Mixture Of Bran Research Articles

Effects of population density on growth and production of Tilapia in monoculture

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of population density on growth and production of Tilapia (monosex GIFT tilapia) in monoculture system for a period of 110 days. The experiment was carried out in six earthen ponds, which were situated in the Bangladesh Agricultural University Campus, Mymensingh. The experiment was carried out under three treatments each with two replications. Fish population density was 200 fish per decimal under treatment-I, 400 fish per decimal under treatment-II and 600 fish per decimal under treatment-III. In the ponds supplementary feed of wheat bran and rice bran mixture were used daily at the rate of 46 g, 92 g and 136 g per decimal under treatment-I, II, and III, respectively. The average initial length and weight of tilapia were 4.63 cm and 2.82 g respectively. The ponds were fertilized fortnightly with urea and TSP at the rates of 60 g and 90 g, respectively. During experimental period, the ranges of water temperature (25.82 to 29.80 ºC), transparency (28.00 to 38.00 cm), dissolved oxygen (5.50 to 8.30 mg/L), pH (7.00 to 7.90), total alkalinity (130.00 to 200.00 mg/L), free CO2 (2.00 to 6.00 mg/L), phosphate-phosphorus (1.20 to 2.30 mg/L), and nitrate-nitrogen (3.20 to 4.00 mg/L) were within the productive range and more or less similar in all the ponds under three treatments. There were 25 genera of phytoplankton under five major groups and 10 genera of zooplankton under three major groups in the experimental ponds. Mean survival rate of fish under treatment-I, treatment-II, and treatment-III were 82.75%, 77.12% and 74.33% respectively. The calculated net fish production under treatment-I was 6.75 ton/ha/yr and that of the ponds under treatment-II was 10.26 ton/ha/yr and that of the ponds under treatment-III was 12.15 ton/ha/yr. The net fish production under treatment-II and treatment-III were 152% and 180% higher than that of treatment-I, taking net fish production under treatment-I for 100%. According to profit-cost analysis, the ratios of net profit under treatments I, II, and III were 1:0.44, 1:0.27, and 1:0.09. According to specific growth rate and survival, treatment-I is the best, and according to profit-cost analysis treatment-I (ratio 1:0.44) also the best. So, the population density of 200 fish per decimal (under treatment-I) might be considered the best among the three treatments.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 7 (2): 49-56, December, 2017

Biochemical characterization of an isolated 50 kDa beta-glucosidase from the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7

This study characterized a 50 kDa β-glucosidase (BGL50) produced by the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila M.7.7 in solid state cultivation using a mixture of (1:1) sugarcane bagasse and wheat bran. The crude extract zymogram showed two isoforms of β-glucosidase with approximately 50 and 200 kDa, which were separated by gel filtration chromatography. The characterization of BGL50 showed optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 5.0 when 4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was used as the substrate, whereas when using cellobiose, the highest activity was observed at 50 °C and pH 4.5. Several ions and reagents produced different effects on the enzyme activity depending on the substrate and there was complete inhibition with Cu2+ and Fe3+ for both substrates. In addition, nine phenolic compounds showed no inhibitory effects on the enzyme, a significant feature since β-glucosidase is used for the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass that generates several phenolic compounds. Kinetic studies revealed competitive inhibition by glucose when pNPG was used, with a Ki value of 1.5 mM and a significantly lower Km (0.52 mM) than for cellobiose (8.50 mM). The thermodynamic parameters showed that BGL50 is very stable at 60 °C displaying a half-life of 855.6 min but it is easily denatured above this temperature. The results emphasize the importance of investigating potential β-glucosidases based on cellobiose instead of using only pNPG since, in the industrial process, the enzyme will act on this natural substrate. In addition, understanding the thermostability of the enzyme is an important contribution to enzyme technology.

