Acid Mixture Research Articles

Titanium dioxide in face powders and eyeshadows: Developing an analytical methodology for accessing customer safety.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white powder, represents the opacifier used in many products, including drugs, foods, cosmetics, paints, and dyes. The Uv-Vis spectrophotometry was a particularly suitable technique to quantify TiO2 in the solutions obtained from cosmetics. In this work, we determined the TiO2 content in a total of 88 samples of eye shadows and face powders of different brands and costs. Before to analyse the samples, we developed the mineralization and analysis method, in fact, fusion with potassium bisulphate would be very laborious because it must be carried out on one sample at a time and requires very long times, instead, the mineralization with the acid mixture and the aid of microwaves allowed us to solubilize six samples at the same time within 45 min. From the results obtained, we can state that the highest concentrations of TiO2 are found in the eyeshadows with a maximum value of 36% in a blue eyeshadow.

Efficacy and safety of spleen aminopeptide oral solution for children with allergic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy: a randomised trial.

The spleen aminopeptide oral solution (SAOS) is a solution containing a mixture of polypeptide amino acids and polynucleotides derived from healthy bovine spleen. This study aimed to establish a randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SAOS for children with allergic rhinitis (AR) and adenoid hypertrophy (AH). Children with AR and AH who visited the Otolaryngology Department of the Children's Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University between June 2022 and April 2023 were included. The primary outcome was the adenoid-to-nasopharynx (A/N) ratio, and the secondary outcomes included nasal symptom score, AH score, and medication score. The primary outcome was evaluated before treatment (T0), after 1 month of treatment (T1), and after 2 months of treatment (T2). Blood and urine samples were collected at T0 and T2 for safety evaluation. A total of 78 patients were included, with 36 in the control group and 42 in the SAOS group. As the duration of medication increased, there was a significant decrease in nasal symptom scores (sneezing: F=52.806, P<0.001; runny nose: F=28.802, P<0.001; nasal itching: F=101.272, P<0.001; nasal congestion: F=83.349, P<0.001). Significant improvements in mouth breathing (Z=-2.650, P=0.008) and restless sleep (Z=-2.759, P=0.006) were observed in the SAOS group compared to the control group at T2. Additionally, the difference in scores between T2 and T0 was significantly lower in the SAOS group compared to the control group (Z=-2.299, P=0.02). As an adjuvant therapy for 8 weeks, SAOS could significantly reduce the size of adenoids and improve clinical symptoms associated with AH. The study was registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website (https://www.chictr.org.cn/) (registration number: ChiCTR2200056763).

Photopolymerization of Imprinted Polymer with Dummy Template for the Recognition of Hydroquinone in Aqueous Medium

This study' purposes are to synthesize molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) using p-xylene under ultraviolet curing at 405 nm for the recognition of hydroquinone (HQ) in aqueous medium. The template was extracted from the polymer with a mixture of methanol and acetic acid (9:1) by volume (v/v). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of MIP (after wash) showed the absence of peak at the range of 840–860 cm−1, which represented the stretching outside the aromatic plane C–H at the para position (p-xylene). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrograph showed that the MIP had cavities compared to non-imprinted polymer (NIP). The MIP (MIP-Pxy) with ratio (monomer:crosslinker) 0.25 and 1.00% template gave the highest uptake of hydroquinone (HQ) in aqueous solution, which implied more specific recognition (highest KD value). The rebinding of HQ onto MIP-Pxy was best described by both isotherm (Langmuir and Freundlich) and kinetic model (pseudo-first and -second). The MIP was successfully synthesized using p-xylene, able to recognize HQ and was very selective to p-CP. Implication of the study, the synthesized MIP can be used for recognition and sensing materials for HQ and any similar molecules.

Effect of pre-oxidation on the rate of formation of sulfur-containing aromatic compounds during vacuum gas oil thermal cracking

It was shown that oxidation followed by heat treatment is an effective method for desulfurization of vacuum gas oil. Patterns of changes in the quantitative content of the thiophene series compounds in liquid cracking products of vacuum gas oil and liquid cracking products of pre-oxidized vacuum gas oil are described. A mixture of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid (molar ratio 3:4) was used as the oxidation system. The hypothetical mechanism for the formation of thiophene, benzo- and dibenzothiophene and their homologues from high-molecular weight components of the initial vacuum gas oil and its oxidation products is proposed. Presumably, main path of formation considerate compounds is thermal decomposition of high-molecular weight sulfur-containing components. On the basis of IR spectroscopy and structure-group analysis data, the averaged structures of such components were constructed. The influence of pre-oxidation and its conditions on the value of the rate constants for the formation of thiophene, benzo- and dibenzothiophene and their homologues during thermal cracking of initial and oxidized vacuum gas oils is studied.

