Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures Research Articles

The Effect of Solvents on the Performance of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

The properties of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated using various solvents was studied. The devices had an indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/CH3NH3PbI3 (fabricated by using various solvents)/fullerene (C60)/bathocuproine (BCP)/silver (Ag) structure. The solvents used were dimethylformamide (DMF), γ-butyrolactone (GBL), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a mixture of DMSO and DMF (1:1 v/v), and a mixture of DMSO and GBL (DMSO: GBL, 1:1 v/v), respectively. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device fabricated using DMF is zero, which is attributed to the poor coverage of CH3NH3PbI3 film on the substrate. In addition, the PCE of the device made using GBL is only 1.74% due to the low solubility of PbI2 and CH3NH3I. In contrast, the PCE of the device fabricated using the solvents containing DMSO showed better performance. This is ascribed to the high solubilization properties and strong coordination of DMSO. As a result, a PCE of 9.77% was obtained using a mixed DMSO:GBL solvent due to the smooth surface, uniform film coverage on the substrate and the high crystallization of the perovskite structure. Finally, a mixed DMSO: DMF:GBL (5:2:3 v/v/v) solvent that combined the advantages of each solvent was used to fabricate a device, leading to a further improvement of the PCE of the resulting PSC to 10.84%.

Ultrasound- and Temperature-Induced Gelation of Gluconosemicarbazide Gelator in DMSO and Water Mixtures.

We have developed amphiphilic supramolecular gelators carrying glucose moiety that could gel a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water upon heating as well as ultrasound treatment. When the suspension of gluconosemicarbazide was subjected to ultrasound treatment, gelation took place at much lower concentrations compared to thermal treatment, and the gels transformed into a solution state at higher temperatures compared to temperature-induced gels. The morphology was found to be influenced by the nature of the stimulus and presence of salts such as KCl, NaCl, CaCl2 and surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at a concentration of 0.05 M. The gel exhibited impressive tolerance to these additives, revealing the stability and strength of the gels. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheological studies supported better mechanical strength of ultrasound-induced (UI) gels over thermally-induced (TI) gels.

Optical clearing: impact of optical and dielectric properties of clearing solutions on pulmonary tissue mechanics.

Optical clearing allows tissue visualization under preservation of organ integrity. Optical clearing of organs with a physiological change in three-dimensional geometry (such as the lung) would additionally allow visualization of macroscopic and microscopic tissue geometry. A prerequisite, however, is the preservation of the native tissue mechanics of the optically cleared lung tissue. We investigated the impact of optical and dielectric properties of clearing solutions on biomechanics and clearing potency in porcine tissue strips of healthy lungs. After fixation, bleaching, and rehydration, four methods of optical clearing were investigated using eight different protocols. The mechanical and optical properties of the cleared lung tissue strips were investigated by uniaxial tensile testing and by analyzing optical transparency and translucency for red, green, and blue light before, during, and after the biochemical optical clearing process. Fresh tissue strips were used as controls. Best balance between efficient clearing and preserved mechanics was found for clearing with a 1:1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and aniline. Our findings show that 1) the degree of tissue transparency and translucency correlated with the refractive index of the clearing solution index (r = 0.976, P = 0.0004; and r = 0.91, P = 0.0046, respectively), 2) tissue mechanics were affected by dehydration and the type of clearing solution, and 3) tissue biomechanics and geometry correlated with the dielectric constant of the clearing solution (r = -0.98, P < 0.00001; and r = 0.69, P = 0.013, respectively). We show that the lower the dielectric constant of the clearing solutions, the larger the effect on tissue stiffness. This suggests that the dielectric constant is an important measure in determining the effect of a clearing solution on lung tissue biomechanics. Optimal tissue transparency requires complete tissue dehydration and a refractive index of 1.55 of the clearing solution.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Investigating optical clearing in porcine lung tissue strips, we found that refractive index and dielectric constant of the clearing solution affected tissue clearing and biomechanics. By documenting the impact of the composition of the clearing solution on clearing potency and preservation of tissue mechanics, our results help to compose optimal clearing solutions. In addition, the results allow conclusions on the molecular interaction of solvents with collagen fibers in tissue, thereby consolidating existing theories about the functionality of collagen.

