Animal Feed Mixtures Research Articles

Bowman-Birk Inhibitor Mutants of Soybean Generated by CRISPR-Cas9 Reveal Drastic Reductions in Trypsin and Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Activities.

Despite the high quality of soybean protein, raw soybeans and soybean meal cannot be directly included in animal feed mixtures due to the presence of Kunitz (KTi) and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitors (BBis), which reduces animal productivity. Heat treatment can substantially inactivate trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors (BBis), but such treatment is energy-intensive, adds expense, and negatively impacts the quality of seed proteins. As an alternative approach, we have employed CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create mutations in BBi genes to drastically lower the protease inhibitor content in soybean seed. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to generate several stable transgenic soybean events. These independent CRISPR/Cas9 events were examined in comparison to wild-type plants using Sanger sequencing, proteomic analysis, trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor activity assays, and qRT-PCR. Collectively, our results demonstrate the creation of an allelic series of loss-of-function mutations affecting the major BBi gene in soybean. Mutations in two of the highly expressed seed-specific BBi genes lead to substantial reductions in both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities.

Utilization of shell waste as an adsorbent to reduce Fe (Iron) Metal

Background: So far, clam and crab shells have only been used for handicrafts such as wall hangings, or for animal feed mixtures. Shellfish shell waste contains high calcium carbonate, which is 98%, which has the potential to be utilized. Based on the results of previous studies on clam shell powder, the results were quite good at absorbing heavy metals. This research exploits the potential of shellfish in another form, namely shell ash as an alternative adsorbent that is environmentally friendly, because shell ash consists of compounds namely 7.88% SiO2, 1.25% Al2O3, 0.03% Fe2O3, 66.70% CaO, and 22.28% MgO. Based on the chemical composition, the CaO content in the shell ash is quite high so that the shell ash has the potential as an adsorbent. Purpose: to determine the ability of clam shells as an Fe adsorbent. Method: This type of research is quasi-experimental in nature, which is a research method that uses a quantitative approach, carrying out three control activities, manipulating activities and observation. In this study the researchers treated water containing Fe using blood clam shells and green mussel shells, as adsorbents. Results: Based on these results it can be seen that there is a decrease in iron (Fe) content by using variations in the size of clam shell granules as an adsorbent. The smaller the size of the clam shell granules, the lower the iron (Fe) content in groundwater. The highest percentage of reduction in iron (Fe) content was in 0.8 mm shell granules with a reduction percentage of 89%. Based on the research results, the ability of hemp shells to reduce Fe levels was very good, from a Fe level of 3.656 mg/liter after being filtered with blood clam media it decreased to a level of 0.132 mg/liter. Almost seeding the gold standard (ferrolite) which can reduce up to 0.033 mg/liter. Meanwhile, green mussels can reduce up to 2.64 mg/l. Conclusion: the ability of blood clam shells to reduce Fe levels is very good, able to reduce 96.39% (effective), almost seeding the gold standard (Ferolite) which can reduce up to 99.10%. Meanwhile, green mussels were only able to reduce up to 27.79% (not effective).

Solanum carolinense L.

<i>Solanum carolinense</i> L.

Pengaruh konsentrasi enzim chitosanase dan waktu inkubasi terhadap karakteristik chitooligosakarida dan aktivitas prebiotik dari cangkang kepiting bakau

Mangrove crab shells are one of the wastes that are poorly utilized because it is usually only used for animal feed mixtures. Mangrove crab shells have a high enough chitin content so that it can be used as chitosan and then used as chitooligosaccharides that have the potential to have prebiotic activity. The study aimed to determine the effect of enzyme concentration and length of incubation time on the prebiotic characteristics and activity of chitooligosaccharides. Completely Randomized Design was used as a design experiment with a variable chitosanase enzyme concentration (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) and incubation time (1 hour, 3 hours, and 5 hours). The study shows that there is an interaction between the two variables in the viscosity parameter, degree of deacetylation, molecular weight, and degree of polymerization. The results showed that the best treatments were an enzyme concentration of 0.5% and a long incubation time of 5%, which resulted in chitooligosaccharides with characteristics: viscosity of 2.75 cPs, degree of deacetylation of 97.68%, the molecular weight of 546.99 Da, and degree of polymerization of 2.67. The best treatment tested the prebiotic activity of 1,18 for Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria and 1,33 for Bifidobacterium breve bacteria. Hope this research would be an innovation in the production of a crabs shell or chitin’s source into prebiotic chitooligosaccharide and could boost the immune system.

