that E.coli O78 infection reduced body weight gain, increased mortality and the ratio of feed to gain along with cecal and liver E.coli load, damaged gut mucosa, induced local and systemic inflammation, and altered cecal microbial composition, diversity and function (P<0.05). Supplemental EOA improved feed conversion efficiency, lowered gross lesion scores and cecal E.coli population, enhanced intestinal goblet cells and serum IgG concentration, and tended to decrease serum IL-12 production (P<0.05). Essential oil and organic acid addition downregulated IFN-γ mRNA, tended to decrease mucin-2 mRNA levels while upregulating IL-10 mRNA, and tended to increase ZO-1 gene expression in the jejuna of infected birds at 7d after E.coli O78 challenge (P<0.05). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that both EOA addition and E.coli O78 challenge altered the diversity and composition of the cecal microbiota community. Furthermore, infected birds fed EOA showed decreased Bacteroidetes and genus Lactobacillus abundance compared with the infected control. LEfSe analysis showed that Firmicutes, Ruminococcaceae, Clostridiales, Clostridia, Lactobacillus, Lactobacilaceae, and cc-115 were enriched in the non-infected but EOA-treated group (P< 0.05). Collectively, dietary EOA supplementation could mildly alleviate E.coli-induced gut injury and inflammation.

Synergistic Antioxidant Activity of Four—Component Mixture of Essential Oils: Basil, Cedarwood, Citronella and Thyme for the Use as Medicinal and Food Ingredient

Mixture design is a statistical tool used to obtain the maximum desired effect using the minimum number of experiments. The aim of the presented work was the optimization of the composition of a mixture of essential oils from basil, citronella, cedarwood and thyme using simplex-lattice mixture design method. The optimized parameter was an antioxidant activity measured in DPPH assay and expressed as effective concentration (EC50). The test results showed an interesting synergy between the components of essential oils. The prepared binary and quaternary mixtures were characterized by higher activity than simple average activity. The designed mixture with approximated highest antioxidant activity was composed of: 54.4% citronella essential oil, 33.0% thyme essential oil, 9.2% cedarwood essential oil and 3.4% basil essential oil and its approximated activity was in agreement with experimental values. This work confirmed that it is possible to approximate the best antioxidant composition of four essential oils used as a potential medicinal and food ingredient.

Savory, Oregano and Thyme Essential Oil Mixture (HerbELICO®) Counteracts Helicobacter pylori

Fifty percent of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori, which can trigger many gastrointestinal disorders. H. pylori eradication therapy consists of two to three antimicrobial medicinal products, but they exhibit limited efficacy and may cause adverse side effects. Alternative therapies are urgent. It was assumed that an essential oil mixture, obtained from species from genera Satureja L., Origanum L. and Thymus L. and called the HerbELICO® essential oil mixture, could be useful in H. pylori infection treatment. HerbELICO® was analyzed by GC-MS and assessed in vitro against twenty H. pylori clinical strains isolated from patients of different geographical origins and with different antimicrobial medicinal products resistance profiles, and for its ability to penetrate the artificial mucin barrier. A customer case study included 15 users of HerbELICO®liquid/HerbELICO®solid dietary supplements (capsulated HerbELICO® mixture in liquid/solid form). Carvacrol and thymol were the most dominant compounds (47.44% and 11.62%, respectively), together with p-cymene (13.35%) and γ-terpinene (18.20%). The minimum concentration required to inhibit in vitro H. pylori growth by HerbELICO® was 4-5% (v/v); 10 min exposure to HerbELICO® was enough to kill off the examined H. pylori strains, while HerbELICO® was able to penetrate through mucin. A high eradication rate (up to 90%) and acceptance by consumers was observed.

Inhibition of multi-species biofilm formation using chitosan-based film supplemented with essential oils

The biofilm development following microbial attachment on food-grade surfaces represents a main problem in the food sector, leading to significant economic losses. To overcome that, the present investigation aimed to develop biodegradable films that protect against heterogeneous biofilms using chitosan and essential oils (EOs). First, the cross-streak method revealed the absence of antagonism between Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. The contact angle findings revealed a drop in the electron acceptor (γ+) and qualitative hydrophobicity (θw) associated with an increase in the Lifshitz-van Der Waals component (γLW) and electron donor (γ−) regarding the treated chitosan-based films (CH-films). The environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images showed that among all the treatments, the CH-film treated with the Pelargonium asperum EO exhibited the weakest antiadhesion activity (73.89 ± 1.42% of the covered surface) while the CH-film treated with the Pelargonium asperum, Thymus satureioides, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus EOs mixture had the strongest activity (9.23 ± 1.66% of the covered surface). From these results, the CH-film containing the EOs mixture presents a high potential for utilization in the food industry as an active coating and packaging that prevent the microorganisms' attachment and the eventual biofilm development.