Optimization of the composition of mixed entrainer for economic extractive distillation process in view of the separation of tetrahydrofuran/ethanol/water ternary azeotrope

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere are three binary azeotropes in the tetrahydrofuran/ethanol/water ternary system at atmospheric pressure. Ternary extractive distillation (ED) processes were studied to separate the ternary azeotropic mixture using two single component solvents and a mixed solvent as entrainer.RESULTBased on the sequential iterative optimization procedure, the minimal total annual costs (TACs) of the ternary extractive distillation process using ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the mixture of DMSO and EG as entrainer were obtained. Compared with two single component entrainers DMSO and EG, the TAC of the extractive distillation process with mixed entrainer (60 mol% DMSO + 40 mol% EG) decreases by 6.55% and 31.88%, respectively. Furthermore, the reboiler heat duties of two extractive distillation columns (EDCs) with mixed entrainer were compared with two single component entrainers.CONCLUSIONThe results show that the optimal ED process using mixed entrainer performs better than that using single component entrainers from the perspective of economics. Moreover, there is a tradeoff between the reboiler heat duties of two EDCs, which can be adjusted by changing the entrainer performance in two EDCs. The use of mixed entrainer enhances the flexibility of the tradeoff because it only needs to change the composition of the mixed entrainer. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry

ATR-IR spectroscopic observation on intermolecular interactions in mixtures of imidazolium-based ionic liquids CnmimTFSA (n = 2–12) with DMSO

The intermolecular interactions in mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide (CnmimTFSA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been elucidated by measurements of refractive indexes, densities, and ATR-IR spectra as a function of the alky chain length (n=2–12) of Cnmim+ and DMSO molar fraction xDMSO. The excess quantities of refractive indexes and molar volumes showed that in all CnmimTFSA+DMSO systems the packing of IL and DMSO is the loosest around 1:3 molar ratio of IL to DMSO. However, the significant alkyl chain dependence was not observed in both quantities. This suggests that the hydrogen bonding of the three imidazolium hydrogen atoms with DMSO molecules mainly contributes to the loose packing. From the ATR-IR spectra measured for CnmimTFSA+DMSO mixtures, the excess molar absorbance in the wavenumber ranges of the imidazolium ring CH vibrations and the SO vibrations of TFSA− anion and DMSO was depicted as a function of DMSO content. The excess molar absorbance of the CH vibrations revealed that the three imidazolium C2,4,5H sites, particularly the C2H, are progressively hydrogen-bonded with DMSO as the molar fraction increases to xDMSO≈0.6. The SO vibrations of TFSA− anion suggested that TFSA− anions are eliminated from the imidazolium rings with increasing xDMSO to the same. Hence, TFSA− anions are replaced by DMSO around the imidazolium rings with increasing DMSO content. However, the hydrogen bonding between them is not significantly influenced by the cation's alkyl chain. The partial molar absorbance of the SO vibrations of DMSO showed that DMSO molecules self-aggregate in the mixtures above xDMSO≈0.6. However, the aggregation of DMSO molecules may be suppressed with the longer alkyl chain of Cnmim+.

Excess molar volume and viscosity deviation for binary mixtures of γ-butyrolactone with dimethyl sulfoxide

The densities of binary liquid mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide and γ-butyrolactone at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 313.15)K and viscosity at T=298.15K have been measured at atmospheric pressure over the entire range of concentration. From these data the excess molar volumes VE at (293.15, 298.15, 303.15 and 313.15)K and the viscosity deviation, the excess entropy, and the excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow at T=298.15K have been determined. These data were mathematically represented by the Redlich-Kister polynomial. Partial and apparent molar volumes have been calculated for better understanding of the interactions in the binary systems. The obtained data indicate the lack of specific interactions between unlike molecules, which seem to be a little weaker as compared to the interactions in pure solvents.

