Mixed Powders Research Articles

Mixing of powders under periodic shear stress: effect of initial filling level

Powder Mixing continues being of great importance in the field of particle technology because of the challenge to get homogeneous mixtures at a large scale. However, it is still moderately understood because of the complexity of designing 3D experiments that consider all the factors affecting the powder flow and powder mixing, hindering the acquisition of enough data that would provide a basic conception of powder behavior. This study involves a simple granular material mixing system of low friction that has five walls, where two of them are high friction moving walls following a cyclic function, and the others are non-friction static walls. The purpose was to create a complete set of 3D experiments of powder distribution to have a better insight into the inside mixing behavior as a function of the initial powder filling level. Experiments at different filling heights were run, obtaining the best mixing at the highest filling level. It was obtained a non-mixing zone with a triangle shape highly affected by the column particle weight. The increase of the vertical component of the resultant force produced by the acrylic motion walls causes a high momentum transfer in the x, y and z directions resulting in a decrease in the no-mixing zone. It was found an asymptotic behavior of the triangle height as a function of the initial filling height of the powders which indicates that values above a limited initial filling level will not have a significant effect on the triangle. A filling height increment of 100 % from 3.81 to 7.62 cm causes an increase in the mixing of 4.44 %. DEM simulations for mixing in the low-shear equipment were run to compare the experimental work

Impact of reinforcement proportions on mechanical properties and micro-structure of modified Al2O3-LM6 cast composites synthesize at self-pouring temperature: optimization through mixture design of experiment (DoE)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the impact of varying proportions of reinforcement on the mechanical properties of a modified Al2O3-LM6 cast composite under self-pouring temperature conditions. This study aims to determine the optimal mixture proportion of fine powders of Al, Si and xAl2O3 (with x values of 2%, 3% and 4%) through the application of design of experiment (DoE) and statistical analysis using the Minitab software. This study also involved evaluating the microstructural estimation and other physical properties of the cast composite to understand the combined effect of the reinforcement proportion on the material’s properties. Design/methodology/approach The researchers initially mixed the powders through ball milling and then compacted the moisture-free powder mix in a closed steel die. The resulting preforms were heated at the self-pouring temperature in an inert environment to fabricate the final cast composite. By applying DoE and performing an analysis of variance (ANOVA), the researchers sought to optimize the mixture proportion that would yield the best mechanical properties. Findings The experimental results indicated that a mixture combination of 83.5% Al blended with 12.5% Si and 4% Al2O3 led to the greatest improvement in mechanical properties, specifically in terms of increased density, hardness and impact strength. The ANOVA further supported the interaction effect of each processing parameter on the observed results. The results of this study offer valuable insights for the fabrication of modified Al2O3-LM6 cast composites under self-pouring temperature conditions. The identified optimal mixture proportion provides guidance for manufacturing processes and material selection to achieve improved mechanical properties in similar applications. Originality/value This study focuses on a specific composite material consisting of modified Al2O3 and LM6. Although Al2O3 and LM6 have been studied individually in various contexts, the combination of these materials and their impact on mechanical properties under self-pouring temperature conditions is a novel aspect of this research. The researchers use DoE methodology, along with statistical analysis using Minitab software, to optimize the mixture proportion and analyze the data. This systematic approach allows for a comprehensive exploration of the parameter space and the identification of significant factors that influence the mechanical properties of the composite.

A new approach to evaluate mixing time in a V-type powder mixer: Taguchi weighted grey relational analysis

A new approach to evaluate mixing time in a V-type powder mixer: Taguchi weighted grey relational analysis

Fabrication of AgGaTe2 Solar Cells Using GaTe Powder to Suppress Mo–Te Compounds Formation near the Electrode Layer

AgGaTe2 is an attractive material for the light‐absorbing layer in solar cells and has been deposited by close‐spaced sublimation using Ga2Te3 powder source. However, the samples exhibit an excess of Te, as well as undesired Mo–Te compounds, when AgGaTe2 is deposited on Mo/glass substrates. Therefore, the AgGaTe2 light‐absorbing layer is deposited using an Ag2Te and GaTe mixed powder source and examined herein. By replacing the Ga2Te3 source with GaTe, the Te content confirmed by the X‐ray fluorescent has significantly decreased. Cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy observation indicates that the formation of Mo–Te compounds is suppressed. This is because Ga2Te3 produces additional Te gas in the initial decomposition reaction during deposition, and GaTe does not. In addition, the J–V curves show an improved conversion efficiency for solar cells fabricated using GaTe.