Inoculant effects on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and saponin content of lucerne silage in a mixture with wheat bran or corn husk

This study evaluated the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculants on the fermentation quality and chemical composition of lucerne silage (A), a mixture of lucerne and wheat bran (A+WB), and a mixture of lucerne and corn husk (A+CH). The application rates of wheat bran in A+WB or corn husk in A+CH were 10%, 15%, and 20% of the whole fresh material. These different materials were treated with distilled water (Control), Lactobacillus plantarum 1 (LAB1), L. plantarum 2 (LAB2), L. plantarum 8 (LAB8) or a commercial inoculant (LALMAND) at a rate of 106 CFU/g of fresh forage. As the application rate of the by-products increased, the dry matter, lactate, propionate, and neutral detergent fibre (after heat-stable amylase treatment) contents increased, and the pH and the acetate, ammonia nitrogen, crude protein, and non-fibre carbohydrate contents decreased. The A+WB showed better fermentation quality than A and A+CH. The inoculants had beneficial effects on the silages, but the effects varied. The results indicate that the use of LAB1, LAB2, or LAB8 was better with A, whereas LALMAND was preferable for use with A+WB or A+CH. The saponin content decreased during ensiling and was positively correlated with the pH and the acetate and ammonia nitrogen content but negatively correlated with the dry matter content. The increase in the application rate of by-products and the addition of LALMAND further decreased the saponin content. Overall, the combined effects of the inoculants, by-products, and different application rates improved the fermentation quality and chemical composition and led to greater a reduction of saponin in lucerne silage, but the selection of suitable types and application rates of by-products and inoculants is essential.

The Influence of Phytase Enzyme to Laying Performance and Quality of Egg Shell of Golden Arabian Chicken

Poultry has low ability to digest dietary fibre and to process phytate. Rice bran is intensively used in poultry ration although it contains little bit higher in fibre and phytate. The purpose of this study was to find out the optimal level of phytase the enzyme that could break down phytate in the ration of Golden Arabian chicken to increase performance and physical quality of the eggs. This study used 90 golden arabian chickens (Golden Brakel Kriel), approximately five months of age. Individual cage with a wire floor was equipped with a feed and drinking troughs. Experimental ration was with a mixture of corn, rice bran, commercial concentrate, and mineral mixture. Phytase was added at the level of: zerro, without phytase = P1; 100 FTU/ kg of ration; 200 FTU/kgof ration = P2; 300 FTU/kg of ration =P3; 400 FTU/ kg of ration = P4; and 500 FTU/kg of ration = P5. Experimental design that used in this study was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and five replications and three golden arabian chickens per experimental unit. Results showed that the addition of phytase in golden arabian chickens ration improved the hen day production (P <0.05) up to 71.43% and increased the physical quality, especially weight of eggshell significantly (P <0.05) up to 4.516 gram (phytase enzyme 300 FTU/kg) . In conclusion, that the level of the phytase of 300 FTU/kg of ration was the most optimal dose to increase the daily egg production and improve the physical quality. However, the addition of phytase did not affect to feed consumption, feed efficiency, eggshell thickness and eggshell thickness index.

Effect of Supplementing Rice Bran and Wheat Bran with Probiotics on Growth Performance of Khari Kids

An experiment was conducted in IAAS, Livestock Farm, Rampur Chitwan, Nepal in order to assess the growth performance of kids feeding diets supplemented with probiotics. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications and five feeding supplemented diets with probiotics treatments. Parameters studied were live weight gain, body measurements and economic analysis. The result of this study showed the highest cumulative mean live weight (13.24 kg) in the treatment group feeding mixture of rice bran and wheat bran with probiotics. Fortnightly and daily body weight gains were also highest in the treatment group having mixture of rice bran and wheat bran with probiotics. The highest (11.74cm) overall mean monthly heart girth was observed in the treatment group feeding mixture of rice bran and wheat bran with probiotics. The mean monthly cumulative neck girth, body length and wither height of kids did not differ significant (p>0.05) among treatments. However, the highest overall mean monthly cumulative neck girth (6.71cm), wither height (10.14cm) and body length (14.62cm) was observed in probiotics supplemented treatment groups. Highest (1.61) benefit cost ratio was obtained from goats reared on feeding mixture of rice bran and wheat bran with Probiotics and lowest (1.008) in wheat bran without probiotics. The result of the study thus suggests that feeding of rice bran and wheat bran with probiotics is beneficial in terms of growth rate and cost of production.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(4): 430-433

Optimization of Xylanase Production by Trichoderma orientalis Using Corn Cobs and Wheat Bran via Statistical Strategy