Effects of Solvation and Ionization on 13C NMR Spectra of Lignin Model Compounds, Spruce Milled Wood Lignin and Kraft Lignin

The effects of alkali and polar aprotic solvent on the aromatic carbons signals in 13C NMR (Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra of lignin model compounds and spruce milled wood lignin (MWL) were studied. It was found that in 1 M aqueous NaOH signal shifts of C-1 and C-4 carbon atoms in the aromatic ring were the most noticeable in lignin models with free phenolic hydroxyl groups, which are ionized under the conditions. A similar effect in the spectra of the studied model compounds was observed in 0.5 M aqueous NaOD-deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture (DMSO: water ratio 3:7 v/v). The model data help explaining changes in the 13C NMR spectra of MWL and lignin in situ dissolved in spruce kraft black liquor caused by ionization. In the 13C NMR spectra of spruce black liquor the signals of phenolic and non-phenolic lignin units are clearly separated and do not overlap with the signals of the carbon atoms of carbohydrates and other aliphatic products of wood degradation. The data obtained are useful in understanding the important role of solvation and ionization processes leading to lignin solubilization.

Excess properties and spectroscopic studies for binary system polyethylene glycol 600 + dimethyl sulfoxide at T= (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K

Abstract The work presents density ( ρ ) and viscosity ( η ) data of binary system polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG) + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) over the entire concentration range at T = (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K and atmospheric pressure. On the basis of density and viscosity values, the excess properties of PEG (1) + DMSO (2) mixtures, including excess molar volume ( V m E ), viscosity deviation (∆ η ), excess free energies of activation (∆ G * E ), and isobaric thermal expansion coefficient ( α p ), were calculated. At the same time, in order to conjecture the density viscosity under different conditions, the density and viscosity data were fitted with the corresponding formula. The calculated results of V m E , ∆ η , and ∆ G * E were fitted with the Redlich–Kister equation to derive coefficients and estimate the standard deviations ( σ ) between the experimental and calculated values. Moreover, the intermolecular interaction of PEG with DMSO was discussed on the basis of FTIR and UV–Vis spectral results of PEG (1) + DMSO (2) mixtures. The results indicated that there were the hydrogen bonding and interactions of hydroxyl hydrogen atoms in PEG with oxygen atoms in DMSO.

Solubility temperature and solvent dependence and preferential solvation of citrus flavonoid naringin in aqueous DMSO mixtures: an experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study

This study describes the thermodynamics of dissolution of flavonoid naringin in different aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) containing 0–100% (w/w) under atmospheric pressure and over a temperature range of 298.15 to 325.15 K.

Effect of porogen solvent on the properties of nickel ion imprinted polymer materials prepared by inverse suspension polymerization

Ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) for nickel were synthesized by inverse suspension copolymerization of vinylbenzyl iminodiacetic acid (VbIDA) with ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of nickel(II) ions with various porogen solvents to study their impact on the IIPs properties. They were prepared with mixtures of acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 50/50%v/v, for IIP-A/D and 2-methoxyethanol and DMSO, 50/50%v/v, for IIP-M/D. The structure and properties of these polymers were compared with those of IIP-D previously prepared with pure DMSO as porogen solvent. Although IIP-A/D and IIP-M/D were less porous than IIP-D, they presented better nickel adsorption properties and selectivity towards Zn2+, Co2+ and Pb2+. This is assumed to be the result of the stabilization of the ligand-metal complex during the polymerization process. Moreover, the nickel binding capacities of the prepared IIPs in competitive conditions are remarkably high (184μmol/g for IIP-D, 170μmol/g for IIP-A/D and 174μmol/g for IIP-M/D). The impact of the VbIDA chelating monomer was highlighted by comparing the adsorption properties of a copolymer of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and EDMA with NIP-D. It was proved that the methacrylic polymer matrix has low binding properties.

Characterization, luminescent properties, and crystal structure determination of [Pt(Ph2bipy)Cl2

New complex [Pt(Ph2bipy)Cl2] (1) is obtained from the reaction of H2PtCl6•6H2O and 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine (Ph2bipy) in a mixture of methanol, chloroform, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Suitable crystals of 1 for the diffraction experiment are obtained by slow evaporation of the resulted orange solution at room temperature. This complex is characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, UV-Vis, and luminescence spectroscopy and its structure is studied by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. X-ray structure determination shows that in the structure of this compound, the Pt(II) atom is four-coordinated in a distorted square-planar configuration by two nitrogen atoms from a bidentate 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine ligand and two terminal chlorine atoms.

