Mixed Herbs Research Articles

Use of Blue Citrus, a Chinese herbal remedy, to reduce side effects of aromatase inhibitors.

170 Background: Aromatase inhibitors are widely used in treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Many patients experience significant arthralgias, which may lead to early cessation of therapy. Blue Citrus, a mix of Chinese herbs formulated in our community, had anecdotal reports of success in alleviating these symptoms. We objectively evaluated its activity in symptomatic patients. Methods: Breast cancer patients with significant arthralgia on aromatase inhibitors were enrolled in a prospective fashion to a double blind crossover placebo controlled trial. Each patient received either Blue Citrus (BC+P) or a placebo (P+BC) for three months and then crossed over to the opposite treatment for an additional three months. Symptoms were measured over the course of treatment. Results: A total of 37 patients enrolled on the study. There were 6 early withdrawals, which left 31 evaluable patients. Visual Analogue Score (VAS) for both groups was similar at baseline at 4.9 and 5.1 for the BC+P and P+BC groups, respectively. At 30 days the BC+P score was 3.4 vs. the P+BC of 4.7 showing clearly improved symptom control in the BC+P group. The P+BC group did however approach the BC+P group by 90 days. At crossover the BC+P group experienced a spike in symptomology when changed to placebo that didn’t appear for the P+BC group. When compared to baseline, mean VAS score on Blue Citrus was 2.98 (p=0.001) versus mean VAS score on placebo 3.92 (p=0.0203). By study end (180 days) the VAS scores for both groups were closer at 2.6 BC+P vs. 3.0 for P+BC but BC+P still maintained lower VAS scores. Conclusions: Blue Citrus improved symptoms associated with aromatase inhibitor use. Patients who received Blue Citrus in the first arm had rapid improvement in symptoms and experienced return of symptoms when converted to placebo. All patients averaged lower VAS scores on Blue Citrus however at 6 months the difference between the arms became less pronounced.

Acute kidney injury in the tropics

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most challenging problems faced by clinicians in the tropics owing to its fast-changing burden. AKI in the tropics is strikingly different from that in the developed world in terms of etiology and presentation. In addition, there is a stark contrast between well-developed and poor areas in the tropics. The true epidemiological picture of AKI in the tropics is not well understood due to the late presentation of patients to tertiary centers. Infections remain the major culprit in most cases of AKI, with high mortality rates in the tropics. Human immunodeficiency virus–related AKI, related to nephrotoxicity due to antiretroviral therapy, is on the rise. Acute tubular necrosis and thrombotic microangiopathy are the most common mechanisms of AKI. A notable problem in the tropics is the scarcity of resources in health centers to support patients who require critical care due to AKI. This article reviews the unique and contrasting nature of AKI in the tropics and describes its management in each situation.

Herbal extracts and symbiotic mixture replacing antibiotics in piglets at the initial phase

The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of vegetable extract based addictives associated or not to symbiotics as an alternative for antibiotic as growth promoters for piglets at initial phase. It was used 125 pigs of commercial genetic line with initial weight of 7.4 ± 1.1 kg, weaned at 20 days of age, during 50 days. The experimental design used was randomized blocks (initial weight), with five treatments and five replicates with five animals per experimental unit. The experimental diets were a basal diet, without additive, and other four diets, one diet containing antibiotic (colistin + zinc oxide); diet with 0.3% of a symbiotic mixture; diet with 0.3% of a symbiotic mixture plus 0.05% of herbal mix (plant extracts and microencapsulated essential oils); and another diet with 0.3% of symbiotic mixture plus 0.1% of herbal mixture. It was observed that the use of the symbiotic mixture associated to 0.05% of herbal mixture showed positive results, similar to the ones obtained with diets containing antibiotics for the final weight, average weight gain, average daily feed intake and pH of stomach and diarrhea incidence. The use of symbiotics promoted smaller vilous:depth crypt ratio, except when associated to 0.1% of herbal mixture, which was similar to the diet without addictives. There was no differences in the feed conversion, coliform and lactobacillus count in the jejune and in the cecum and in the pH of cecum. The use of herbal mixture associated to symbiotic is a viable alternative for replacing the use of antibiotics as growth promoters for piglets in the initial phase. However, the concentration of the herbal mixture is an important factor to be considered.