A validated RP-UPLC method for estimation of Samidorphan and Olanzapine in mixed powder and combined tablets

Back groundThe key objective of the research study is to develop a new stability-indicating RP-UPLC approach to determine the presence of Samidorphan and Olanzapine simultaneously in bulk and their combination. A successful separation of Samidorphan and Olanzapine was achieved by using HSS column C18 (100 × 2.1 mm), a mobile phase of 0.1% orthophospharic acid: Acetonitrile (70:30 v/v), flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, and detection wavelength of 230 nm. The stability of the analytes in bulk and dosage forms was evaluated using extreme forced conditions, such as hydrolysis with acid and base, peroxide oxidation, and heat degradation, following ICH guidelines.ResultsOlanzapine and Samidorphan had retention times of 0.46 and 0.93 min, respectively. Olanzapine and Samidorphan have linear responses from the proposed method in the concentration ranges of 5–30 µg/mL and 2.5–15 µg/mL, respectively. The computed detection and quantification limits for Olanzapine were 0.22 µg/mL and 0.471 µg/mL, and for Samidorphan were 0.12 µg/mL and 0.36 µg/mL. All method validation parameters have complied with the ICH guidelines' Q2 acceptance limits. The stability representing the feature of the approach has been seen with the excellent resolution among the Olanzapine and Samidorphan and degradation products.ConclusionThe suggested RP-UPLC method was extremely sensitive, precise, and stable-indicating. The technique can potentially be used in the production of Olanzapine and Samidorphan for routine analysis in the quality control department.Graphical abstract

A novel process for multi-stage continuous selective leaching of lithium from industrial-grade complicated lithium-ion battery waste

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in fields such as electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, energy storage systems, and medical equipment, and their indispensable and irreplaceable characteristics are highly regarded. However, extensive disposal of lithium-ion batteries occurs due to severe electrochemical property degradation. These waste batteries, as high-grade secondary resources, have become exceedingly valuable, especially given their lithium content far exceeding the mineable grade from conventional mining processes. Recovering this lithium not only contributes to the circular utilization of resources but also yields substantial economic benefits. This paper presents an innovative method that directly and selectively leaches lithium from industrial-grade composite lithium-ion battery waste. Unlike conventional methods, which require the separation of cathode active materials from other components, this method directly acts on complicated mixed powders, achieving a high leaching rate of lithium and exceptional leaching selectivity (Li extraction rate is higher than 96 %, while the extractions of iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and manganese are all lower than 1 %). Furthermore, a multi-stage continuous leaching process has been developed, enabling efficient selective leaching and enrichment of lithium from industrial-grade mixed waste materials. This method is suitable for various compositions of industrial lithium-ion battery waste and has demonstrated excellent industrial prospects in mini-pilot industrial experiments. Additionally, the paper investigates the washing, purification, and precipitation processes, resulting in a high-concentration and high-purity lithium-rich solution after four-stage washing and two-stage purification. And battery-grade lithium carbonate can be obtained after precipitation. Moreover, the economic evaluation calculations confirm that this method is profitable and feasible. This new method offers advantages such as high leaching rates, excellent selectivity, a streamlined process, low costs, wide applicability, environmental friendliness, and feasibility for industrialization. It represents efficient and sustainable technology with promising applications.