Stability of copper(II) complexes with nicotinate ion in water solutions of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide

The stability constants of copper(II) complexes with nicotinate ion in water–ethanol and water–dimethyl sulfoxide mixtures are determined potentiometrically at 25.0 ± 0.1°C at ionic strength of 0.25 (NaClO4). The stability of the copper(II) nicotinate complex significantly increases with ethanol content in the solution, thus making it possible to control the biologically important process by varying the solvent composition. The increase in DMSO concentration causes a less noticeable rise in stability, with its maximum observed at 0.1 dimethyl sulfoxide mole fractions. A comparative analysis of the findings and stability constants of Cu2+ complexes with pyridine-type ligands is carried out. The results are discussed using the solvation thermodynamics approach.

Effects of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Phase Equilibrium Conditions of CO2 and IGCC Fuel Gas Hydrate in the Presence and Absence of Tetra-n-butyl Ammonium Bromide

This work presents the study to explore the thermodynamic conditions of CO2 separation from the simulated integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) fuel gas via hydrate formation assisted by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB). The measurements of the equilibrium hydrate formation conditions in the pressure range of (0.45 to 7.60) MPa and temperature range of (275.55 to 285.45) K were explored by the T-cycle method, and the gas phase composition at the equilibrium point was sampled and analyzed. In addition, the effect of DMSO upon CO2 hydrate and CO2 + TBAB was further investigated. The experimental results showed that while DMSO has a thermodynamic inhibition effect on the formation of CO2 hydrate, but a kinetic promotion effect on the solubility of CO2 in water solution, the mixture of TBAB and DMSO can reduce the pressure needed for CO2 hydrate formation obviously as well as promote the solubility of CO2 remarkably.

Self-assembly of a food hydrocolloid: The case of okra mucilage

The self-assembly of a macromolecular population of interest in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics, namely okra polysaccharide mucilage, has been studied by means of micro-differential scanning calorimetry (μ-DSC), static light scattering, and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The experiments, held in water–dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) mixtures, and based on successive dilutions of DMSO solutions with water and vice versa, suggest the existence of history-dependent pseudo-equilibrium states, in structures where the other components of the hydrocolloid mucilage, namely proteins, should be actively partaking. A hexamer supermolecular structure, comprising of smaller supermacromolecular entities held together by hydrogen bonding, is proposed as a typical structure of okra mucilage in aqueous systems.

Development of Surface-Modified Polyacrylonitrile Fibers and Their Selective Sorption Behavior of Precious Metals

The purpose of this study was to design a powerful fibrous sorbent for recovering precious metals such as Pd(II) and Pt(IV), and moreover for identifying its selectivity toward Pd(II) or Pt(IV) from a binary metal solution. For the development of the sorbent, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) was selected as a model textile because its morphological property (i.e., thin fiber form) is suitable for fast adsorption processes, and a high amount of PAN has been discharged from industrial textile factories. The PAN fiber was prepared by spinning a PAN–dimethylsulfoxide mixture into distilled water, and then its surface was activated through amidoximation so that the fiber surface could possess binding sites for Pd(II) and Pt(IV). Afterwards, by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, it was confirmed that the amidoximation reaction successfully occurred. The surface-activated fiber, designated as PAN–oxime fiber, was used to adsorb and recover precious metals. In the experiment results, it was clearly observed that adsorption capacity of PAN–oxime fiber was significantly enhanced compared to the raw material form. Actually, the raw material does not have sorption capacity for the metals. In a comparison study with commercial sorbent (Amberjet™ 4200), it was found that adsorption capacity of PAN–oxime was rather lower than that of Amberjet™ 4200, however, in the aspects of sorption kinetics and metal selectivity, the new sorbent has much faster and better selectivity.