THE COMPOSITION OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF LAUREL, MOUNTAIN TEA, SAGE AND AJOWAN

Oils obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry. 1,8-Cineole (51.05% and 52.79%) and α-terpinyl acetate (13.94% and 14.72%) were the main components from the essential oil of the stem and leaves of laurel, respectively. 1,8- Cineole (25.72%) and (E)-β-ocimene (24.88%) were the major compounds present in the essential oil of fruit. The main constituents of Salvia fruticosa oil were α-pinene (31.50%) and isoborneol (27.17%). β-pinene (20.53%), α-pinene (14.88%), cubebol (15.17%) and δ-cadinene (12.99%) were detected as the major constituents of mountain tea (sample A). The principal components detected in the oil of sample B were β-pinene (20.29%), α-pinene (14.82%) and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-caryophyllene (13.99%). The major compounds of ajowan oil had p-cymene (33.06%), γ-terpinene (28.66%), thymol (24.11%) and β-pinene (6.74%). The essential oil of Carum copticum was characterized by its high content of p-cymene (33.06%). PRACTICAL APPLICATION Laurel leaves are commonly used as a spicy, aromatic flavoring for soups, fish, meats, stews, puddings, vinegars and beverages, and form an essential ingredient of the herb mix. The essential oil is used by the cosmetic industry in creams, perfumes and soaps. In addition, the dried leaves of Salvia fruticosa are commonly consumed as a herbal tea in Turkey. Sideritis species are a group of plants known as “high plateau tea” in Turkey. Also, these genera are characterized mainly by the occurrence of phenolic compounds and terpenoids. Ajowan fruits are an important commercial product for the food/flavoring industry.

Infusions and Decoctions of Mixed Herbs used in Folk Medicine: Synergism in Antioxidant Potential

Infusions (herbal teas) and decoctions are used frequently to administer oral doses of herbs. Although some herbs are used as single ingredients, they are often prepared as mixtures, as reported by numerous ethnobotanical surveys. The present work was carried out to identify the different types of interaction (synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects) which may be found in the antioxidant activity of preparations from mixtures of the popular herbs Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) and Mentha spicata (spearmint). Herbs were prepared using traditional methods, and the effects after different periods of storage, up to 120 days, were also evaluated. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the β-carotene - linoleate system and the TBARS assay. Known antioxidant compounds such as total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and reducing sugars were also determined. Spearmint was found to be present in the herb mixtures with the greatest antioxidant activity and these also had the highest flavonoid content. The most potent antioxidant activity was found in combinations of different herbs, suggesting synergistic effects.

