Mixed Arrangement Research Articles

Practical steps and collegiality in the building of podiatry curricula to meet accreditation and health sector employability demands.

Historically, mixed arrangements have been in place between educational institutions and podiatrist registration bodies to evaluate the capacity of programs to adequately prepare new graduates for clinical practice. The national scheme for the registration of health practitioners introduced in 2010, followed by a national system for accreditation of respective programs, has however seen significant legislative and policy change to requirements for evidencing effectiveness of podiatry programs. In addition, there has been a local and international change in emphasis by stakeholders in higher education, government, professional regulation, quality assurance and employment, towards measureable, explicit student learning outcomes. Curricula initiatives at La Trobe University, including large scale systematic review and redesign of all courses within the Faculty of Health Sciences commencing in 2005, and a subsequent university wide ‘Design for Learning’ project (La Trobe University, 2009), provided a timely platform for podiatry staff to respond to critical emerging imperatives for increased program transparency and accountability. 
 
 The case study presented in this paper provides a practical, in-context explanation of an approach adopted to develop and embed Podiatry Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs). It draws on the podiatry profession’s competency standards and produces aligned curricula (Biggs & Tang, 2007) where fine grain subject Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs), underpinned by related learning and assessment activities, cumulatively address student development of the CLOs. Systematic and comprehensive documented evidence demonstrates when and how key podiatry competencies are developed, attained and assessed in these podiatry curricula.

Transport of Cr(VI) using an advanced membrane technology and (PJMTH+NO3−) ionic liquid derived from amine Primene JMT as green chemicals

The extraction of Cr(VI) from acidic solutions through pseudo-emulsion-based membrane strip dispersion (PEMSD) was conducted in a microporous hydrophobic polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF) membrane support and permeation cell. As organic extractant ionic liquids derived from the primary amine Primene JMT in cumene was used. The acidic feed solution containing Cr(VI) was placed in one side of the permeation cell, whereas the pseudo-emulsion of Primene JMT/cumene and acidic solution was placed in the other side of the cell, using a single microporous hydrophobic PVDF membrane support for extraction and stripping. In PEMSD the aqueous acidic (HNO3) solution was dispersed into the organic (Primene JMT/cumene) membrane solution with a mixing arrangement (impeller stirrer) designed to form a strip dispersion. This operation mode provides a constant supply of the ionic liquid extractant/cumene solution to the membrane pores. Various hydrodynamic and chemical parameters, either in the feed or in the pseudo-emulsion phases, were investigated. Results showed that from feed solutions in the pH 3 range, chromium removal efficiencies exceeding 90% are achieving after 3 h, whereas chromium recovery in the strip solution is dependent upon the strippant concentration. Furthermore, the performance of this carrier against other extractants was evaluated.

The Numerical Simulation Research on Heat Exchanging Enhancement and Structural Optimization of the Flue Gas Heat Transfer of Mixed Arrangement Irregular Heat-Pipe

The mixed arrangement irregular heat-pipe flue gas heat transfer was researched, using numerical simulation method. The irregular heat-pipe: triangle heat pipe; square heat pipe. The heat pipe equivalent diameter of flue gas heat transfer is 20 mm, the speed of inlet flue gas is 11 m/s, the inlet temperature of flue gas is 500 K. the results show mixed arrangement irregular heat-pipe can enhance heat exchanging, the optimal parameters of mixed arrangement structure in the condition of given working condition: the first row is triangle heat pipe, the second row is circular heat pipe, the third row is triangle heat pipe, row 4 is square heat pipe, the line spacing of the first row and second is 40 mm, the line spacing of the second and third row is 40 mm, the line spacing of the third row and the fourth row is 35 mm, and the row spacing of the tube is 40 mm. the heat transfer efficiency of the optimized irregular heat-pipe-exchanger raised 40 ~ 60%.