Palladium/Copper Cocatalyzed Coupling Reaction of Aroyl Hydrazides with Indoles

AbstractAn unprecedented palladium/copper cocatalyzed coupling reaction of indoles with simple aroyl hydrazides has been developed under aerobic conditions. A range of aroyl hydrazides underwent palladium/copper cocatalyzed oxidative arylation with indoles open to air in a 1:1 mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and nitromethane to give structurally diverse 2‐arylindoles or 3‐arylindoles in moderate to good yields. The reaction well tolerates a wide variety of functional groups such as alkoxy, halo, ester.

Pathomorphological research of vaginal suppositories "melanizol" against irritative vaginitis

The article considers the pathomorphological studies of the effect of vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" on the irritative vaginitis caused by a mixture of turpentine and dimethylsulfoxide in rats. Vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" showed a therapeutic effect on the vaginitis, which manifested by preventive the occurrence of necrotic-inflammatory lesions, and promoted the healing of defects in mucosal and submucosal layer of the vaginal wall. Low positive therapeutic effect of suppositories "Gravagin" on the state of the vaginal wall of female rats on the model of experimental vaginitis has been proven. Sufficiently large foci of destruction of the vaginal wall, foci of inflammation, edema of collagen fibers of rats vaginal wall of this group was present. Vaginal suppositories "Melanizol" are perspective for using as a drug for the treatment of nonspecific vaginitis with destructive reaction and inflammation.

Volumetric behavior of nitroimidazoles in binary solvent mixtures

In the present study density and ultrasonic velocity have been measured at different temperatures for antibiotics Ronidazole (RNZ) and Dimetridazole (DMZ) in binary solvent mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and Water. Acoustical and volumetric properties like apparent molar volume (Vφ), isentropic compressibility (Kφ), intermolecular free length (Lf), solvation number (Sn), relative association (RA) and Rao's molal sound function (Rm) of these antibiotic solutions were determined using experimental data of density and ultrasonic velocity. The obtained results have been discussed from the view point of drug-solvent and intermolecular interactions in solution.

Toxicity and Larvicidal Activity of Podophyllum-Based Lignans Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) is a mosquito species that has adapted to urban environments and is the main vector of dengue viruses. Because of the increasing incidence of dengue, a more environmentally acceptable insecticide needs to be found. Natural products have been and continue to be an important source of leading compounds that can be modified in order to develop new drugs. The lignan family of natural products includes compounds with a diverse spectrum of biological activity. Podophyllotoxin and its related lignans represent an exciting class of natural products that can be targeted at different types of biological activity and are therefore worth exploring further. This study had the aim of evaluating the larvicidal activity of an ethanolic extract from the rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum hexandrum (PM-3) and its isolated lignans, podophyllotoxone (1) and desoxypodophyllotoxin (2), on the larvae of the mosquito vector Ae. aegypti. The PM-3 extract and the compounds (1) and (2) were dissolved in a mixture of acetone and dimethylsulfoxide at final concentrations of 1, 10, 30, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml. After dilution, the solutions were applied (μg/ml) to the larvae-rearing medium. Overall, the ethanolic extract from the rhizomes and roots of P. hexandrum and the compounds (1) and (2) showed larvicidal activity against the larvae of Ae. aegypti According to the results from this study, it can be concluded that podophyllotoxone (1) and desoxypodophyllotoxin (2) exhibited significant toxicity toward Ae. aegypti larvae.

Dipolar Self-Assembling in Mixtures of Propylene Carbonate and Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Revealed by the Orientational Entropy.

This article presents the results of static dielectric studies performed on mixtures of two strongly polar liquids important from a technological point of view: propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The dielectric data were analyzed in terms of the molar orientational entropy increment induced by the probing electric field. It was found that the two polar liquids in the neat state reveal quite different molecular organization in terms of dipole-dipole self-assembling: PC exhibits a dipolar coupling of the head-to-tail type, whereas in DMSO one observes extreme restriction of dipolar association in any form. In PC + DMSO mixtures, the disintegration of the dipolar ensembles of PC molecules takes place and the progress of that process is strictly proportional to the concentration of DMSO. The static permittivity of mixtures of such differently self-organized liquids exhibits a positive deviation from the additive rule and the deviation develops symmetrically within the concentration scale.