A Chemical Analysis of Red Snapper Bone (Lutjanus Sp) Flour

Background: One way to use this red snapper bone waste is through the process of making red snapper bone meals. This fishbone meal in addition to being used as a mixture of animal feed is also used as a supplement to prevent bone loss in humans.&#x0D; Aim: This study aims to utilize red snapper bone waste in fish bone meal and provide information to the community and the fisheries industry about processing fish bones to have economic value.&#x0D; Method: The method used is an experiment that was performed on red snapper bonefish.&#x0D; Findings: The average water content of fishbone meal is 7.88%% because during the drying process of fish bones a lot of water disappears so that at the time of stenciling and in laboratory tests bone meal has low water content, high ash content is caused by immersion with orange water to remove fat and denature the protein. The water content obtained is low 7.88% so it is safe for long storage and the ash content obtained shows the amount of mineral content in the bone meal so it is very good for consumption.

Aktivitas Antibakteri Kulit Buah Karika Dieng terhadap Shigella flexneri dan Escherichia coli

Karika merupakan tanaman endemik Dataran Tinggi Dieng. Daun Karika telah diteliti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab diare, sedangkan kulit buah dibuang atau dijadikan campuran pakan ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri kulit buah Karika terhadap bakteri penyebab keracunan, Shigella flexneri dan Escherichia coli. Sampel difraksinasi untuk memperoleh fraksi n-heksan dan etil asetat. Fraksi diuji aktivitas antibakteri nya terhadap bakteri Shigella flexneri dan Escherichia coli dengan metode sumuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat dengan konsentrasi 50% memiliki daya hambat tertinggi terhadap Shigella flexneri dan Escherichia coli dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa kulit buah Karika memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Shigella flexneri dan Escherichia coli.

PENAMPILAN PRODUKSI TERNAK BABI GROWER SAMPAI FINISHER YANG MENGGUNAKAN TEPUNG LIMBAH IKAN CAKALANG SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN KONSENTRAT DALAM RANSUM

PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS FED RATION CONTAINING CAKALANG FISH WASTE PRODUCT. The study aims to determine the extent of the effect of using fish waste flour as a partial substitute for concentrates in feed on the appearance of grower phase pig production to finiser. Swines are very potential to be developed in North Sulawesi because they have the attributes and capabilities of fast growth rates, high number of litter size, good ration efficiency, and a high percentage of carcass. Cakalang fish waste is one of the feed ingredients that are potentially used as animal feed ingredients because it is easy to be obtained and its price is relatively cheap. Cakalang fish waste can be processed into fish meal and can be used for animal feed mixtures including swines, poultry and fishery. This research was carried out on the farm belongs to Mr. Cloudio Lumowa, starting with the pre-trial for the 2 weeks and data collection for the 10 weeks, starting on June 14 to August 26, 2017. Research was using 20 heads of gilt and boar with a range body weight of 53-63kg. The research design used was Randomized Block Design (RCBD) involving 4 treatments and 5 replications at each treatment. The treatments of feeding were including R0 = ration without cakalang fish waste flour, R1 = ration + 2% cakalang fish waste flour, R2 = ration + 4% cakalang fish waste flour, and R3 = ration + 6% cakalang fish waste flour. The results of the research showed that the use of cakalang fish waste flour with a level of 2%, 4%, and 6% had a significant effect (P&lt; 0.05) on swine weight gain and feed effciciency, but did not affect significantly feed consumption. Based on the results of the study and discussion of all variables, it can be concluded that the use of cakalang fish waste flour as a partial replacement of concentrate up to 6% in grower to finisher produced the same ration consumption, a good body weight gain and feed efficiency.Keywords: cakalang fish waste, production, grower