Informal Accountability in Multisector Service Delivery Collaborations

Multiagency collaboration is widely used in contemporary service delivery systems. This article explores the interpersonal interactions within collaborative systems, among subsystems, and among organizations. Our focus is on illuminating the informal mechanisms that facilitate collaboration, joint production, coordination and integration of service delivery, and sustained effort. Such interactions generate unofficial expectations, discretionary behaviors, and provider “communities” that can ameliorate or exacerbate problems of interorganizational networks where collaboration is appropriate or desirable. We use a multiple case–study approach to explore the dynamics of informal accountability among individuals working within county-based children’s service systems in three states. We find informal interpersonal dynamics nested in combinations of vertical and horizontal ties with mixed administrative authority arrangements derived from both formal and informal accountability relationships. These data reveal shared norms, facilitative behaviors, informal rewards and sanctions, and challenges that create the dynamics of informal accountability. Informal accountability is shaped by the prevalence of relationship building and champion behavior as facilitative behaviors, discernible tension between the operation of formal and informal accountability systems, a gap between the rhetoric of collaboration and the reality of collaborative service provision, differences in informal accountability dynamics across hierarchical levels within service delivery systems, and the critical roles of street-level caseworkers in informal accountability.

Peculiarities of brain electric activity in young males and females of different creativity levels

AbstractThis article shows that the peculiarities of divergent and convergent thinking in young males and females of various creativity levels are stipulated by a definite EEG frequency-and-spatial arrangement. Young males and females of mixed and left lateral arrangement profiles demonstrate an expressed activity of occipital, central, and temporal areas of both cerebral hemispheres. In young males and females of right LAP (lateral arrangement profile), connections are clearly localized in case of solution of both convergent and divergent tasks. Solution of divergent and convergent tasks may condition certain frequency-and-spatial arrangement of EEG in young males and females with different levels of academic progress and a different lateral arrangement profile (LAP).DOI: 10.11621/pir.2013.0303Pages: 31-40By: Ermakov, Pavel N. Saakyan, Oxana S.Themes: Special Section: Science in Dialogue -- 10th Sino-German Workshop Selected PapersKeywords: creativity, lateral arrangement profile (LAP), intrahemispheric and interhemispheric coherent connections, convergent tasks, divergent tasks, academic progress, gender.1. IntroductionThe problem of brain mechanisms in creative thinking is among the most prominent in modern psychophysiology (Bekhtereva, 2006; Volf, Razumnikova, 2009, 2010; Fink, 2010; Mihov, Denzlerb, Forsterb, 2010; Zenasni, Lubarta, 2011, etc.).There are currently quite a number of investigations devoted to the peculiarities of interhemispheric action, and the specific roles played by each hemisphere in creative thinking and individual diversities (Razumnikolva, 2001; Hoppe, 1988; Zenasni, Lubart?, 2011, etc.). Some other investigations show the role of the prefrontal areas in both hemispheres, the frontal and temporal areas in the right hemisphere, the occipital zone in the left hemisphere, the parietal and central areas in both hemispheres, and the frontal temporal areas in both hemispheres in verbal and non-verbal creative thinking (Bekhtereva, 2006; Volf, Razumnikova, Bryzgalov, 2010, etc.).The existing data on the roles of the right and left brain hemispheres in creative thinking are rather contradictory: on the one hand, the right hemisphere is involved in creation in divergent thinking (Razumnikolva 2001, 2009; Shamay-Tsoorya, Adlera, Aharon-Peretzb, Perrya, Mayselessa, 2011, etc.); on the other hand, the activation of the right cortex is also possible in convergent thinking (Hoppe, 1988).There is also data fr om many researchers indicating a closer interhemispheric integration and a less expressed brain asymmetry in creative individuals.The topicality of studying the professional behavior of the personality, specifically its creative potential, development and formation mechanisms, has greatly increased under the conditions of the economy of Russia (Barysheva, 2006; Guselnikova, 2008; Petrova, 2009, etc.).However, there are practically no investigations concerning specific brain mechanisms (EEG correlates) in people of different creativity levels, and concerning their connection with individual typological peculiarities.The objective of this investigation is to study brain electric activity peculiarities in young males and females of different creativity levels in solving cognitive tasks.2. Subject and research methods2.1 Subject of researchThe subject under examination is the frequency-and-spatial EEG characteristics in young males and females of different creativity levels and lateral arrangement profiles (LAP) in the solution of cognitive tasks.The test group included 2nd to 5th year students of the Southern Federal University majoring in humanities: 190 people aged between 18 and 23, among them 93 males and 97 females. In accordance with the above objective, all the test subjects were subdivided into smaller groups depending on creativity level, academic performance level, lateral arrangement profile (LAP), and gender. …