Combustion Characteristics of Boron-Iron Powder with Micro-Zone Compounding

ABSTRACT Boron-iron composite powders with a D50 value of < 0.5 μm and iron contents of 5, 10, and 20 wt.% were prepared via a combination of electro-explosive and roll-grinding methods. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalysis revealed evidence of boron-ion micro-zone composites. Ignition tests using a 150-W laser in a pure oxygen atmosphere indicated that the boron-iron composite powder effectively reduced the ignition delay of boron (224.8 ms), with 5 wt.% boron-iron composite powder exhibiting a reduced ignition delay of 106.1 ms. Thermal analysis tests in a pure oxygen atmosphere indicated that iron not only promoted the exothermic reaction of boron but also significantly promoted its oxidation. A comparison of the oxygen bomb calorific values of the composite powder, the original boron powder, and simple mixed powder revealed that the simple mixed iron did not improve the combustion performance of boron, whereas the composite powder generally improved the boron calorific value (12967 J/g), with the 10 wt.% boron-iron composite powder exhibiting a boron calorific value of 21,189 J/g. The addition of iron improved the combustion behavior, stabilized the combustion flame, and improved the combustion quality. An elevated iron content resulted in an increased sensitivity of the powder to the ambient pressure, and an elevated pressure effectively increased the burning rate. The experimental results indicated that iron generally improved the ignition and combustion performance of boron with low and high iron contents, respectively.

Prediction of mixture pelleting based on compression parameters

Despite pelleting being a widely used powder continuous densification process, most fundamental studies of powder pelleting have focused on single-component systems. There is thus an obvious need for an improved understanding of the pelleting behavior of mixtures. In this study, the Kawakita parameter and Heckel parameter for multi-component mixtures were derived based on the assumption of ideal mixing behavior. A prediction model for the pelleting performance of multi-component mixed powders was proposed based on these powder compression parameters. Single pelleting (SP) experiments were conducted on mixtures of different edible powders and weight proportions to validate the model. The predicted and measured values of the Kawakita parameter and Heckel parameter were generally in good agreement, indicating that the assumption of ideal mixing behavior is valid for this type of system. Moreover, the consistency between the predicted pressure and the measured pressure of SP indicates that the prediction models for the pelleting of mixtures can effectively predict the pelleting ability of the mixture.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray additive manufactured and post heat treated high-entropy alloys with mixed CoCrFeNi and Ti powders

Solid-state cold spray additive manufacturing has the potential to fabricate high-strength bulk high-entropy alloys (HEAs). Through systematic experiments, this study examined the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray fabricated bulk HEAs with mixed CoCrFeNi and Ti powders and explored the effects of Ti content in 4 and 7 at% and post-heat treatment at 800 °C/6 h and 1000 °C/6 h. It is found that the bulk HEAs are highly densified and remain nearly defect-free after the post-heat treatment. The addition of Ti serves as an mixing powder effect to further densify the alloys. Moreover, the addition of Ti and post-heat treatment promote the formation of fine precipitates, including Fe2Ti, Co2Ti, CrFe, CoTi2, and Ni3Ti, which contributes to the strengthening of the alloys. Furthermore, post-heat treatment improves the cohesion of the alloys and yields fine and relatively uniform grains by stimulating static recovery and recrystallization. These synergistic effects improve the hardness, elastic modulus, strength, and ductility properties. The average hardness and elastic modulus of the bulk alloys are as high as 377.6 HV and 94.8 GPa, respectively; the best ultimate tensile strength and elongation to failure are 626.7 MPa and 22.1 %, respectively. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction validates the complex precipitates formed and confirms that there is no phase change during tension. The study offers insights into the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold spray additive manufactured HEAs and the effects of mixed powders and post-heat treatment on tuning microstructure and properties.

Experimental investigation on selective laser melting additive manufacturing of non-ferromagnetic heterogeneous material based on TiNi alloy with Ta coating

In order to manufacture non-ferromagnetic heterogeneous material by Selective Laser Melting (SLM), it is necessary to solve the separation problem of non-ferromagnetic mixed powders after SLM forming. This research presents how to resolve this problem using TiNi/Ta mixed powders by ultrasonic vibration screening method and the analysis of SLM manufacturing experiment for non-ferromagnetic heterogeneous material. The purity of TiNi and Ta powders after separation could reach 99.7087%wt% and 98.8501wt% respectively, which both reached a relatively high purity. A TiNi alloy sample with Ta coating and TiNi/Ta gradient transition was manufactured successfully by SLM. The material interface of the sample achieves metallurgical bonding, and the color of the sample profile shows a gradient transition. The EDS analysis shows that the material composition changes from Ta -&gt;Ta/TiNi gradient -&gt;TiNi from surface to inside of the sample. The Ta coating contains over 92.5wt% Ta, and the TiNi matrix contains over 98.69wt% TiNi. Along the powder laying direction, it is difficult to clean the small powder near the solid-powder or solid-solid interfaces made of two different materials, which causes micro polluted areas near the interfaces. This study also provides a new method for integrated manufacturing of TiNi alloy part with Ta coating.