KARAKTERISASI ZEOLIT ALAM SELONG BELANAK LOMBOK SEBAGAI ADSORBEN DALAM PEMURNIAN ALKOHOL FERMENTASI

NTB has a large zeolite potential with a zeolite content percentage of 190,405 tons. One area that has great potential is the Selong belanak Central Lombok precisely at coordinates 8o51'48.5 "S 116o10'62.0" E mull mullet. Utilization of zeolite Lombok area is only used as a mixture of animal feed because it has not done research on its potential. One potential zeolite is its ability as an absorbent. Alcohol fermentation has not been able to be an alternative as a solution to energy problems. Alcohol fermentation only produces alcohols of less than 30% purity. This is caused by acetic acid byproducts that make microbes in the fermentation process can not breed optimally. From these problems need to be performed zeolite characteristic for optimal utilization. The purpose of this research is to find out the characteristics of natural zeolite of Selong belanak Lombok as an adsorbent in purifying alcohol of fermentation. The method of this research is descriptive with data collecting technique performed by zeolite characterization including cation exchange capacity with Schollenberger method, surface area using methylene blue method, absorption using Iodometry titration method, zeolite water content using gravimetric method and alcohol concentration determined by specific gravity and instrument GC-MS. Based on the result of natural zeolite research, Selong belanak Lombok has characteristic with natural cation zeolite exchange capacity of Selong Belanaq Lombok for 14,0894 meq / 100 gram. The zeolite surface area is 16, 3537 m2 / gram. Absorption zeolite to iodium is relatively low at 2.9357%. water content obtained from natural zeolite Selong Belanaq Lombok is 7.74%. After use of various alcoholic distillate absorbent fermentation alcohol concentration was obtained 81.4%. Based on the findings of natural zeolite researchers mullet tubes need to be activated more optimally to produce alcohols with purity above 99%, as laden mixture material in gasoline.

Influence of nutrition of pigs with legume-enriched mixtures on the quality of pork

Background. More restrictive requirements concerning food production safety will bring about the process of withdrawing GM plants, including soya, from animal feed mixtures starting in 2017. At present, imported extracted soya meal is the base to make complete-portion mixtures used in pig feed. The soybean meal will have to be replaced by legumes produced in Poland. The aim of the research was a comparison of meat quality coming from pigs fed on complete-portion mixtures on the base of soya meal and complete-portion mixtures with an addition of pea and with an addition of lupine. Material and methods. Meat of 32 crossbred fatteners (plw × pl) was tested. Half of them were fed a soya-share diet (K) and the other (D) a 20–38.5% pea and lupine share diet. In the longissimus lumborum muscle the pH45 and pH48h values and basic chemical composition were determ­ined, as well as technological properties of the meat. The colour of the meat was also analysed with Minolta CR 310 apparatus, as well as sensorially, while its marbling and firmness were tested only sensorially. Results. The assessed meat from both groups, i.e. control (K) and experimental (D), displayed good technological and sensorial properties and colour parameters. Moreover, the meat was tender with a beneficial protein and intramuscular fat content. Conclusion. No negative influence on obtaining good quality meat without any significant differentiation in its parameters was observed from substituting soybean meal for legume seeds in feed mixture.