In order to obtain the best conditions for xylanase production, statistical experimental designs were applied for improvement of xylanase yield by Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22 using corn cobs and wheat bran as raw materials. Plackett–Burman design was applied to evaluate the effects of eight variables (concentration of peptone, tween-80, CaCl2, MgSO4, FeSO4, as well as initial pH, fermentation temperature, fermentation time). The key factors influencing on xylanase production were identified as the fermentation time, concentration of MgSO4, and fermentation temperature. And then the path of steepest ascent was carried out to approach the optimal region of the three significant factors. These variables were subsequently further investigated by Box–Behnken design of response surface methodology. The optimum conditions for xylanase production were obtained as fermentation time 72 h, concentration of 0.08% for MgSO4, fermentation temperature 37.3 °C, and the xylanase activity increased from 107.6 to 269.4 IU/mL, which was a 150% increase. It was found that the higher temperature (37.3 °C) was more suitable for xylanase production than low temperature (30.0 °C) in T. orientalis EU7-22. The statistical experimental design was proven as an effective method to obtain optimum parameters for xylanase production. The mixture of corn cobs and wheat bran as substrates could greatly improve the xylanase yield, in comparison with corn cobs alone, wheat bran alone, and Avicel supplement with wheat bran as inducer substrates, respectively.

NUTRIENT CONTENT IMPROVEMENT OF TAPIOCA WASTE AND RICE BRAN AS INGREDIENTS TROUGH FERMENTATION USING Azospirillum sp. JG3

Azospirillum sp. JG3 is known to be able to grow in a mixture of tapioca waste and rice bran through fermentation. However, improved the nutrient content of tapioca waste and rice bran using Azospirillum sp. JG3 is not yet known. This research aimed to know the capability of Azospirillum sp. JG3 in improving the nutrient content of tapioca waste and rice bran mixture and incubation times needed to produce the highest nutrient mixture. The method used in the experiment was Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Treatments were incubation times i.e. 0, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days, and each treatment was replicated three times. Azospirillum sp. JG3 is inoculated into a mixture of tapioca waste and rice bran. As results, Azospirillum sp. JG3 was able to improve the nutrient content of tapioca waste and rice bran in five days fermentation. A significant increase in protein content (29,15%) and a decrease in crude fiber (36,63%) were recognized when tapioca waste and rice bran are fermented with Azospirillum sp. JG3 compared to non-fermented one.

Effect of Effective Microorganisms (Em) and Molasses, Wheat Bran, and their Mixture in a Biofloc System on Microbial Protein Production, Water Quality, Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings.

The present experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of effective microorganisms, EM; carbohydrate sources as molasses, M; wheat bran, and their mixture in a Bio-floc (BF) system on microbial protein production, water quality, growth performance, and feed utilization of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Seven experimental treatments were designed as following: T1: control, fish were fed a basal diet without any addition of carbohydrate source. T2: T1 plus effective microorganisms (EM) in water media. T3: T1 with supplementary molasses (M) in water media. T4: T1 with supplementary wheat bran (WB) in water media. T5: T1 with supplementary of mixture from EM and M in the water media. T6: T1 with supplementary of mixture from EM and WB in the water media, and T7: T1 with supplementary of mixture from M and WB in the water media. Fish in each tank were fed with one of the experimental diets containing 22.49 % crude protein and 471.60 Kcal. gross energy /100g DM at feeding rate of 3% of the actual fish live body weight, two times daily (9.00am and 2.00 pm) for six days a week for 90 days experimental period. Fish were distributed randomly into fourteen indoor fiberglass tanks. Each treatment was conducted in two indoor circular fiberglass tanks of 1m diameter filled with 1000 litter of fresh water. Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average initial body weight of 47.5±0.05 (g/fish) were randomized stocked at the rate of 42 fish / tank. The results showed the followings:The water quality parameters showed no significant differences in water temperature (C0), pH value and DO (mg/l); however, there were marked differences in the values of total ammonia nitrogen (TA-N, mg/l) and Bio-floc (BF) concentrations (mg/l), with high values of TA-N and BF in tanks' water supplemented with different carbohydrate sources than control, especially with T6 which containing mixture of EM and WB in water media followed by T4 (WB), T3 (M), T5 (EM+M), T2(EM), and T6 (M+WB), respectively compared with T1 (control without carbohydrate source).Fish growth performance and feed utilization were significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased with EM and carbohydrate source supplementation than control. Also, T6 which containing a mixture of EM and WB gave the highest performance followed by WB (T4) and M (T3), respectively.Finally, the present results recommended the use of a mixture of effective microorganisms and wheat bran as a carbohydrate source in fish water tanks for optimal performance with best impacts on intensive tilapia culture reared under zero water exchange system.