Quantifying the contributions of powder mixing mechanisms using a combined proper orthogonal decomposition and analysis of variance approach

In manufacturing, powder mixing processes are vital for ensuring product quality. The mixing progress and efficiency are determined based on the fundamental convection and diffusion mechanisms. While mixers are believed to have a unique primary mixing mechanism, recent findings from our group have verified that the main mechanism can change as the mixing progresses. The transitions were successfully captured using a new method incorporating proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) into the discrete element method simulation, proving POD as a valuable tool for mechanism identification. Nevertheless, the existing POD method cannot quantitatively evaluate these mechanisms, hindering a comprehensive analysis of their magnitudes and transitions. This study combines analysis of variance (ANOVA) with POD to solve the problem, establishing a POD-ANOVA framework to quantify the degree of contribution of the mechanisms. The capability of POD-ANOVA is assessed in the transverse mixing of a rolling drum. For a quantitative evaluation of the mechanism magnitudes, POD-ANOVA is performed over the entire mixing process (denoted as Standard POD-ANOVA). The convection and diffusion rates are then derived from the overall mixing rate. Validations show that the two rates corroborate well with common indicators of mechanism intensities. Furthermore, Standard POD-ANOVA is applied over sequential time domains to track mechanism transitions; however, it is found to be insufficiently precise. Thus, a new time-windowing POD is implemented, leading to Windowed POD-ANOVA. Over short time windows, the improved method can effectively quantify the transitions. Consequently, the proposed methods enable a quantitative evaluation of powder mixing mechanisms scientifically for the first time.

Preparation of graphene film reinforced CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy matrix composites with strength-plasticity synergy via flake powder metallurgy method

Inspired by the design principle of pearl structure, a bottom-up flake powder self-assembly arrangement strategy, flake powder metallurgy, is used to prepare graphene films (GFs) reinforced CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy (HEA) matrix composites with a pearl laminated structure. Flaky HEA powder was prepared by ball milling method and homogeneously mixed with Ni plated GFs. Vacuum hot-press sintering (VHPS) technique was carried out to solidify the mixed powders to obtain composites with uniform distribution of GFs(Ni) and flaky HEA. The results show that the bottom-up preparation strategy can effectively fabricate bionic laminated HEA matrix composites, and the composites have a distinct pearly laminated structure. The tensile strength of the composites with 5 vol% GFs(Ni) content reached 834.04 MPa, and the elongation reached 26.58 %. The compressive strength in parallel and perpendicular laminar directions reached 2069.66 MPa and 2418.45 MPa at 50 % strain, respectively. The laminated GFs(Ni)/HEA matrix composites possessed excellent strength and maintained good plasticity. In this study, the strengthening and toughening mechanism of the laminated GFs(Ni)/HEA matrix composites is discussed in detail, and the results show that the laminated structure and GFs(Ni) are favorable for the hardening and strengthening of the HEA matrix.

Preparation of Sm–Fe–N Hard Magnetic Nanopowder From Micrometer-Sized Sm–H and Fe Mixed Powder

Fine Sm-Fe-N powder with a mean particle diameter of 58 nm was prepared by a low oxygen-induction thermal plasma process (LO-ITP). Sm-H fine powder prepared by a jet mill process and Fe mixed powder were chosen as starting materials. The obtained Sm-Fe alloy had a TbCu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sub> -type crystal structure at temperatures <700 °C but changed to the stable Th <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> Zn <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">17</sub> -type structure at temperatures >800 °C. Nitrogen sufficiently diffused into the lattice, and a TbCu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sub> -type Sm-Fe-N nanopowder was obtained. TEM observation revealed single crystals of the synthesized powder. The coercivity of nitrided nanopowder was only 0.16 T at 300 K due to the existence of a large amount of Fe.