Mixed herb and legume pasture improves the growth of lambs post-weaning

The potential of mixed herb and legume pastures to increase post-weaning growth rates of lambs in comparison to ryegrass-based pastures was evaluated. Unrestricted allowances of pasture treatments were offered to weaned, Romney lambs in consecutive autumns of 2007 and 2008. In Experiment 1 (2007), 300 ewe lambs were allocated for 64 days to one of four permanent sward mix treatments; chicory, plantain, red clover and white clover [herb/clover (n = 75)]; plantain, perennial ryegrass and white clover [plantain/pasture (n = 75)]; tetraploid perennial ryegrass and white clover [new pasture (n = 75)]; or diploid perennial ryegrass, other grass species and white clover [old pasture (n = 75)]. In Experiment 2 (2008), the first three pasture treatments from Experiment 1 were re-used (‘old pasture’ not used) with 168 wether lambs allocated for 35 days; herb/clover (n = 56); plantain/pasture (n = 56); and new pasture (n = 56). Unfasted liveweights of all lambs were recorded at weekly intervals and before slaughter. A sub-sample of 78 lambs from Experiment 2 was slaughtered to obtain the carcass weights, tissue depth (11 cm from the spine over the 12th rib) and commercial meat percentages. At the conclusion of Experiment 1 the herb/clover treatment lambs were heavier than the new pasture and plantain/pasture treatment lambs, which were heavier than the old pasture treatment lambs (47.4 vs 41.5 vs 41.5 vs 39.6 ± 0.4 kg, respectively) (P < 0.05). At the conclusion of Experiment 2 the herb/clover treatment lambs were heavier than the new pasture treatment lambs, which were heavier than the plantain/pasture treatment lambs (35.6 vs 32.8 vs 28.8 kg ± 0.4, respectively) (P < 0.05). In Experiment 1 a higher percent of herb/clover treatment lambs grew faster than 200 g/day (P < 0.001) than of the pasture/plantain, new pasture and old pasture treatment lambs (87 vs 4 vs 3 vs 0 percent, respectively). In Experiment 2 only the herb/clover lambs (71%) grew faster than 200 g/day (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2 herb/clover treatment lambs had heavier (P < 0.05) final carcass weight (15.7 ± 0.20 vs 14.8 ± 0.38 vs 14.6 ± 0.27 kg) compared with the plantain/pasture and new pasture lambs, respectively. It was demonstrated that a herb/clover mixed sward can increase post-weaning lamb liveweight gains during unrestricted feeding conditions compared with traditional perennial ryegrass-based pastures.

Recent Progress on Anticancer Candidates in Patents of Herbal Medicinal Products

Herbal medicines in treatment of cancer as complementary and alternative therapy are accepted increasingly with growing scientific evidences of biomedical research and clinical trials. Anticancer drugs discovered from herbal medicines have a long history and some of them have been used in clinical setting as the conventional anticancer drugs. Actually, herbal medicines are a source for anticancer drug discovery and drug development. Recently, research continuously focuses on clues from traditional use of herbal medicines to develop new anticancer drugs in single pure compounds. On the other hand, standardized various extracts or fractions with anticancer effects or with adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment coming from single or mixed herbs are also accepted forms as dietary supplements and botanical drug products in the US for current statutory regulations. In the present paper, we analyzed the patented agents in the US from herbal medicines in recent ten years, both as potential anticancer extracts/fractions (containing multi-components) and single pure compound(s) that act as new anticancer substances. This review also highlighted the advances in knowledge about quality control, safety, efficacy and recent progress in anticancer candidates in patents of botanical drug products from herbal medicines.

A herb and legume sward mix increased ewe milk production and ewe and lamb live weight gain to weaning compared to a ryegrass dominant sward

This study investigated the potential of a mixed herb sward to improve production of multiple-bearing ewes and their offspring compared to a ryegrass dominant sward. Forty four twin-bearing (twin) and 42 triplet-bearing (triplet) mixed-aged Romney ewes that were a maximum of 140 days pregnant (P140) were randomly allocated to one of two nutritional treatments being: a mix of chicory, plantain, white and red clover (Herb), or a ryegrass dominant sward (Ryegrass) to form the following groups: twin Ryegrass n = 22, triplet Ryegrass n = 20, twin Herb n = 22 and triplet Herb n = 22. Ewes and their lambs remained on these herbage treatments until 66 days after the mid-point of lambing (L66). By L66, ewes grazing the Herb treatment compared to ewes on the Ryegrass treatment were heavier (P<0.05; 70.9 ± 1.17 kg versus 66.1 ± 1.15 kg) and had higher (P<0.05) body condition scores (2.8 ± 0.07 versus 2.4 ± 0.07, respectively). Ewes grazing the Herb treatment produced more milk (P<0.05) at each of the three sampling periods (3137 ± 161.3 versus 2613 ± 148.1 at day 7, 3280 ± 148.8 versus 2483 ± 153.1 at day 14 and 3237 ± 131.8 mL versus 2428 ± 136.2 mL at day 21). Lambs from ewes grazing the Herb treatment were heavier (P<0.05) at L22 (10.36 ± 0.274 kg versus 9.29 ± 0.272 kg) and L66 (20.67 ± 0.490 kg versus 17.55 ± 0.493 kg). The higher live weights (LW) were due to higher (P<0.05) LW gains of Herb lambs between birth and L22 (298 ± 10.8 g/day versus 245 ± 10.7 g/day) and between L39 and L66 (268 ± 16.2 g/day versus 179 ± 15.9 g/day). Herb triplet-bearing ewes produced more (P<0.05) total lamb LW by L66 than Ryegrass triplet-bearing ewes (45.70 ± 3.051 kg versus 28.26 ± 3.203 kg, respectively). Results demonstrate that a herb sward mix can improve multiple ewe and lamb performance compared to a ryegrass dominant sward.