Red–Green–Blue (RGB) colour system approach to study the segregation and percolation in a mixture of white wheat flour and bleached wheat bran

SummaryIn this work, we applied a nonintrusive measurement method based on the Red–Green–Blue (RGB) image analysis system to study the segregation and percolation in a mixture of white wheat flour and bleached wheat bran. This method intended to quantify the presence of one or several colours in the surface of mixed ingredients. The mixing of flour particles with bleached and unbleached wheat bran was studied using a 90 mm closed rotating cube. This system forced the particles to roll relative to each other so as to favourite the segregation by percolation in order to hide one colour by another. The obtained results showed a possibility of obtaining homogeneous colour when the wheat flour was mixed with the bleached wheat bran at a volume ratio of 20/5%–10%. By increasing to ratio up to 20/15% (flour/bran), the RGB system showed a presence of two colours in the surface of the mixture. Moreover, the RGB method confirmed the presence of two heterogeneous colours when the wheat flour was mixed with the unbleached wheat bran whatever the ratio (20/5%, 10% and 15%).

Inhibitory Effect of the Ethanol Extract of a Rice Bran Mixture Comprising Angelica gigas, Cnidium officinale, Artemisia princeps, and Camellia sinensis on Brucella abortus Uptake by Professional and Nonprofessional Phagocytes.

In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of a rice bran mixture extract (RBE) on Brucella abortus pathogenesis in professional (RAW 264.7) and nonprofessional (HeLa) phagocytes. We fermented the rice bran mixture and then extracted it with 50% ethanol followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the components in RBE. Our results clearly showed that RBE caused a significant reduction in the adherence of B. abortus in both cell lines. Furthermore, analysis of phagocytic signaling proteins by western blot assay revealed that RBE pretreatment resulted in inhibition of phosphorylation of JNK, ERK, and p38, leading to decline of internalization compared with the controls. Additionally, the intensity of F-actin observed by fluorescence microscopy and FACS was remarkably reduced in RBE-pretreated cells compared with control cells. However, the intracellular replication of B. abortus within phagocytes was not affected by RBE. Taken together, these findings suggest that the phagocytic receptor blocking and suppressive effects of RBE on the MAPK-linked phagocytic signaling pathway could negatively affect the invasion of B. abortus into phagocytes.

Supplementation of Adilo Sheep with Sole or Mixtures of Moringa stenopetala Leaf Meal and Wheat Bran on Feed intake, Body Weight Gain and Digestibility

The Objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with Moringa stenopetala leaf meal (MSLM), wheat bran (WB) and the mixture on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and body weight gain of Adilo sheep. A total of twenty five, one year old, intact male adilo sheep having initial body weights (BW) of 17.64 ± 0.61kg (mean±SD) were used. Before starting the experiment, sheep were adapted for 14 days. During this period, all animals were adapted with treatment diets and treated against common diseases in the area. Sheep were blocked into 5 based on their initial BW then five sheep were randomly assigned to one of the five treatments. The BW±SD of block 4, 1, 5 and 3 were 17.03 ± 0.41, 17.25 ± 0.33, 17.5 ± 0.60, 17.7 ± 0. 19 and 18.01 ± 0.24 kg, respectively. The treatment feeds were adlibitum feeding of Rhodes grass hay alone (T1) or with daily supplementation of 300g dry matter (DM) sole MSLM (T2), 2MSLM:1WB mix (T3), 1MSLM:2WB mix (T4) and sole WB (T5). The data on nutrient content, feed intake, body weight gain, and digestibility were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure SAS (SAS Institute, USA, version 9.4). The model included treatment as fixed factor, while experimental animals were included as a random factor. The crude protein content, total dry matter intake (DMI) and apparent nutrient digestibility were lower (P<0.001) in sheep fed non-supplemented diet than the supplemented diets. Among the supplement diets, a higher DMI (P<0.001) was observed in sheep fed T2 compared to sheep fed with T3, T4, and T5 diets. The higher (P<05) apparent digestibility of DM and CP in supplemented sheep could be attributed to the higher protein and lower fiber content of the supplement diets. Apart from this, sheep fed non-supplement diet lost weight by 7.8 g/head/day whereas, sheep fed diets supplemented with T2, T3, T4 and T5 gained 71.1, 51.5, 46.7 and 44.4 g/ head/day, respectively. Among the supplemented group, significantly higher (P<0.001) daily BW gain, final BW and feed conversion efficiency were recorded in sheep fed on T2 than T3, T4 and T5. Hence, sheep producers can apply T2 to get better nutrient utilization, growth rate and market weight.