Outstanding strength-ductility balance in a Ti–N alloy by tuning ball milling time

The trade-off between strength and ductility is a prevalent issue in strengthening commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti). This study presents a method to prepare ultra-high strength Ti–N alloys with adequate ductility using ball-milling (BM) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) techniques, based on nitrogen solid solution and grain refinement strengthening. The effect of ball milling time of mixed powders on mechanical properties of Ti–N alloys was studied systematically. Quantitative analysis reveals that solid solution strengthening and grain refinement strengthening worked synergistically to enhance yield strength of alloys. The Ti–N alloys with the most favorable mechanical properties demonstrated a yield strength of 1606 MPa and a compressive plastic strain of 14.44 %. The development of novel Ti–N alloys provides a viable strategy for the advancement of high-performance titanium alloys using ubiquitous elements.

Study on the microstructure and properties of copper/graphite composites with two-step method and copper-modified graphite

In this experiment, copper was coated on the surface of graphite by chemical process. Besides, the microstructure and crystal structure of copper-coated graphite were characterized by SEM and XRD. Copper-plated C/Cu composite was prepared by SPS sintering technique of powder mixture by two-step method. In order to test the dispersion state of graphite in the composites and the phenomenon of interfacial dispersion, the effect of graphite content on the properties of copper-coated C/Cu composites was also an important point. Therefore, the microscopic characterization and performance test were carried out. The results show that magnetic stirring and high-energy ball milling ensure the uniformity of copper-coated graphite in copper matrix, and conducted structural grain refining. The grain size of copper, and the properties of composite materials decreased with the increase of graphite content, such as relative density, conductivity and hardness. However, the further increase of graphite content leads to excessive grain size, the relatively long time of ball milling makes the fine grain become larger after sintering. When the graphite content is 1.0wt.%, the relative density, conductivity and hardness are 99.91%, 92.1%IACS and 67.7 HV, respectively. It is proved that copper-coated graphite and two-step powder mixing play an important role on improving the properties of the composites.

Impact of soybean protein isolate on gluten‐free bread: a comprehensive study of physicochemical properties of gluten‐free dough and bread matrix properties

SummaryRice bread is an essential component of a healthy diet. However, due to the poor processing properties of rice protein and starch, it is difficult to form an effective gel network structure, resulting in poor quality of rice breads. This research investigated the impacts of soy protein isolate (SPI) on the physicochemical properties of rice dough and the quality of rice bread. The results suggested that adding SPI could refine the thermal stability of mixtures and delay the aging of starch compared with pure rice flour, indicating that adding SPI reduced the amylose concentration and inhibited starch interaction in the mixed rice powder system. The rheology and SEM analysis of doughs showed that the appropriate addition of SPI increased the elasticity, and reached the highest fermentation height and gas retention coefficient at 9% SPI content, which increased by 115.38% and 8.39%, respectively. In contrast, excessive SPI led to protein aggregation and weakened the structural strength of the dough. When adding 9% SPI improved the hardness, chewiness and specific volume of rice bread, significantly reduced the brightness and baking loss rate, and refined the performance and quality of rice bread. This study confirms that SPI can be used as an improver for good gluten‐free bread (GFB) through its good functional properties and action on starch and provides some basis for further investigation of the interaction between SPI as an improver and rice starch.

Synergistic effect of bimodal structure and Cu-coated CNTs on the properties of Cu/CNTs composites

Multi-walled carbon nanotube-reinforced Cu matrix composites (Cu/MCNTs) present a challenge in achieving high strength and good ductility. To address this issue, the bimodal structure composites were fabricated by vacuum mixing of coarse Cu powder (Cum) and fine Cu powder along with Cu-coated CNTs (CCNTs) followed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Two sets of bimodal composites with 1 wt% Cu-coated CNTs were fabricated by varying the proportion of fine to coarse Cu powder (70:30 and 30:70). The unimodal composite was prepared by mixing Cum and 1 wt% functionalized CNTs in a ball mill for 1 h followed by SPS. Using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), the microstructure of the prepared composites was examined, and the influence of coarse grain and fine grain, along with CCNTs, on the structure-property correlation in the composites was investigated. The results show that the bimodal composites outperform the unimodal counterpart, and the bimodal composite with fine to coarse Cu grain ratio of 70:30 has the highest compressive strength (323 MPa), compressive strain (18.8%) electrical conductivity (85.4 ± 0.6% IACS), and thermal conductivity (295.4 ± 5 W/mK). The increase in strength of the bimodal composite is attributed to the Cu-coated CNTs and the tuning between coarse and fine grain. Load transfer, aided by the Cu coating on the CNT surface, is revealed to be the primary strengthening mechanism for bimodal composites. This work sheds light on the mechanisms of strengthening and the structure-property correlations in bimodal composites.