Use of herbal products among 392 Italian pregnant women: focus on pregnancy outcome

The present study aimed to explore the use of herbal products among a sample of Italian pregnant women and the possible influence of herbal consumption on pregnancy outcome. The study was conducted over a 10-month period (2 days a week, from January to October 2009) at the Maternity wards of Padua and Rovereto Hospital. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview on the basis of a prestructured questionnaire including socio-demographic characteristics of the enrolled subjects, specific questions on herbal use, information about pregnancy and newborn. In total, 392 interviews were considered. One hundred and nine out of 392 women (27.8%) reported to have been taking one or more herbal products during pregnancy, in the 36.7% of cases throughout all pregnancy. The most frequently herbs taken by interviewees were chamomile, licorice, fennel, aloe, valerian, echinacea, almond oil, propolis, and cranberry. Four out of 109 women (3.7%) reported side-effects: constipation after a tisane containing a mix of herbs, rash and itching after local application of aloe or almond oil. The decision to use herbal products was mainly based on personal judgement and on the conviction that these natural substances would be safer than traditional medicines. Users were more often affected by morbidities pregnancy-related and their neonates were more frequently small for their gestational age. An higher incidence of threatening miscarriages and preterm labours was observed among regular users of chamomile and licorice. This research underlines that the use of herbal products during pregnancy is common among Italian women, not always appropriate and in some cases potentially harmful.

Nest site ecology of the cross river gorilla at the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, Cameroon, with special reference to anthropogenic influence

The Cross River gorilla is the most endangered of all Great Apes. It is currently found in 14 apparently geographically separate and increasingly isolated populations, which face severe threats from habitat loss and the bushmeat trade. Recent years have seen greater efforts to conserve the Cross River gorilla across the landscape, but details of the ecology of individual populations that might help in conservation initiatives are lacking. Here, we report on the production of the first habitat map for the recently created Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary (KGS), Cameroon, and the results of an analysis of nest site preferences of the gorillas that live there. Qualitative vegetation assessments were made to assign various categories to the topstory and understory throughout the sanctuary, and nest sites constructed between January 2006 and March 2008 were re-visited and assessed for possible site preferences. The habitat map revealed significant anthropogenic impact, with only 57% of the KGS being relatively undisturbed primary forest. Analysis of nest sites showed that ground nests are constructed preferentially in the dry season, on precipitous slopes, in light gaps and clearings, with an understory of mixed herbs. Tree nests are predominantly built in the wet season, in primary forest with saplings as the preferred understory. Gorillas avoid nesting in grasslands and farms, which visibly fragment the remaining forest in the sanctuary. The results have implications for the conservation and management of the Cross River gorilla at KGS, and offer new insight into the nesting ecology of this subspecies.

How an 1,800-year-old herbal mix heals the gut

How an 1,800-year-old herbal mix heals the gut

加味逍遙散合四物湯「KGS1」による皮膚血流と皮膚症状の改善効果

加味逍遙散合四物湯「KGS1」による皮膚血流と皮膚症状の改善効果

Aqueous pretreatment of agricultural wastes: Characterization of soluble reaction products

This work provides an assessment on the hydrothermal processing (or autohydrolysis treatments) of two lignocellulosic wastes: mixed herbs (denoted MH, mainly belonging to the Lolium species), and sunflower seed shells (denoted SS). Compositional data were obtained for both raw materials (which contained cellulose, heteroxylan and Klason lignin as major components). In autohydrolysis experiments, the raw materials presented a “susceptible fraction” which was solubilized according to a first-order kinetics. Hemicellulose degradation was followed by determination of xylooligomers, xylose and xylan substituents (arabinosyl, uronic acid and acetyl substituents). Kinetic modelling of hemicellulose degradation was carried out considering four consecutive, first-order, pseudohomogeneous reactions. The molecular weight distribution of polymeric and oligomeric fractions derived from xylan was assessed from High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography data.