Forced Aeration Influence on the Production of Spores by Trichoderma strains

The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an initial aeration rate on the sporulation of six Trichoderma strains under solid state fermentation conditions and to evaluate the behavior of the lytic enzymes involved in the process at laboratory scale. A mixture of sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran, chitin, potato flour and olive oil were used as a substrate. Cultures were carried out using glass columns applying an initial aeration rate of 50 ml min−1 (2 mL min−1g−1). Under the present culture conditions, chitinase and amylase activities were enhanced by the aeration with values of 30.74 and 44.54 U g−1 with T. longibranchiatum. These vales represent an increase of 226 and 167%, respectively compared with the system without air supply. For most of the strains, the forced aeration increased the endoglucanase activity, but the best value was observed with T. yunnanense (38.32 U g−1). All strains showed low values of exoglucanase and lipase when the aeration was applied. Trichoderma spp. was the strain most affected negatively by the aerated process, showing the lowest enzyme activities. The forced air supply into solid-state fermentation did not improve the production of spores from Trichoderma since similar results were obtained in the process without forced aeration. On this report, we reach concentrations greater than 1 × 109 spores per gram of substrate at 96–120 h of culture, indicating a feasible approach of agro-industrial wastes as a substrate for the biomass production.

Growth and production performance of carps in shaded pond in Barisal, Bangladesh

The shaded nature of ponds in Barisal region constrained the pond polyculture. The present study was conducted with such shaded ponds to evaluate the growth and production performance of different carp species including rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla catla), mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in polyculture system. In this experiment, polyculture of carps at similar densities were conducted in two different types of shaded ponds selecting nine ponds at Dinar village in Charkawa Union of Barisal Sadar sub-district. Out of 9 ponds, 5 were heavily shaded ponds (HSP) and 4 were moderately shaded ponds (MSP) considered as T1 and T2, respectively. The average area of HSP and MSP was 0.03±0.01 and 0.07±0.03 ha, respectively which were experimented for a period of l80 days from July to December 2013. Carps were stocked at the rate of 14820/ha with the ratio of rohu, catla, mrigal and common carp - 2:1:2:1. Carps were fed with supplementary feed of the mixture of rice bran, wheat bran and mustard oilcake at the rate of 10% body weight for first 3 months and 5% body weight for last 3 months. The water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrite and ammonia were recorded. The highest weight gain was found in common carp (467.00±0.00 g) in T1 and lowest weight gained in mrigal (172.46±26.80 g) in T1. Apart from common carp, the individual growth and production of other species was higher in MSP compared to HSP. The higher production was obtained in T2 (2122.92±333.60 kg/ha/year) compared to T1 (1547.79±132.94 kg/ha/year).J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 235-241, December 2016

Production responses in young bulls fed glycerin as a replacement for concentrates in feedlot diets

We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.

LIPASE PRODUCTION BY Aspergillus niger GROWN IN DIFFERENT AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES BY SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION

Abstract – Filamentous fungi can easily degrade agro-industrial wastes in solid-state fermentation processes, synthesizing many important commercial biocompounds, such as lipolytic enzymes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the composition of the solid culture medium on the production of lipolytic enzymes by the fungus Aspergillus niger. Rice, wheat and soybean bran were mixed to prepare the culture medium, which was supplemented with glucose, glycerol or soybean oil. Four mixture experimental designs were used to find the best medium for enzyme production. According to our results, the highest lipolytic activity values were achieved with a mixture of rice bran and glycerol (19.844 U·g -1 ) or with rice bran only (13.267 U·g). Thus, the lipolytic enzyme could be produced without any additional carbon source apart from rice bran, although glycerol addition induced a higher production. Keywords : Enzyme; Fungus; Agro-industrial wastes; Carbon source. INTRODUCTION Lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases, EC 3.1.1.3) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters (Qamsari et al., 2011). Some lipases are capable of catalyzing the esterification, transesterification and interesterification of lipids (Burkert et al., 2004; Colla et al., 2010; Martins et al., 2008), water activity (a

Evaluation of wheat products with high flavonoid content: justification of importance of marker-assisted development and production of flavonoid-rich wheat cultivars