An experimental study on wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of 308L stainless steel and its chemical dissolution

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a potential method of producing complicated metal parts directly from computer-aided design (CAD) models. In this experiment, stainless steel 308 L alloy was deposited with a GMAW-interfaced three-axis special purpose Cartesian robot. The major goal was to understand the behaviour of deposited material and, later, its dissolution in specific concentrations of chemical combinations. The deposited samples were investigated for better understanding of the impact of welding current on bead properties, surface roughness, and microstructure. Furthermore, the dissolving behaviour of deposited samples was investigated in various acidic bath mixes to better understand the rate of dissolution. The results reveal that WAAM parameters, particularly current, have a considerable impact on bead properties, roughness, and microstructure. On the other hand, dissolution experiments demonstrated that the faster breakdown of WAAM deposited stainless steel occurs when a 1:1 ratio mixture of acids is used.

Effect of inclusion complex formation and mechanoactivation on the structure and rheological behavior of starch-oleic acid mixtures

In the present work, for the first time, mechanical activation implemented in a rotor-stator device (RSD) has been used to enhance the formation of the amylоse-fatty acid complex in gelatinized starch at a moderate temperature (40 °C) using oleic acid (ОА) as a model guest compound. Mechanical activation was found to cause an increase in the complexing index from 10 to 30 % for non-activated mixtures to 83–92 %. The study of aqueous and dried starch-OA mixtures using optical and AFM microscopy and dynamic light scattering methods revealed a uniform distribution of amylose-OA complex particles with a size of 125–260 nm in the starch matrix. The freeze-dried starch-ОА sample prepared using mechanical activation exhibited a V-type crystalline structure. By rotational viscometry and dynamic rheometry, it was found that mechanical activation causes the gelation of aqueous starch-OA mixtures, which accompanies a decrease in their fluidity and an increase in elasticity. The developed method can be recommended for large-scale production of thickening and texture modifying materials based on gelatinised starch containing a fatty acid as a nutritional or structuring additive.

Efficacy Of A Six Nonessential Amino Acid Mixture In Mitigating Knee Joint Conditions In Adults

Efficacy Of A Six Nonessential Amino Acid Mixture In Mitigating Knee Joint Conditions In Adults

Highly-efficient separation of pyromellitic acid and trimellitic acid mixtures via forming deep eutectic solvents: Experiment and calculation

Pyromellitic acid (PMA) and trimellitic acid (TMA) are significant chemical raw materials and intermediates. They simultaneously exist in the industry processes of synthesis and are difficult to be separated. In this work, several kinds of biodegradable compounds were chosen as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) to separate PMA and TMA mixtures from acetone solutions via forming deep eutectic solvent (DES). It has been found that all these compounds can separate PMA and TMA mixtures to obtain pure PMA or TMA. However, the interaction between HBAs and PMA or TMA is quite different. Choline chloride cannot extract TMA but can form a DES with PMA in acetone. Hexamethylenetetramine (HA) and L-carnitine (L-car) can form DESs with both PMA and TMA in acetone solution. But when L-car or HA is added, the extraction rate of PMA is larger than that of TMA until the extraction rate of PMA reach 100%, and pure TMA is left in the acetone solution. The selective separation mechanism was explored by infrared spectroscopy combined with quantum chemistry calculation, and the strength and site of the interaction between extractants with PMA and TMA were calculated.

INVESTIGATION OF RARE AND RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS LEACHING PROCESSES FROM THE WEATHERING CRUST ORES OF THE KUNDYBAY DEPOSIT