Extraction of essential oil from Assam lemon peels and its incorporation in chitosan based coating for maintaining grape quality

Assam Lemon is one of the most important varieties of lemon, which is valued for fragrance, acidic content and natural compounds such as minerals, citric acid, ascorbic acid, essential oil, etc. The peels are also rich in various nutrients and phyto-chemicals which have antibacterial potential. In this study, essential oil (EO) was extracted and optimized from fresh Assam Lemon peels using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The experimental design was carried out using a Box–Behnken design arrangement using response surface methodology. The independent variables for the extraction process were liquid to solid ratio (0.3:1–1:1 mL/g), time (10–20 min) and microwave power (500–900 W). The yield of essential oil (response) obtained was found in the range between 0.13 and 0.75%. Microwave power had a significant effect on essential oil yield. Electric power consumption by extractor was 0.85 kWh and CO2 emissions were calculated as 0.68 g for 17 min of extraction time. Further, chitosan-based coating solution was prepared by adding different concentration of the essential oil (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1% v/v). The coating was then applied on fresh grapes and its effect on physico-chemical properties and storage quality of grapes were evaluated. The coating of lemon essential oil-chitosan showed that grapes coated with 1% EO coating retained the maximum quality up to 15 days of storage at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C). This work could provide a base for using lemon essential oil mixture as a green preservative to improve the storage quality of grapes.

Synthesis, characterization, and assessment of chitosan-nanomatrix enriched with antifungal formulation against biodeterioration of active ingredients of selected herbal raw materials

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a potent natural group 1 carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus is considered an unavoidable toxic contaminant of herbal raw materials, which often deteriorates their active ingredients making them less effective and hazardous during their formulation in herbal drugs. The present investigation reports the antifungal (0.5 μl/ml) and AFB1 inhibitory (0.4 μl/ml) effects of the developed formulation CIM based on a mixture of essential oils (Carum carvi, and Illicium verum), and methyl anthranilate using mathematical modeling. The insight into the mechanism of action has also been explored using biochemical, molecular docking, and RT-PCR. Further, the nanoencapsulation of CIM (Ne-CIM) was prepared using a green facile synthesis of chitosan-based nanomatrix and characterized by Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform-infrared, (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The in-situ results showed that at MIC doses Ne-CIM effectively controls the A. flavus (81.25–89.57 %), AFB1 contamination (100 %), and protects the active ingredients deterioration of Piper nigrum, P. longum, Andrographis paniculata, Silybum marianum, and Withania somnifera caused by toxigenic species of A. flavus without affecting their sensory properties. Hence, Ne-CIM could be used as a green chemical agent to protect the biodeterioration of active ingredients of herbal raw materials caused by toxigenic species of A. flavus.

Bioactivity and health effects of garlic essential oil: A review.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.), the underground bulb of the Allium plant in the family Liliaceae, is a common and popular spice that has historically been used to prevent and treat many different diseases such as pain, deafness, diarrhea, tumors, and other healthy problems. Garlic essential oil contains a variety of organosulfur compounds, such as the most representative diallyl disulfides (DADS) and diallyl trisulfides (DATS), which have attracted great interest in medicine, food, and agriculture because of their rich biological activities. This paper reviews the research progress on the composition and bioactivities of garlic essential oil mixtures and the bioactivity of some typical monomeric sulfides in garlic essential oil. The active mechanisms of representative sulfides in garlic essential oil were analyzed, and the applications of garlic essential oil in functional food, food additives, and clinical treatment were discussed. Combined with the current research status, the limitations and development direction of garlic essential oil in the study of molecular mechanism were discussed, which is of great significance to the development of garlic essential oil as a natural and safe alternative medicine for treatment.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antiprotozoal Properties, Cytotoxicity Effect and Anticancer Activity of New Essential-Oil Based Phytoncide Mixtures.