INDEPENDENTLY FEED LIVESTOCK GROUP DUCK’S STARTER IN BOROGRAGAL VILLAGE

Duck role as a producer of meat in Indonesia, according to statistics in 2010 remained low at only can meet the needs of 6.4 thousand tons from 14.3 thousand tons duck, so the lack of meat reached 7.9 thousand tons. Prospects duck broiler farming is very promising, especially in the area of Malang city and surrounding areas including travel Batu city, which has a lot of demand for broiler ducks in line with the increasing number of food stalls vegetables there. The location is at the community service Borogragal village, Donowarih Village, District Karangploso, Malang city. The main goal of this program is a community service Borogragal village particularly broiler breeding ducks. This community service is a core problem faced with the high cost of raising broiler ducks and waste for animal feed which has not been managed well. Of the existing problems, we provide alternative solutions to the problem of the program activities of community service by using probiotics as a mixture of waste used as animal feed ducks broiler by the way to ferment the waste, with the hope that the public can examine the use of waste as animal feed, knowing excellence probiotics as a mixture of animal feed, as well as capable of producing probiotic independently. The results of this public service activities in the form of probiotics used in mixed feed using household waste from villagers borogragal itself and agricultural waste in the village. On the other hand, the feed waste is fermented using probiotics able to be digested well by the ducks and can reduce feed costs incurred for breeding ducks. It tersebt evidenced by FCR obtained value is 2.85 with a value of SR 91.6%, it can reduce the cost of production and improve incomes. Besides his herd hamlet formed Borogragal able to enhance the spirit of the community to produce cattle back.

PVMA «Intermiks» in rations pigs

Getting the maximum performance level of modern breeds of pigs is possible with the full support of young vyroschuvalnoho all the necessary nutrients that possible when applying animal feed mixtures concentrating particularly PVMA. Introduction to the diet helps to ensure maximum utilization of nutrients, positively affects digestion and assimilation of them. This leads to the efficient use of feed, animal productivity and improve product quality. The feature of creating new PVMA now is that when developing recipes take into account the chemical composition of available forage in a specific region or sector, current feed feeding fodder in the assessment of energy feed units, optimal conditions of detention and genotype pigs. The new PVMA Intermiks include VS (starter and finisher hrouer) designed for feeding young pigs in growing meat in the final period of fattening. However, the practical use of them requires scientific justification. Therefore, the aim of research was to study the performance and hematological indices of young pigs when administered in the diet PVMA Intermiks VS–10%.Research conducted on three groups–analogues young pigs of large white breed, on 12 goals each. During the feeding phase 65 – 110 kh young second received PVMA Intermiks VS–10% (hrouer–finisher), and the third – PVMA Interfiks VS–10% (finisher). PVMA were manufactured at the production facilities Ukrainian firm «Interahroteh» At the end of fattening blood samples were taken for laboratory tests. Studies have shown that the use in diets of young PVMA Intermiks VS–10% (hrouer–finisher) increases the average daily increments to 113h or na15,1% and reduce the cost of feed for 1 kg increase by 14%. If consumption PVMA Intemmiks VS–10% (finisher) increased by increments of 13 g, or at 1.74%. Accordingly, average daily rate increases was the second 859 h and 759 h in the third group, against 746h in control. When feeding PVMA Intermiks VS–10% (hrouer–finisher) tends to increase the number of red blood cells in the blood (1 – 4.9%), hemoglobin (in 6,1 – 3.6%), leukocytes (1.5 – 4,2%). For PVMA Intermiks VS–10% (finisher) in the diet of animals between group difference was observed all blood parameters are within the physiological norm. It is concluded that for practical use in feeding young pigs in growing meat are recommended fed PVMA Intermiks VS–10% (hrouer–finisher).

Bioethanol Quality Improvement of Coffee Fruit Leather

Recently, Indonesia’s dependence on petroleum is to be reduced and even eliminated. To overcome the problem of finding the needed alternative materials that can produce ethanol, in this case as a substitute material or a transport fuel mix, boosting the octane number, and gasoline ethanol (gasohol) can be conducted. In the red coffee processing (cooking) that will produce 65% and 35% of coffee beans, coffee leather waste is a source of organic material with fairly high cellulose content of 46.82%, 3.01% of pectin and 7.68% of lignin. In this case, its existence is abundant in Indonesia and optimally utilized. During the coffee fruit peeling, the peel waste is only used as a mixture of animal feed or simply left to rot. The purpose of this study was to produce and improve the quality of the fruit skin of bioethanol from coffee cellulose. However, to improve the quality of bioethanol, the production of the lignin content in the skin of the coffee fruit should be eliminated or reduced. Hydrolysis process using organosolve method is expected to improve the quality of bioethanol produced. In particular, the use of enzyme Saccharomyces and Zymmomonas will change the resulting sugar into bioethanol. On one hand, by using batch distillation process for 8 hours with Saccharomyces , bioethanol obtains high purity which is 39.79%; on the other hand, by using the same batch distillation process with Zymmomonas , the bioethanol obtains 38.78%.