The weathering crust ore of the Kundybay deposit is a hard-enriched ore that contains such minerals as cherchite, bastnesite, kaolinite, etc., which are embedded in the matrix structure of other silicate rocks. These minerals contain rare earth (RE) and rare earth elements (REE). The multi-component structure and dense packing of minerals in the aluminosilicate matrix of the ore make it difficult to be blocking out. Determination of the optimal ore blocking method in order to extract RE and REE is an urgent task for today. The purpose of this work is to develop an effective method of leaching RE, REE and "white soot" from the weathering crust ores of the Kundybay deposit. Methods. Processing with soluble ammonium, magnesium and aluminium salts will allow estimation of the state of RE and REE in the ore. The indicator of RE and REE blocking out during leaching with sodium hydroxide is the transfer of silica into solution, due to which RE and REE form their own hydroxides, which can be subsequently transferred into solution by acid treatment. Acid leaching with sodium pyrosulfite, hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid will allow the RE and REE to be immediately transferred into solution. Results and Discussion. The main characteristics of the Kundybay deposit weathering crust ore were determined, such as: silica content, moisture content, base metals, RE and REE. Conclusion. The degree of extraction of RE and REE by soluble salts of ammonium, magnesium and aluminium did not exceed 2%, which indicates the existence of RE and REE in the form of their own minerals. Leaching with sodium hydroxide showed low recovery of silica, with RE and REE remaining in a difficult-torecover form. Leaching with a mixture of sodium pyrosulfite, hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids is a promising method for RE and REE recovery due to the complex effect of the components of this mixture.

Simultaneous determination of acid carnosic and carnosol in rosemary-containing foods by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC–PDA)

The research was conducted to develop and validate a simultaneous quantification method for acid carnosic (CA) and carnosol (CAR) in rosemary-containing foods using highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (HPLC&amp;ndash;PDA), with a simple and fast sample processing procedure. Analytical samples were extracted using a methanol&amp;ndash;phosphoric acid mixture (99.5:0.5, v/v) at room temperature for 20 minutes. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Sunfire C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm; 5 &amp;micro;m), mobile phase consisting of 0.1% phosphoric acid &amp;ndash; acetonitrile (40:60, v/v), flow rate of 1 mL/min, injection volume of 10 &amp;micro;L, detection at 230 nm. The method was validated according to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) criteria. The results showed that the method had good specificity, and the standard curves of acid carnosic and carnosol were linear in the concentration range of 2.5 &amp;ndash; 200 &amp;micro;g/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) for acid carnosic and carnosol were 0.3 &amp;micro;g/mL and 0.25 &amp;micro;g/mL, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for acid carnosic and carnosol were 1 &amp;micro;g/mL and 0.75 &amp;micro;g/mL, respectively. The recovery rates were in the range of 98.8 &amp;ndash; 100.6% (acid carnosic) and 97.5 &amp;ndash; 102.2% (carnosol). Repeatability and internal reproducibility met the requirements of AOAC. The method was applied to evaluate the acid carnosic and carnosol levels in 20 food samples collected from the market, such as rosemary leaf powder, dried rosemary leaves, rosemary herbal tea,...

Secondary Metabolites from Australian Lichens Ramalina celastri and Stereocaulon ramulosum Affect Growth and Metabolism of Photobiont Asterochloris erici through Allelopathy.

In the present work, the phytotoxic effects of secondary metabolites extracted from lichen Ramalina celastri (usnic acid) and lichen Stereocaulon ramulosum (a naturally occurring mixture of atranorin and perlatolic acid, approx. 3:1) on cultures of the aposymbiotically grown lichen photobiont Asterochloris erici were evaluated. Algae were cultivated on the surface of glass microfiber disks with applied crystals of lichen extracts for 14 days. The toxicity of each extract was tested at the two selected doses in quantities of 0.01 mg/disk and 0.1 mg/disk. Cytotoxicity of lichen extracts was assessed using selected physiological parameters, such as growth (biomass production) of photobiont cultures, content of soluble proteins, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll a integrity, contents of chlorophylls and total carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, TBARS, ascorbic acid (AsA), reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and composition of selected organic acids of the Krebs cycle. The application of both tested metabolic extracts decreased the growth of photobiont cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, a mixture of atranorin and perlatolic acid was more effective when compared to usnic acid at the same dose tested. A higher degree of cytotoxicity of extracts from lichen S. ramulosum when compared to identical doses of extracts from lichen R. celastri was also confirmed by a more pronounced decrease in chlorophyll a fluorescence and chlorophyll a integrity, decreased content of chlorophylls and total carotenoids, increased production of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, peroxidation of membrane lipids (assessed as TBARS), and a strong decrease in non-enzymatic antioxidants such as AsA, GSH, and GSSG. The cytotoxicity of lichen compounds was confirmed by a strong alteration in the composition of selected organic acids included in the Krebs cycle. The increased ratio between pyruvic acid and citric acid was a very sensitive parameter of phytotoxicity of lichen secondary metabolites to the algal partner of symbiosis. Secondary metabolites of lichens are potent allelochemicals and play significant roles in maintaining the balance between mycobionts and photobionts, forming lichen thallus.