Sour to Sweet: Tamarind Tales of Empowerment Adding Value to Women’s Lives

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) is one of the important fruit crops of India. It is also termed as “Indian Date” due to its date like appearance of dried pulp. The preservation and processing of the tamarind through value added products is the effective way of retaining the nutrients content of fruits. Area of tamarind in Chikkaballapur district spread over 608 ha where fruits are just harvested and sold by farmers which most of the farmers are not even obtaining the nominal charges because of improper processing. One of the best features of the tamarind is its durability which incur no loss of the value-added products. As stated by the spice board of India, the tamarind area production was about 74.20 (000’ ha), with average yield of 309.44 (000’ MT). About 258.70 (000’MT) to 272.85 (000’MT) of tamarind is allotted for value addition products to processed and lot of labor is engaged in this processing in India. This indicates that there is a wide opportunity in value addition of tamarind. Different extension methods like on campus training programs, group discussion and folders were developed on the value addition of tamarind to create awareness among the public. In this perspective of Sri Lakshmi Venkateshwara Self Help Group (SHG) of 20 farms women was identified to be trained in KVK for the development of value added products and an on campus training programme for a week was provided to disseminate technology on production of tamarind value added products; tamarind puree, tamarind toffee, tamarind chutney powder lollipop and instant puliyoggare mix and to estimate cost benefit ratio. Raw materials, branding, labelling and packaging materials were distributed to the SHG to encourage them for the product development and selling of the products. Advertising and marketing of the products initially was carried on in the free stalls of exhibitions in krishi fair and in district agriculture fair where the products created huge demand. Results showed that processing of quintals of tamarind for four products like tamarind puree (130 Kg), tamarind toffee (241.25 Kg), tamarind chutney powder (165.50 Kg), tamarind lollypop (230 Kg) and tamarind instant puliyoggare mix (153.45) respectively with the monthly net profit of Rs. 12923 from puree, Rs. 13358 from toffee Rs. 9947 from chutney powder and Rs. 18098 from lollypop and Rs. 31146 from instant puliyoggare mix whereas unprocessed tamarind cost Rs. 120 per kg. The value addition of tamarind has helped to improve their family income per month is around 85,000 with cost benefit ratio of 1.42. These trained individuals of SHGs now serve as the resource persons in training the budding up SHGs.

Powder electrolysis for direct selective lithium recovery from spent LiFePO4 materials

This work employs an innovative powder-electrolysis method to selectively extract lithium from a mixed powder of spent LiFePO4 and graphite. The mixed powders were fixed on an anode carrier, enabling the powders to undergo electrolysis as a whole porous anode to selectively leach Li+ from the LiFePO4 into the solution. The effects of cell voltage, electrolyte flow rate, and electrolysis time were investigated. Results show the LiFePO4 undergoes a phase transformation to FePO4 after electrolytic delithiation. Under optimized conditions, the lithium extraction rate reached 92.72 wt.%. Heating the solution serves as an electrolyte purification technique, removing phosphorus to obtain high-purity Li3PO4 (99.21 %). The purified solution is recycled as an electrolyte for lithium enrichment, reducing reagents and water consumption. When the lithium concentration in the electrolyte reaches a certain level, such as more than 20 g/L, Li2CO3 product could be obtained with the addition of saturated Na2CO3 solution via precipitation.

Development and Evaluation of High Protein Spread Based on Aquafaba

A study was undertaken to optimize the process of preparation of aquafaba powder mix and ingredient composition for preparation of pulse-based spread, using combinations of garbanzo bean flour, aquafaba powder and fat (olive oil and hydrogenated fat). The aquafaba powder, garbanzo bean flour, and spices were the solid phase while the olive oil, hydrogenated fat, tomato paste, and water were the liquid phase with lecithin as an emulsifier. Effect of the aquafaba powder and liquid phase on the textural properties of spread was studied and further the developed spread was comparatively evaluated with the commercially available spread. Hardness and spreadability are the important parameter for the overall acceptability of the spread and were found to be influenced by the type of fat and quantity of fat used to develop the spread.