Geothermal Water Resources Management – Economic Aspects Of Their Treatment / Gospodarka Zasobami Wód Termalnych - Ekonomiczne Aspekty Ich Uzdatniania

Streszczenie Wody geotermalne to źródło czystej energii. Warto więc wykorzystywać je w sposób racjonalny zwłaszcza w sensie energetycznym i gospodarczym. Jednym z kluczowych czynników, determinujących warunki eksploatacji wód geotermalnych, wielkość wykorzystania energii oraz sposób zagospodarowania wód schłodzonych jest zasolenie wód. Podwyższone zasolenie oraz występowanie mikroelementów toksycznych w wodach może często determinować trudności związane utylizacją wykorzystanych wód. Tylko w kilku polskich zakładach geotermalnych wody eksploatowane są w układzie zamkniętym (po wykorzystaniu wtłaczane z powrotem do górotworu). Częściej stosowany jest system otwarty (wody odprowadzane są do cieków powierzchniowych lub kanalizacji) lub mieszany (tylko część wód wraca do złoża za pomocą otworów chłonnych, druga część jest zrzucana do rzek). Odsalanie wód eotermalnych może stanowić, w określonych przypadkach, alternatywę umożliwiającą zaspokojenie lokalnego zapotrzebowania na wodę słodką (np. zdatną do picia). Ocena możliwości wdrożenia analizowanego procesu na skalę przemysłową w dużej mierze zależy od kierunków i możliwości utylizacji/zagospodarowania koncentratu. Biorąc pod uwagę względy środowiskowe, najkorzystniejszym rozwiązaniem jest wtłaczanie koncentratu do górotworu. Przeprowadzona analiza energe­tyczna i ekonomiczna wykazała, że opłacalność wdrożenia na skalę przemysłową procesu odsalania w systemie geotermalnym w dużej mierze zależy od czynników związanych z jego pracą, a w szczególności: wielkości wydobycia wód geotermalnych, zasolenia wód, parametrów chłonnych otworów przeznaczonych do wtłaczania wód do górotworu, skali problemów związanych z utylizacją schłodzonych wód, lokalnego zapotrzebowania na wody pitne i gospodarcze i in. Kluczowa dla opłacalności tego procesu jest między innymi redukcja wymaganego ciśnienia przy wtłaczaniu wód do górotworu i redukcja wielkości strumienia zatłaczanych wód. Bardzo ważnym elementem jest również zapewnienie odpowiednich warunków zbytu odsolonych wód (cena/ilość) celem pokrycia zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną wykorzystaną w procesie odsalania.

저층·고층 아파트가 혼합배치된 단지에서 공기단축이 건설사업비에 미치는 영향 분석

In case of Korean housing complex, there became more mixed arrangement of buildings with different number of layers for a variety of urban skyline, recently. For example, around 33% of the construction sites of 'A' public corporation have gaps of more than 4 layers between high-rise buildings and low-rise ones in the same site, according to the survey. Generally, construction duration of the housing complex is estimated based on the layers of the highest building. Due to this baseline, whole construction duration could be extended so that the project cost could be increased. Therefore, framework duration of higher-rise buildings should be reduced to secure the feasibility of the project. On the other hands, these shortenings could adversely harm the feasibility in some cases because there are a wide range of combinations of the buildings with different number of layers in designing housing complex. Therefore, this study shows the results of analysis on effects of framework time shortening on the cost in housing complex project. Moreover, this could set the baseline of checking possibilities in condensing the construction duration of projects with buildings of different layers by supplying comprehensive database.