Effect of Cooking on Proximate, Phytochemical Constituents and Hematological Parameters of Tetracarpidium conophorum in Male Albino Rats

Aims: To determine the effect of cooking on proximate, phytochemical constituents and their changes in hematological parameters. Study Design:Determination of proximate and quantitative phytochemical constituents of the cooked and rawT.conophorum (CTC and RTC respectively) nut and the effect of the nut on the hematological indices on male albino rats fed with the cooked and raw diet formulations ofthe nut for 30 days period. Methodology: Rats were divided into six groups of five rats each. Each feed and walnut was weighed and mixed in the ratio of 1:1 before administration. Group A: Normal animal feed, Group B: Mixture of animal feed and cooked nut

Adsorption of Zinc Contained in the Poultry Feedstuff onto Clinoptilolite

The aim of this work was to find whether an adsorbent used as an additive in the feed mixtures could influence the concentration of free available zinc. The feed supplement ZeoFeed, which often constitutes a part of animal feed mixtures, mainly for poultry, was used as adsorbent in the amount of 10 g kg-1 of the feed mixture. A substantial part of ZeoFeed is clinoptilolite, a natural form of zeolite. Two sample preparation methods were used for the determination of zinc. The microwave-assisted wet digestion method was used to achieve a complete decomposition of the feed mixture in order to determine the total zinc concentration. The extraction method represented a simplified model of the processes in the digestive fluid tract. The extraction was done under laboratory temperature for 30, 60 and 120 min. Concentrations of zinc both in digests and extracts were determined by the method of the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The total zinc concentration (mean ± 95% confidence interval) in the feed mixture without addition of clinoptilolite was found to be 145 ± 32.0 mg kg-1 and in the feed mixture with added clinoptilolite 146 ± 11.5 mg kg-1. The concentrations of free available zinc were approximately ten times lesser than the total amount. The analysis of extracts showed that no statistically significant differences between concentrations of zinc in extracts without clinoptilolite and with clinoptilolite addition have been found. The extraction time did not affect the extracted amount of zinc significantly. In addition to zinc, also other three trace elements, namely the essential trace element copper and the toxic trace elements cadmium and lead, were measured. However, these data have only preliminary value and need further verification.

Growth promotants in feeding pigs and poultry. I. Growth and feed efficiency responses to antibiotic growth promotants

Since the beginning of the 1950s, growth promoters of antibiotic type have played a major role in the development of intensive and industrialised animal farming systems. The incor- poration of such growth promoters into animal feed mixtures has made it possible to improve ani- mal health conditions as well as to increase rearing intensity. Simultaneously, the admixing of these additives has successively lowered food production costs, a development which has been to the benefit of the consumer. The objective of this contribution was to review recent developments in this area and in particular to address growth promoters of antibiotic type authorised in the Euro- pean Union as additives for pig and poultry. Finally, we also briefly touch upon the potential eco- nomic consequences of terminating their use under current European conditions, as well as their

Preparation and Stability of Animal Feed Mixtures Dosed with Rotenone

Studies at Midwest Research Institute for the National Toxicology Program show that rotenone/animal feed mixtures prepared by dry-mixing are more stable than mixtures produced by dosing the feed with alcoholic solutions of rotenone and then stripping the solvent. Also, recoveries of rotenone from the dry mix feeds are higher than those from feeds dosed by the solution method. A simplified analytical method from one previously reported for rotenone in feed is described.