In the structure of the global commodity supply in the food market in modern conditions it is necessary to note the emergence of a broad group of new high-tech products, and specialized functional food with high value added. The creation of varieties with a high content of flavonoids (plant compounds that can have a positive effect on human health) is one of the important directions of plant breeding oriented on the functional foods development. Currently, however, there is a significant gap between the well-studied role of flavonoids and the genetic control of their synthesis, on the one hand, and development of the actual product of wheat with new properties, evaluation of the nutritional value of the end-use bakery products for consumption, on the other hand. In the present study we produced and investigated bakery products from wheat synthesizing bioflavonoid pigments anthocyanins in the grain pericarp. The grains of this wheat have dark purple color. Red-grained bread wheat was a control. These two wheat lines have almost similar genomes with the exception of a small part of chromosome 2A, which contains the Pp3/TaMyc1 gene regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. The use of such an accurate model has allowed relating the observed differences precisely with anthocyanin biosynthesis. The important task was to evaluate the resistance of anthocyanins to the backing process. Therefore anthocyanin content was evaluated not only in the end-use product, but also in mixtures of flour and bran used for baking and separately in the bran. As a result, significant differences were detected in samples obtained from purple grains, compared with the control including the products that had passed a full processing cycle, including baking at elevated temperature. For the extraction of anthocyanins conditions were simulated most similar to those in the process of digestion in the stomach, in order to assess the amount of assimilable anthocyanins. By our estimates one can get up to 1.03 mg of assimilable anthocyanins with 100 g of whole-grained bread produced from anthocyanincolored grains. With 100 g of bran, the body will get up to 3.32 g of anthocyanins. In parallel with the evaluation of the anthocyanins content in all samples, the mass fraction of antioxidants was measured by using the amperometric method. The highest antioxidant capacity was shown for bran, while the least one was demonstrated for flour. Adding bran to the flour as well as the backing process increased the antioxidant capacity of wheat products. The contribution of anthocyanins to increased antioxidant capacity is not significant. It was shown that bread-making quality and organoleptic properties of bakery products made from anthocyanin-colored grains did not concede, or in some cases were higher than the corresponding properties of products obtained from control NIL grains. It was found that the presence of anthocyanin increases the shelf life of bakery products and their resistance to molding in provocative conditions. These results, combined with the known data about the beneficial health effects of anthocyanins, suggest that wheat bakery products made from anthocyanin-rich grains can be included to the list for dietary food. Marker-assisted selection accelerating the creation of new forms of crops with a high level of flavonoids can be proposed as a new direction for the expansion of domestic and export grain market potential due to the new possibilities of obtaining products of increased nutritional value and making a good profit.

Wheaties: Reinvigorating an Iconic Brand (a)

This case series is taught in Darden's course elective, Managing Consumer Brands. In the spring of 2008, the marketing editor for Wheaties was getting ready for a meeting to discuss ideas about how to reinvigorate one of the most iconic and well-known cereal brands in America, which over the preceding few years had experienced a steady decline in market share. The only limitation the manager would impose was that any new product could not replace the original Wheaties. Otherwise, she was open to any opportunity to differentiate Wheaties from the orange box and yet fully embody the brand equity. Excerpt UVA-M-0828 Rev. Jan. 4, 2016 Wheaties: Reinvigorating an Iconic Brand (A) In the spring of 2008, Betsy Frost, a 2005 graduate of the Darden Business School and marketing manager of Wheaties brand cereal at General Mills, Inc. (GMI), was eagerly awaiting the afternoon meeting scheduled with her cross-functional partners across the division (see Exhibit1 for organizational chart). The focus of the meeting was to discuss ideas to reinvigorate one of the most iconic and well-known cereal brands in America, which over the preceding few years had experienced a steady decline in market share. Frost had a few thoughts on how to reinvigorate this brand, but she was confident that her peers would also contribute many excellent ideas on how to help grow the Breakfast of Champions. History Much like penicillin, Post-it Notes, and the microwave oven, Wheaties was discovered by accident and became a part of American culture. In 1921, a health clinician working for the Washburn-Crosby Company (later GMI) accidently spilled a wheat bran mixture onto a hot stove, creating a flake as the liquid evaporated. After two years and 36 attempts to strengthen the tasty flakes to stand up to packaging and shipping, the process was perfected. The resulting cereal was called Washburn's Gold Medal Whole Wheat Flakes. The name was soon changed to Wheaties—the winner in an employee contest (other options included “Nutties” and “Gold Medal Wheat Flakes”). . . .