Protozoa, in both humans and animals, are one of the leading causes of disease. International programmes introduced in many countries have helped reduce the incidence of disease. However, it has recently become increasingly difficult to achieve the goals set for the coming years. One of the main reasons for this, as with other pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is the increasing resistance to current methods of treating and preventing infection. Therefore, new therapies with high efficacy are needed. In the present study, the novel mixtures of essential oils (EOs), clove, garlic, Ceylon cinnamon, and rosemary with organic acids (acetic, propionic, lactic) and metal ions (Cu, Mn, Zn) were tested against five selected model protozoa (Euglena gracilis, Gregarina blattarum, Amoeba proteus, Paramecium caudatum, Pentatrichomonas hominis). The cytotoxicity and potential anticancer activity of the obtained combinations were tested on the human fibroblasts (NHDF) and human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF7, LoVo, HT29). All of the mixtures showed very good antiprotozoal properties. The most efficient were the combination of clove and rosemary essential oils, mixtures of acids, and Mn ions. The LD50 values were in the range of 0.001-0.006% and the LD100 values were 0.002-0.008%. All of the tested mixtures did not show cytotoxicity against normal cells, but did show growth inhibition against cancer cell lines. The most cytotoxic against cancer cells were combinations with cinnamon essential oil. Nevertheless, the proposed combinations containing essential oils, organic acids, and metal ions have high antiprotozoal activity, with low toxicity to healthy human cells.

Β-glucans and MOS, essential oil, and probiotics in diets of broilers challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of β-glucans and MOS, essential oil (mixture of carvacrol and thymol), and the probiotic based on Saccharomyces boulardi, as an alternative to anticoccidial agents. In this experiment, six hundred seventy-two 1-day-old male broiler chicks were housed in batteries for 28 d. The experimental design of 4 randomized blocks with 24 cages each, and 7 birds per cage, consisted of an initial phase from 1 to 14 d of age, and a growth phase, from 15 to 28 d of age. The rations were formulated based on corn and soybean meal as energy and protein ingredients, respectively. All birds were inoculated with Eimeria spp and C. Perfringes at 14 d of age, and with C. Perfringes only at 21 d of age. The results showed the best weight gain in the initial phase when the anticoccidial agent was applied, whereas the use of additives in growth and entire experimental phases showed superior results in all treatments for this parameter. The birds that did not receive additives in the rations had the worst feed conversion in both phases and along raising. The results showed no significant differences between the treatments for the scores of lesions in the digestive tract and counts in the cecum, however, the red lesions increased numerically in the duodenum and jejunum of birds fed diets without the inclusion of additives. The use of additives indicated effectiveness for the parameters of performance in broilers challenged with C. Perfringes and Eimeria spp. at 14 d of age, and with C. Perfringes at 21 d of age.

The effect of essential oils mixture on chitosan-based film surface energy and antiadhesion activity against foodborne bacteria.

In the food sector, the formation of biofilms as a result of microbial adherence on food-grade surfaces causes a major problem resulting in significant economic losses. Thereby, this work aimed to elaborate a biodegradable film using chitosan (CS-film) and reinforce its antiadhesion activity by incorporating pelargonium, clove, thyme, and cinnamon essential oils (EOs). Firstly, the antibacterial activity of these EOs alone and combined against four foodborne bacteria were analyzed by the microdilution method. Synergism was observed in the case of EOs combination. Secondly, the physicochemical characteristics and antiadhesion behavior of the CS-films were assessed by the contact angle method and ESEM, respectively. Results revealed that the EOs mixture treatment impacted considerably the physicochemical characteristics of the CS-film and reduced its qualitative and quantitative hydrophobicity. Moreover, the treated CS-film showed a strong antiadhesion behavior against Enterococcus hirae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus with percentages of non-covered surface equal to 97.65 ± 1.43%, 98.76 ± 0.32%, 99.68 ± 0.28%, and 95.63 ± 1.32% respectively. From all these results, the CS-film treated with the mixture of EOs presents a great potential for application as surface coating and food packaging preventing microbial adhesion and thus, avoiding food contamination and spoilage.