Influence of Dipole–Dipole Interactions on Coverage-Dependent Adsorption: CO and NO on Pt(111)

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of energetic, geometric, vibrational, and electrostatic properties of different arrangements of CO and NO at quarter and half monolayer coverage on Pt(111) are presented. Differences in the extents of electron back-donation from the Pt surface to these molecules cause the low-coverage adsorbate dipoles to have opposite signs at atop and more highly coordinated bridge or fcc sites. These dipoles of opposite sign occupy adjacent positions in the experimentally observed atop-bridge or atop-fcc high -coverage arrangements, leading to attractive electrostatic interactions and concomitant changes in dipole moments, bond lengths, and vibrational frequencies. The interaction energies are estimated by charge partitioning to extract individual dipoles from the mixed arrangement and by calculations of field-dipole interactions. These estimated dipole interactions contribute significantly (20-60%) to the DFT-calculated relative stability of mixed arrangements over atop-, bridge-, or fcc-only arrangements and thus play an important role in coverage-dependent adsorption. We further extend these analyses to a range of molecules with varying dipole moments and show that the general nature of these interactions is not limited to CO and NO.

The Uneven Geography of Racial and Ethnic Wage Inequality: Specifying Local Labor Market Effects

This article extends research on intermetropolitan and regional wage inequality through an investigation of the uneven geography of racial and ethnic wage inequality across metropolitan labor markets. Prior geographic studies largely restricted analysis of the source of intermetropolitan wage disparities to differences in industrial structure. The study described in this article further expands the analysis of labor market effects by conceptually describing and empirically analyzing the effects of three significant racial labor market institutions: public employment, unionization, and the penal system. I investigate these effects as part of a more extensive analysis of how local labor market structure—comprised of industrial mix, demographic composition, and institutional and regulatory arrangements—matters in mediating racial wage inequality. I use data from the 2000 U.S. Census and multilevel methods to analyze the wage differentials of African American and native- and foreign-born Latino men relative to whites across 186 U.S. metropolitan areas. Local labor market structure mediates different types of racial wage inequality in distinct ways: Regulatory context matters most for the relative wages of African Americans; both regulatory context and industrial mix influence the relative wages of native-born Latinos; and industrial composition matters most for the relative wages of foreign-born Latinos. Against these broad patterns of difference, not all effects—especially regulatory and institutional effects—are singularly group specific. Unionization shores up wages for both white and black high school–educated workers and mitigates racial wage inequality. Higher minimum wage rates boost the relative wages of high school–educated whites and native-born Latinos.

Research of band gap properties based on two-dimensional photonic crystal with mixed shapes of rods

Two new structures of photonic crystals were designed. The band gap properties of photonic crystals with square and circular dielectric rods mixed arrangement are researched. The band gap properties of mixed shapes rods photonic crystal are calculated and compared with the crystals with square rods or round rods by using plane wave expansion method. Simulation results show that for the square lattice, mixed shapes of rods make the higher-order bands of TM modes moving toward the low frequency range. The gap bands’ widths and locations are between the parameters of square and round rods photonic crystal. In triangle lattice, a significant band gap is presented in photonic crystal with mixed shapes of rods in TE mode, while it is almost not presented in square and round rods crystals. The phenomenon of bands moving toward the low frequency range is also found in the triangle lattice mixed shapes rods photonic crystal. The reasons of the results in the vision were analyzed.

Tooth microstructure of the Early Permian aquatic predator Stereosternum tumidum and paleobiological implications

A histological investigation of the feeding apparatus of a Stereosternum specimen revealed a great number of adaptations in the structure and insertion of teeth, to deal with breakage risks. The tooth wall is composed of different layers of dentine, varying in orientation and composition. This mixed arrangement may have increased tooth resistance to lateral tension. The tooth insertion also involves more than one mechanism. The teeth are located inside shallow tooth sockets and are held in place by a tripartite periodontium (composed of alveolar bone, cementum and possibly soft periodontal tissue) and accessory structures, here termed anchorage trabeculae (mainly composed of cementum). Fully grown teeth are ankylosed to the bottom of the tooth socket. The recognition of alveolar bone and cementum (and the possible presence of a soft periodontal ligament) reinforces the idea that these tissues were widespread among Amniota, not being exclusive to mammals and archosaurs. The adaptations identified here rein...