Solar photocatalytic degradation of model naphthenic acids mixtures by Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/NiO/Ag: Exploring the influence of inorganic fraction of oil sands process water

This study investigates the comparative photocatalytic degradation of six model naphthenic acids, key organic constituents responsible for the toxicity of oil sands process water, using the semiconductor photocatalysts Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6/NiO/Ag in both buffered solution and the inorganic fraction of OSPW. The heterojunction catalyst (Bi2WO6/NiO/Ag) exhibited the highest removal efficiencies for these organic pollutants with k values 0.048, 0.036, 0.019, 0.283, 0.026, and 0.075 min−1 for 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, tetrahydropyran-4-carboxylic acid, tetrahydro-2H-thiopyran-4-carboxylic acid, isonipecotic acid, and 4,5-dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, respectively. Experimental analysis suggested that chloride and bicarbonate inhibited the photocatalytic degradation of the target naphthenic acids, while nitrate could accelerate the production of aminyl radicals, enhancing the degradation of isonipecotic acid. Notably, four additional nitrated and hydroxylated by-products were identified during 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid degradation in the presence of nitrate. The addition of the catalyst not only accelerated the degradation rate of 1-adamantanecarboxylic acid but also helped mitigate the formation of potentially toxic by-products. Additionally, the transformation products of 4,5-dihydronaphtho[1,2-b] thiophene-2-carboxylic acid were identified. Degradation pathways were further elucidated with the assistance of density functional theory calculations, identifying the β-carbon as the initial reactive site, with the sulfur atom also playing a significant role in reactivity. These findings contribute to the understanding of the water matrix-induced transformation process of model naphthenic acids during photocatalytic treatment, enhancing the environmental applicability of photocatalytic treatments.

Structural and synthesis study of eight isostructural coordination polymers formed by 5-sulfoisophthalic acid and lanthanide ions

This work presents the synthesis and structural characterization of eight isostructural 1D coordination polymers formed by the coordination of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid with various lanthanides ions: Ln = CeIII,PrIII,SmIII,GdIII,DyIII,HoIII,Er(III)andTm(III). The structures were synthetized via a two-step process, wherein a solution of lanthanide ions was added to a mixture of 5-sulfoisophthalic acid and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, the latter serving as an auxiliary ligand. This method has proven to be a simpler approach compared to those described in the literature. The compounds were characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Structural analysis revealed a significant correlation between atomic number of the lanthanide ion, unit cell parameters, and space group. On the other hand, the Hirshfeld surface analysis and the two-dimensional fingerprint plot revealed that the set of the intermolecular forces remains unchanged across different lanthanide ion.

Cefadroxil photodegradation processes sensitized by natural pigments: mechanistic aspects and impact on the antimicrobial function.

Cefadroxil is a widely used antibiotic with a low elimination efficiency in wastewater treatments plants, so it represents a contaminants of emerging concern that should be removed. The photosensitization process that involves natural pigments and visible sunlight can be offered as an environmentally friendly alternative to be considered for Cefadroxil degradation. In this investigation, we carried out a mechanistic and kinetic approach to Cefadroxil photodegradation sensitized by Riboflavin and Humic Acid, in individual and combined processes. Our experiments indicate that Cefadroxil is able to interact with the excited states of Riboflavin as well as with the photogenerated reactive oxygen species, with an important contribution of singlet oxygen. The antibiotic was less sensitive to the photodegradation in the presence of Humic Acids and in the mixture of Riboflavin and Humic Acids. Self-sensitization processes and internal filter effects are proposed as possible explanations for the observed phenomenon. The reaction between Cefadroxil and singlet oxygen showed a dependence with the pH of the medium, the photodegradation kinetic constants are greater at alkaline pH compared to neutral pH. The reaction is favored when the anionic species of the antibiotic is present. Microbiological tests on S. aureus indicated that the antibiotic reduce its antimicrobial activity as a consequence of the photooxidative process mediated by singlet oxygen. We believe that the results are relevant since, the sensitized photodegradation process could lead to the oxidation of Cefadroxil and to the progressive loss of its antimicrobial function, this fact could contribute to the decrease in the generation of bacterial multi-resistance to antibiotics in the environment.