Effect of Eugenol, Vanillin, and β-Resorcylic Acid on Foodborne Pathogen Survival in Marinated Camel Meat

The combined inhibitory effect of essential oils (EOs) with meat-based marinades has not been fully studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to gauge the effect of a yogurt-based marinade when individually combined with three EOs, namely eugenol (EU), vanillin (VA), or β-resorcylic acid (BR) on camel meat cubes inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage. Fresh camel meat cubes of 10 g were inoculated with bacteria and dipped in the mixture of marinade and EO. Overall, the study had six EO treatments (EU 0.5%, EU 1%, VA 0.5%, VA 1%, BR 0.5%, and BR 1%) and two controls (meat without marinade and marinated meat). Treated meat cubes were stored at 4°C or 10°C for 1, 4, and 7 d. Adding only marinade to the camel meat at 10°C decreased the pathogens by 0.8–2.4 log CFU/g. At 10°C, BR decreased L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. by 2.0, 1.5, and 1.3 log CFU/g, while EU caused a decrease (p < 0.05) of 1.9, 1.2, and 0.9 log CFU/g, respectively. Similarly, VA caused a reduction in these microorganisms of 1.3, 1.1, and 1.0 log CFU/g, respectively (p < 0.05). The combination of marinade and EO resulted in a decrease of the pathogens ranging from 0.9–1.4 and 2.8–3.7 log CFU/g at 4 and 10°C, respectively. The antimicrobial efficacy of EO alone or when combined with marinade was higher at 10°C than at 4°C with all three pathogens at both 0.5% and 1%. Overall, EOs were found to enhance the microbial safety of camel meat. In addition, they are antimicrobials that occur naturally, require a minimum investment, and may prove to be a great asset for marinated camel meat producers.

A field-scale evaluation of the removal of odorous gases by a plant material-based deodorant

The composting process emits various volatile chemicals, including hydrocarbons, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, and oxygenated compounds. These gases must be removed to avoid atmospheric pollution. Spraying extracted materials from plants, such as tea tree oil, onto the surface of a windrow is a novel odor-reduction technique for the treatment of gaseous emissions from composting facilities. In this study, a plant material-based deodorant from a mixture of coconut, lemon, and tea tree essential oils was sprayed directly onto the surface of a windrow with a spraying frequency of three times a day. Odorous compounds were measured before and after spraying to evaluate the performance of the plant material-based deodorant. After spraying, the ammonia concentration decreased from 10,000 to 7,000 μg/m3. There was a large decline in alcohols, aromatics, and carbonyls from 30,612, 12,270, and 5,138 μg/m3 to 4,965, 4,669, and 2,253 μg/m3, achieving efficiencies of 83%, 62%, and 56%, respectively. The removal efficiencies for terpenes, volatile fatty acids, sulfur compounds, and ammonia were lower than the former, falling within the range of 24%–36%. The theoretical total odor concentration was decreased from 23,757 μg/m3 at the beginning to 13,056 μg/m3 in the end, revealing that most of the bad smell had been eliminated.

Screening of Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils in Controlling Biocontamination of Historical Papers in Archives.

The main challenge in controlling the microbiological contamination of historical paper is finding an adequate method that includes the use of cost-effective, harmless, and non-toxic biocides whose effectiveness is maintained over time and without adverse effects on cultural heritage and human health. Therefore, this study demonstrated the possibility of using a non-invasive method of historical paper conservation based on plant essential oils (EOs) application. Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of different EOs (lemongrass, oregano, rosemary, peppermint, and eucalyptus) was conducted against Cladosporium cladosporoides, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium chrysogenum, which are commonly found on archive papers. Using a mixture of oregano, lemongrass and peppermint in ratio 1:1:1, the lower minimal inhibition concentration (0.78%) and better efficiency during a vapour test at the highest tested distance (5.5 cm) compared with individual EOs was proven. At the final step, this EOs mixture was used in the in situ conservation of historical paper samples obtained from the Archives of Vojvodina. According to the SEM imaging, the applied EOs mixture demonstrates complete efficiency in the inhibition of fungi colonization of archive papers, since fungal growth was not observed on samples, unlike the control samples.

Биологический эффект эфирного масла Origanum vulgare L. на фоне жирных растительных масел в качестве кормовой добавки для крыс