Patrotes de Distribución Espacial en plantas clonales

En las especies clonales predomina la distribución agregada de los ramets, pero se plantea que la propagación por diásporas móviles o no ligadas, (por ejemplo, bulbilos y semillas agamospérmicas) forma arreglos espaciales de genets más entremezclados, que la propagación por estructuras ligadas (rizomas y estolones), y se sugiere que los arreglos entremezclados de genets favorecen la entrecruza. En este trabajo se presenta una revisión de 53 estudios en plantas clonales, para investigar la influencia de la producción de propágulos clonales, por diferentes formas de crecimiento clonal, en la formación de arreglos espaciales de genets y ramets. La hipótesis es que los arreglos entremezclados promueven la entrecruza, suponiendo que las poblaciones donde la entrecruza es más frecuente tenderán a presentar niveles más altos de diversidad genotípica. Los estudios revisados muestran un sesgo hacia herbáceas perennes rizomatosas. Predominan los patrones de distribución agregados de parches de ramets de distintos genets no entremezclados. Las poblaciones de especies que tienen ambos tipos de crecimiento de propágulos clonales (ligados y no ligados) y de especies que sólo presentan crecimiento ligado presentan patrones de distribución espacial de genets y ramets más entremezclados que las especies que sólo presentan crecimiento ligado. Encontramos que existe variación intraespecífica tanto en los patrones de distribución espacial como en los patrones reproductivos en las diferentes poblaciones. Sin embargo, utilizando índices de diversidad genotípica como estimadores, solamente se encontró un patrón congruente con el planteamiento sobre el efecto del arreglo espacial de los genets y los ramets en la proporción de genotipos distinguibles. Generalizar las consecuencias reproductivas y genéticas del arreglo espacial de los genets y los ramets continúa siendo complejo, debido a que una reducción del reclutamiento sexual y una dispersión restringida de polen, semillas y propágulos vegetativos pueden generar estructura genética local en las poblaciones. La estructura genética local tanto a nivel de genets (debida a la dispersión restringida de polen, semillas o ambos) como de ramets (indicando dispersión restringida de propágulos vegetativos) fue detectada en 46 poblaciones distribuidas en 16 especies. Estos factores aunados a la variedad de métodos de muestreo empleados en los trabajos publicados para detectar genets y ramets, la falta de estimadores numéricos comparables para describir la distribución espacial y la carencia de estudios en especies que se propagan por diásporas móviles o no ligadas reducen la resolución del efecto que tiene el tipo de crecimiento clonal en la formación de arreglos entremezclados de genets distintos sobre la diversidad genotípica.

Bulk and surface properties of liquid Al–Cr and Cr–Ni alloys

The energetics of mixing and structural arrangement in liquid Al–Cr and Cr–Ni alloys hasbeen analysed through the study of surface properties (surface tension and surfacesegregation), dynamic properties (chemical diffusion) and microscopic functions (concentrationfluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter) in theframework of statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with quasi-lattice theory. TheAl–Cr phase diagram exhibits the existence of different intermetallic compounds in thesolid state, while that of Cr–Ni is a simple eutectic-type phase diagram at hightemperatures and includes the low-temperature peritectoid reaction in the range near aCrNi2 composition. Accordingly, the mixing behaviour in Al–Cr and Cr–Ni alloy melts was studiedusing the complex formation model in the weak interaction approximation and by postulatingAl8Cr5 andCrNi2 chemical complexes, respectively, as energetically favoured.