Extreme Chemical Reduction on Photoresist Stripping Process by Using Sulfuric Acid Ozone Mixture in Liquid Film

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mixture (SPM) has been widely used in the photoresist (PR) stripping process of semiconductor manufacturing. However, the consumption of H2SO4 and H2O2 increases environmental burden such as water pollution. To reduce SPM consumption, one of the ideas was that SPM was supplied to the wafer until liquid film was formed and stopped during stripping process instead of continuous dispensing. It was concerned that chemical species in SPM became inactive while SPM was stopped. Therefore, in this work, H2SO4 liquid film was formed on the wafer and then exposed to ozone (O3) atmosphere so that chemical species remained active. Generation of peroxydisulfate ion (S2O8 2−) by reacting hydrogen sulfate (HSO4 −) with O3 was the key to achieve PR stripping (1, 2). Results showed sulfuric acid ozone mixture (SOM) in liquid film was comparable to conventional SPM even though chemical consumption of SOM was extremely reduced.

Influence of the Use of Ammonium Sulfate and Citric Acid on the Buoyancy of Minerals in Copper-cobalt Plant Process (Case of 635 Deposit Fed at Kambove

The objective pursued in this work is testing the performance of two new reagents namely ammonium sulfate and citric acid, on buoyancy of Kamfundwa ore currently treated at Kambove Concentrator. Optimization tests were conducted in order to determine the optimal doses of reagents commonly used, in this case Sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH), the amylxanthate potassium (KAX), Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), and the mixture fuel-fatty acid. Metallurgical results obtained with these tests were used as reference for further work. Tests with citric acid alone could not improve the metallurgical results obtained under standard conditions, the same finding was observed in tests with ammonium sulfate alone and that performance seemed to be much closer to those of reference tests. We finally realized flotation tests by combining citric acid and ammonium sulfate in order to streamline the synergy of these two reagents. It appears from these tests that at the dose of 600 g / t of citric acid and 400 g / t of ammonium sulfate, metallurgical performance obtained are better than previously. The following results were achieved during the batch flotation tests: 18.87% as copper content of the head concentrate, with a recovery rate of 55.34%, and 10.81% as copper content of the global concentrate; for a copper recovery corresponding to 80.94%. This mixture of citric acid and ammonium sulfate has allowed good selectivity and a reduction of gangue trained to the concentrate.

Analysis of forensic polymer samples using double shot pyrolysis gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry

Polymers are present in many different products, such as paints, plastics, and rubbers, which are routinely encountered in forensic casework. Comparison of such samples involves an initial visual examination followed by comparison of the chemical compositions of the exhibits. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (PyGC-MS) have been reported for determining the chemical compositions of polymers in forensic samples. Double-shot pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (DS-PyGC-MS) is an extension of single-shot pyrolysis gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (SS-PyGC-MS) which is the current PyGC-MS method used in most forensic laboratories. DS-PyGC-MS involves a preliminary thermal desorption GC-MS step, followed by the pyrolysis GC-MS step, with this second step being analogous to SS-PyGC-MS. The pyrolyser furnace operates at a lower temperature during the thermal desorption step, allowing low volatility compounds, such as additives, to be thermally desorbed and detected, minimising interference from the polymeric component of the sample. This pilot study analysed four different polymeric substrates, commonly encountered in forensic casework, by DS-PyGC-MS. The substrates chosen were tyre rubber, road cones, cling film, and shotgun wads. The aim was to investigate whether more chemical information was generated by DS-PyGC-MS compared to SS-PyGC-MS, potentially providing increased discrimination of such samples. Qualitative results showed that tyre rubber and road cones were ideal substrates for DS-PyGC-MS. A wide range of additives were detected in these samples in the thermal desorption step, which were not detected using SS-PyGC-MS. All of the rubber tyres (n=5) and road cones (n=6) were able to be uniquely distinguished using DS-PyGC-MS. Some additional compounds were detected in the thermal desorption analysis of shotgun wads (n=4), providing increased discrimination compared to SS-PyGC-MS. For the cling film samples analysed (n=7) the polyethylene-based cling films (n=6) could not be distinguished from each other, with no compounds detected in the thermal desorption step. The other cling film sample contained a mixture of polylactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and could easily be distinguished from the polyethylene-based cling films using either SS- or DS-PyGC-MS, or other common analytical methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). This pilot study has demonstrated that DS-PyGC-MS has the potential to provide more comprehensive chemical composition information for some polymeric substrates and is a promising method for the forensic comparison of polymer evidence.