Origanum vulgare L. essential oil has an inhibitory effect on a number of gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria. The dosage of essential oil sufficient for the preventive effect is so minimal that for its optimal presence in feed, a basis for its breeding should be formed. Such a basis are black mustard and linseed fatty oils. The choice of the studied set of oils is justified by the availability of plant material of these types of cultivated plants on the Crimean Peninsula due to their active cultivation. The main goal is to study the morphological and histological features of the stomach and liver, as well as the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) of rats at the background of the introduction of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil into the diet in combination with Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch and Linum usitatissimum L. fatty oils acting as a basis. In most experimental groups, there was a significant increase in the thickness of the gastric mucosa due to an increase in the depth of the glands in the groups against the background of mustard oil at a dosage of oregano oil 0,01 ml (up to 646,70 microns) and 0,02 ml (up to 648,4 microns) and flax with a dosage of oregano essential oil 0,02 ml. The height of the integumentary covered epithelium significantly decreases in the experimental groups. The area of the lining cells increases. The mucous membrane thickness in the esophageal part of the stomach of rats decreases, achieving significant differences in the groups with the use of linseed oil against the background of a decrease in the thickness of the germ layer. The area of hepatocytes of all experimental groups in the peripheral part of the hepatic lobule significantly increases to 362,5–387,2 mm2 when using mustard oil and to 400,7–419,6 mm2 – on the background of linseed oil. A similar pattern occurs in the central part of the hepatic lobule, which indicates the absence of pathological phenomena in the liver. The highest SBA values with a double dosage of flax oil and oregano essential oil for 20 days are observed. The addition of a mixture of black mustard fatty oil and oregano essential oil to the feed causes the highest SBA values when consumed for 20 days, both in single and double dosages against the background of S. aureus and E. coli test cultures.

Development of Active Films with Collagen Fiber and Polyvinyl Alcohol Mixture and Incorporation of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils in Their Matrix

Development of Active Films with Collagen Fiber and Polyvinyl Alcohol Mixture and Incorporation of Oregano and Rosemary Essential Oils in Their Matrix

Active Food Packaging Based on Coconut Coir Pulp with the Addition of Antimicrobial Oleoresin Substance from Ginger Dregs

The development of food packaging innovations is ongoing, from materials to varied shapes and designs. Paper packaging is one of the various types of packaging that are widely used as an alternative to plastic packaging. However, the high use of paper can damage the environment, such as deforestation and reduction of green land. Alternative raw materials for making paper need to be studied further, and the addition of active ingredients will be an added value compared to ordinary paper packaging. This narrative review will examine the potential of active food packaging from coconut fiber and the addition of ginger pulp oleoresin. Coconut coir is waste from coconut production that is underutilized, while 25% of one coconut is produced from waste in the form of coconut coir. Coconut coir can replace wood's cellulose fibers to manufacture biodegradable, environmentally friendly paper. Ginger flesh contains oleoresin as an antimicrobial agent. Oleoresin is a mixture of essential oils and resins obtained by extraction. Adding these antimicrobial substances will produce active packaging that effectively handles and prevents contamination and microbial growth in food. Therefore, paper made from coconut coir pulp with the addition of oleoresin has the potential to be developed into active food packaging as an effort to conserve the environment and utilize waste.

Effects of garlic and lemon essential oils on performance, digestibility, plasma metabolite, and intestinal health in broilers under environmental heat stress

BackgroundNatural feed additives play an important role in poultry production due to their safety and potential properties as an antioxidant and antimicrobial, as well as a growth stimulant. The present research was designed to assess the influence of dietary supplementation of either garlic, lemon essential oil, or their mixture on performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma constituents, immunity, and oxidative status, as well as intestinal development assessed by microbiota—histomorphology development in broilers under environmental heat stress.MethodsA total of 480 broiler chicks (Ross 308) at one-day-old were randomly divided into four groups (120 chicks/ group). The control group received the basal diet (CON), while the other three groups received the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg garlic essential oil (GEO), 200 mg/kg lemon essential oil (LEO), and their mixture (GLO) 200 mg/kg diet, respectively for 35 days.ResultsThe obtained results revealed that broilers fed essential oils as a mixture or individually had an improvement in average body weight, feed conversion ratio, carcass dressing, and an increase in digestive enzymes activities compared to the control group, furthermore, there was a reduction in the mortality rate and abdominal fat content. Adding essential oils as a mixture or individually led to a decrease in (P < 0.05) blood plasma triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and an increase in high-density lipoprotein. Broilers fed diets supplemented with essential oils as a mixture or individually had higher values of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase; while plasma malondialdehyde was lower (P < 0.05) compared to the control diet. Moreover, there was a significant enhancement in intestinal microbial content, and intestinal histological status of chickens fed with essential oils.ConclusionsConclusively, including the mixture of essential oils improved performance, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzymes activities. It also enhanced immunity, antioxidant state, and lipid profile, and gut microbiota— histomorphology in broilers. It was proposed that the broilers diet be supplemented with a mixture of essential oils to a mitigation of the effects of heat stress.