Internet-based group contingency management to promote abstinence from cigarette smoking: A feasibility study

Background In contingency management (CM) interventions, monetary consequences are contingent on evidence of drug abstinence. Typically, these consequences are contingent on individual performance. Consequences contingent on group performance may promote social support (e.g., praise). Methods Thus, to combine social support with the monetary incentives of CM, we integrated independent and interdependent group contingencies of reinforcement into an Internet-based intervention to promote smoking abstinence. Breath carbon monoxide (CO) measures were compared between treatment conditions and a baseline control condition. Thirteen participants were divided into 5 groups or “teams” ( n = 2–3 per team). Each participant submitted video recordings of CO measurement twice daily via the Internet. Teammates could monitor each other's progress and communicate with one another through an online peer support forum. During a 4-day tapering condition, vouchers exchangeable for goods were contingent on gradual reductions in breath CO. During a 10-day abstinence induction condition, vouchers were contingent on abstinence (CO ≤ 4 ppm). In both treatment conditions, concurrent independent and interdependent group contingencies were arranged (i.e., a mixed contingency arrangement). Results Less than 1% of CO samples submitted during baseline were ≤ 4 ppm, compared to 57% submitted during abstinence induction. Sixty-five percent of participants’ comments on the online peer support forum were rated as positive by independent observers. Participants rated the intervention favorably on a treatment acceptability questionnaire. Conclusion The results suggest that the intervention is feasible and acceptable for promoting abstinence from cigarette smoking.

CONFIGURATION OF CARVED COMPONENTS AND ITS LAYOUT PATTERNS IN MALAY TIMBER HOUSES.

This paper aims to highlight the carving composition within a specific configuration of pattern formed according to the shape, size and layout of the carved components and its placement in the different forms of traditional houses of Kelantan and Terengganu, Malaysia. Archival research was used as the principal method of data collection, which includes an analytical review of measured drawings of the Kelantan and Terengganu timber houses from the Centre for the Study of Built Environment in the Malay World at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Interviews with two prominent woodcarvers for insightful information on the art and craft of woodcarving were also conducted to augment the principal method. The study found that architectural components of the houses like walls, doors and windows, railings, roofs and gable ends were equipped with carvings in different layout of patterns with distinctive features and visual orders including horizontal, vertical and mixed arrangement. Inasmuch the patterns of layouts were in parallel with the functional aspects of various carved components fabricated as perforated ventilation panels of walls, doors and windows, railing panels, decorative wall panels and panels at gable ends. The patterns were in agreement with the nomenclature of their placements within the house fabric.

Mechanism Design for R&D Outsourcing with Double-Sided Moral Hazard and Double-Sided Adverse Selection

It is studied that how to use profit sharing arrangement as an incentive mechanism to stimulate both parties of R&D outsourcing to reveal their private information and commit enough R&D resources or efforts. First, it is proved that the double-sided moral hazard in R&D outsourcing can not be totally prevented under traditional profit-sharing arrangement, namely, fixed, proportional or mixed profit-sharing arrangement. And a new mixed profit sharing arrangement is proposed, which is composed of a fixed transfer payment and allocation proportion, and proved to be able to prevent the double-sided moral hazard, and motivate both parties to reveal their private information and commit enough efforts.

Analysis of Three-Electrode Setups for AC-Impedance Measurements on Lithium-Ion Cells by FEM simulations

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a well-established method for investigating electrode processes in lithium-ion cells. Commonly, a three-electrode setup is used, with a reference electrode positioned at the rim of the separator and centered between working and counter electrode. The reliability of this setup is evaluated theoretically by using finite-element calculations and experimentally by using LiFePO4 and lithium-metal electrodes in symmetrical and mixed arrangements measured as half-cells and full-cells. The results show that asymmetries between working and counter electrode arising from electrode misalignment and/or different electrode characteristics, adulterate the reference electrode potential. In consequence, errors such as quantitative scaling factors and cross contamination of electrode impedance response arise and inductive artifacts develop. Furthermore, we assess the impedance distortion quantitatively for different ratios of electrolyte and electrode resistances.