Hot spots drive uptake and short‐term processing of organic and inorganic carbon and nitrogen in intertidal sediments

AbstractThis study uses dual‐labeled (13C and 15N) stable isotope applications to examine microbial uptake and short‐term processing of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from organic and inorganic compounds in subtropical intertidal sediment. Four treatment applications were applied: (1) algal dissolved organic matter (DOM), (2) amino acid mixture, (3) glucose and , and (4) NaHCO3 and to assess bioavailability effects on processing (1 vs. 2) and short‐term processing for OM fixed via microphytobenthos only (pennate diatom dominated) (4) vs. material taken up by the entire microbial community (3) across 24 h. 13C from algal‐DOM was preferentially used by the microbial community vs. 15N. At 24 h more 13C from algal‐DOM remained in microbial biomass indicating use of labeled precursor molecules to form biomass. Conversely, 13C from the amino acid treatment was not incorporated into biomass and was either rapidly respired to DIC or discarded as the in situ microbial community preferentially used and retained 15N from amino acids. Short‐term export of 13C as CO2 from glucose was lower than from microphytobenthos‐C, while retention of 15N from was similar between treatments (3 and 4) despite doubling the application N concentration, suggesting potentially higher glucose‐stimulated 15N export via nitrification–denitrification that was not confirmed via flux measurements in this study. Despite careful site selection for similar tidal exposure and sediment types among the three estuaries, the uptake and processing of labeled substrate varied substantially between replicates and sites which challenged traditional statistical analysis. Disproportionate processing of substrates occurring in sediment hotspots of microbial activity can cause variability spanning orders of magnitude which was found to be widespread through comparison of our results against 19 previous studies in intertidal settings. Development of robust analytical techniques to handle variability from abiotic and biotic factors will allow greater clarity surrounding in situ biogeochemical processing in intertidal environments.

Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. &amp; Development of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chloroform Extracts.

The aim of the present investigation is to Evaluation of Anti-oxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. &amp; Development of Chromatographic Fingerprint of Chloroform Extracts. The roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. were purchased from the local market. The roots were taxonomically identified by Senior Scientist at KNK college of Horticulture. Accurately weighed quantity of roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. were extracted using petroleum ether (only for removal of fats and lipids), chloroform, methanol, butanol and finally water by soxhlet apparatus for 72 h. Qualitative chemical tests of chloroform, methanol, butanol and water extracts were subjected to various chemical tests to detect various phytoconstituents. β-carotene oxidative bleaching in β-caroten/linoleic acid mixture with and without the addition of different extract of plant. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the test solutions was determined using DPPH photometric method. Anisaldehyde sulphuric acid and vanillin sulphuric acid and heated at 1150 C for 5 minutes. Solvent systems; n-hexane: ethyl acetate, 7:3 were found to be most satisfactory solvent system for chloroform extracts for root respectively. Vitamin E as standard was utilized in this measure and 84% hindrance was viewed as at 30 minutes. Chloroform separate likewise showed 70% restraint at 30 minutes which was decreased to 45% at the hour of 120 minutes. Hydroxyl revolutionary ability to rummage determined as IC50 from the trial information and it uncovers that chloroform, methanol, butanol and water removes have IC50 upsides of 46 μg/mL, 100μg/mL, 200 μg/mL and 150μg/mL, individually. DPPH scavenging capacity determined as IC50 and it shows that chloroform separate has IC50 of 36 μg/mL followed by ascorbic corrosive (3.1μg/mL), gallic corrosive (3.4μg/mL), methanol (41μg/mL), butanolic (46μg/mL) and water (44μg/mL) extricates. The present findings are momentous for the development of alternative, inexpensive and perhaps safer strategies for the handling of diseases.

Lignocellulose Treatment Using a Flow-Through Variant of OrganoCat Process.

This study adapts the biphasic OrganoCat system into a flow-through (FT) reactor, using a heated tubular setup where a mixture of oxalic acid and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) is pumped through beech wood biomass. This method minimizes solvent-biomass contact time, facilitating rapid product removal and reducing the risk of secondary reactions. A comparative analysis with traditional batch processes reveals that the FT system, especially under severe conditions, significantly enhances extraction efficiency, yielding higher amounts of lignin and sugars with reduced solid residue. Notably, the FT system shows partial hydrolysis of the cellulose, which increases with temperature while not producing significant amounts of furfural or 5-HMF, indicating more efficient depolymerization of polysaccharides without substantial sugar degradation. A statistical design of experiments (DOE) using a Box-Behnken design elucidates the influence of process variables (time, solvent flow rate, temperature) on the yield. Key findings highlight reactor temperature as the dominant factor affecting yields, with process time showing a significant but less pronounced impact. This study demonstrates the potential of the FT OrganoCat system for efficient lignocellulosic biomass fractionation and represents an advancement towards continuous lignocellulose processing, contributing to our knowledge of process optimization for improved biorefinery applications.