Effects of supplementation of a forage-only diet with wheat bran and sugar beet pulp in organic dairy cows

AbstractAlthough levels of concentrate supplementation are generally lower in organic as compared with conventional dairy cows, forage-only (FO) diets are not very common in organic dairy cows because of the resulting limited dry matter intake (DMI) and lower milk production. However, from the perspective of net food production, FO diets or forage diets supplemented only with by-products from the food processing industry, offer considerable potential because they do not compete with humans for food. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the effects of adding a mixture of wheat bran and dried sugar beet pulp [0.56:0.44 on a dry matter (DM) basis] to a FO diet on DMI, milk production, chewing activity and production efficiency. Seventeen multiparous and three primiparous mid-lactation Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments, receiving either a FO mixture with hay and grass silage in equal proportions (FO) or the same forage mixture supplemented with a mixture of wheat bran and dried sugar beet pulp at a rate of 25% of dietary DM (25%BP). The experiment was conducted in a change-over design with two experimental periods of 7 and 6 weeks, respectively. Overall, feeding the 25%BP diet increased DMI and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield by 1.8 kg d−1 as compared with cows fed FO. Feed conversion efficiency (kg ECM per kg DMI) and energy efficiency (kg ECM per 10 MJ net energy for lactation intake) were higher in FO, but cows fed FO were in a slightly negative energy balance and also tended to have a higher mobilization of body tissues as compared with cows fed 25%BP. In comparison with FO, cows receiving 25%BP showed less chewing activity per kg DMI or per kg neutral detergent fiber ingested. In conclusion, results from this feeding trial showed that adding wheat bran and dried sugar beet pulp to a FO diet increased DMI and milk yield and improved the energy balance when compared with a FO diet, although the magnitude of the milk yield response was lower than expected.

Mixing and segregation of wheat bran and vegetable pieces binary mixtures in fluidized and fluid-spout beds for atmospheric freeze-drying

ABSTRACTThe segregation of binary mixtures of nonfood wheat bran and vegetables at different levels of dryness was studied by simulating different stages of the atmospheric freeze-drying by immersion in an adsorbent material process. It was characterized using a new set of four indices, which allow to evaluate not only the segregation level but also the segregation pattern. The mixing performance was evaluated in a fluidized bed (considering also the effect of air superficial velocity) as well as in a spout-fluid bed; peas, carrot disks, and potato slabs were used as food products. In general, it was found that food material segregates toward the bed bottom during the first stages of the drying process in fluidized beds, which translates in a poor contact product-adsorbent. On the contrary, uniform mixing patterns were observed in the spout-fluid bed, for the beginning and final stages of the process. On the other hand, despite the very low cost of nonfood wheat bran and its compatibility with food materials, it presents a channeling fluidization as a consequence of the cohesive properties of its particles. This behavior was also characterized by video analysis in two different fluidized beds. A channel generation and collapse general cycle were highlighted, whose frequency and channel characteristics depend on the air superficial velocity. In addition, three main types of food particle transports were identified: passive (downward), active (upward), and particle-blocking effects. These findings allowed to explain segregation phenomena in these kinds of binary mixtures.

Extracellular protease derived from lactic acid bacteria stimulates the fermentative lactic acid production from the by-products of rice as a biomass refinery function

A lactic acid producing bacterium, Lactobacillus rhamnosus M-23, newly isolated from a rice washing drainage storage tank was found to produce l-(+)-lactic acid from a non-sterilized mixture of rice washing drainage and rice bran without any additions of nutrients under the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process. This strain has the ability to utilize the non-sterilized rice washing drainage and rice bran as a source of carbohydrate, saccharifying enzymes and nutrients for lactic acid production. Observation of extracellular protease activity in SSF culture broth showed that a higher protease activity was present in strain M-23 than in other isolated lactic acid producing bacteria (LABs). To investigate the structural changes of solid particles of rice washing drainage throughout LAB cultivation, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation and Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis were performed. The results of the SEM observation showed that the surface material could be removed from solid particles of rice washing drainage treated by culture broth (supernatant) of strain M-23, thus exposing the crystal structure of the starch particle surface. The results of the FT-IR analysis revealed that the specific transmittance decrease of the CC and CO stretching and OH group of the solid particles of the rice washing drainage were highly correlated with the produced lactic acid concentration and extracellular protease activity, respectively. These results demonstrate the high lactic acid producing ability of strain M-23 from a non-sterilized mixture of rice washing drainage and rice bran under the SSF condition due to the removal of proteinaceous material and exposure of the starch particle surface by extracellular protease.