Improvement of the dynamic range of a fiber specklegram sensor based on volume speckle recording in photorefractive materials

In this work, the improvement of the dynamic range of a micro displacement sensor based on fiber specklegrams holographically stored in a photorefractive BSO (Bi 12SiO 20) crystal is reported. In our experimental setup, a plastic optical fiber (POF) was used to generate a subjective speckle pattern that was recorded in the crystal using a two-wave mixing arrangement. The speckle size was controlled by modifying the diameter of a pupil aperture adjacent to a lens producing the image of the speckle. Fringe patterns were obtained at the output of the system by producing micro displacements of the fiber output end. An increase in the visibility of the fringe patterns was appreciated when the pupil aperture diameter decreased even without controlling the average modulation of the intensity of the light pattern, i.e. when the speckle length increased and the average light modulation simultaneously decreased. This behavior allowed recovering the autocorrelation functions of fringe patterns associated with displacements that initially led to decorrelation, and therefore, significantly to improve the dynamic range of the metrological system. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report about the influence of speckle size on the dynamic range of fiber specklegrams sensors recorded on photorefractive materials.

Influence of the volume speckle on fiber specklegram sensors based on four-wave mixing in photorefractive materials

In this work, the dependence on the speckle size in the performance of a micro displacement sensor based on fiber specklegrams stored in a photorefractive BSO (Bi 12SiO 20) crystal is experimentally demonstrated. In our experimental setup, a plastic optical fiber (POF) was used to generate a subjective speckle pattern which was recorded in the crystal by using a four-wave mixing arrangement in transmission geometry. The speckle size was controlled by modifying the diameter of a pupil aperture adjacent to a lens producing the image of the speckle. The signal speckle beam was mixed into the crystal with two counter propagating pump beams to generate a fourth beam which is proportional to the conjugate of the original speckle beam. Real time fringe patterns were obtained at the output of the system by producing micro displacements of the fiber output end. Increases of the phase conjugation reflectivity and the visibility of the fringe patterns were appreciated when the speckle length was increased by decreasing the pupil aperture diameter. This behavior allowed recovering the autocorrelation functions of fringe patterns associated to micro displacements that initially led to decorrelation, and therefore, to improve the dynamic range of the metrological system. Until the best of our knowledge this is the first report about the influence of the speckle size on fiber specklegrams sensors recorded on photorefractive materials by four-wave mixing.

SU-GG-T-101: Dosimetric Analysis of Matching 6 MV Photon and Electron Fields in Chestwall Treatment

Purpose: To investigate dose distribution for matching 6MV photon and electron fields in chestwall treatment. Method and Materials: A rectangular water equivalent phantom was used to investigate dose distribution at junction of adjacent photon and electron fields. Both 3D and simple IMRT plans have been created for photon fields. Electron plans with different electron energy were created and normalized to 90% iso‐dose line. Photon and electron fields were matched based on skin markings. Monte Carlo simulation has been applied for photon plans. We compared plans with a single photon‐electron match line to “mixed treatment” plans using 2 photon‐electron match lines (ie day1/day2) Results: Hot spots are observed at junction of photon field for all energy electron fields. The highest dose are 129%, 134%, 137%, 139% and 139% of dose for 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV electrons, respectively, with 6MV photon fields. The depths of these hot spots from skin surface are 1.5, 2.5, 3.4, 4.6 and 5.5cm, as compared with dmax for the electron fields individually (1.4, 2.2, 3.0, 3.0 and 2.0 cm, respectively). The hot spots for “mixed treatment” arrangement (day 1 and day 2) are 120%, 123%, 126%, 129% and 130% of dose, much lower than for the single match‐line fields. The depth for hot spot for day 1 and day 2 arrangement stays similar with day1 treatment. Results from Monte Carlo simulation agree with pencil beam dose calculation algorithm in skin region. Conclusion: Hot spots are reduced to clinically acceptable level by mixed treatment arrangement with two or even more matching lines between photon and electron fields. Further study is warranted to compare these results with intensity and/or energy modulated electron treatment, which may provide a more homogeneous dose distribution for chestwall treatment.