The Effect of Mycotoxins found in some Herbal Plants on Biochemical Parameters in Blood of Female Albino Mice

In this study, twenty five samples ofwell-known herbs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were collected and analyzed for Total Fungi Count (TFC). Mycotoxins were extracted and screened using SMKY liquid medium. One hundred and thirty adult female albino mice were grouped into three wherein one group (n = 110) was fed with an aqueous extract from herbal plants. The second group (n = 15) was fed with an aqueous extract of the isolated fungal species. The third group comprised the control group which was given water only (n = 5). All mice were fed with mice breeding diet by Pillsbury, UK. After 5 weeks, mice were fasted and blood was withdrawn for biochemical analysis including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), serum creatinine and urea. Calligonum comosum with 2 x 10(5) cfu g(-1) fungus spore, grained mixed herbs (24 x 10(3) cfu g(-1)) and Salvia officinalis (23 x 10(3) cfu g(-1)) were the most contaminated samples. The genus Aspergillus was the most dominant genus recovered (142 isolates) followed by Penicillium (14 isolates) and these two genera were found in 85.0 and 11.0% of the samples analyzed. Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus were the most dominant and frequently isolated (47.3, 46.5 and 18.1%, respectively), followed by Aspergillus citrinum (11.0%). Aspergillus ochraceus had 21.7 microg kg(-1) of Aflatoxin B2 and 7.25 microg kg(-1) of ochratoxin A, whereas Aspergillus flavus had 7.45 microg kg(-1) of Aflatoxin B2 and Aspergillus fumigatus had 3.5 microg kg(-1) of Aflatoxin B2 and 3.8 microg kg(-1) of ochratoxin A. Mean creatinine, urea, ALT, AST and GGT were higher in mice fed or treated with herbal and fungal extracts group than the control group. This study confirms previous studies demonstrating the predominance of Aspergillus species in herbal and medicinal plants and its capability in the production of aflatoxin with induction of nephrotoxicity and hepatoxicity in animals and even in humans.

Mixed Herbs Drugs: Inhibitory Effect on Growth of the Endogenous Mycoflora and Aflatoxin Production

Twenty commercial mixed herbal drugs were examined for mycological profile. Aspergillus species were the predominant fungi found in the drugs. Other fungi harboured in the drugs with less frequency were Paecilomyces species, Eurotium species, Monascus species, Acremonium species, Penicillium species, Cladosporium species, Scopulariopsis species, Phialophora species and Fonseceae species. Fungal count was between 1.0 log(10) CFU and 2.4 log(10) CFU per gram of sample. When the drugs were incubated in 85% humidity at 25 degrees C, fungal colonies grew on only two of the drugs. The mixed herbal drugs were extracted with water and the extracts were used to grow Aspergillus parasiticus. All extracts reduced aflatoxin B(1) and aflatoxin G(1) production by 62-97%. All but two of the extracts reduced aflatoxin B(2) and aflatoxin G(2) production by 39-95%. It can be concluded that the commercial powdered mixed herbal drugs contained low number of endogenous fungi, and these drugs are inhibitory to the growth of its endogenous fungi and aflatoxins production by aflatoxigenic fungi.

복합 한약재 급여가 냉장 저장 중 삶은 계란의 물리화학적 품질에 미치는 영향

Coptis japonica Makino (황련, 48.5%), Lonicera japonica Thunb (금은화, 48.5%), Morus alba L. (상엽, 3%)를 혼합한 복합 한약재의 급여가 생산된 계란의 냉장 저장 중 일반 성분 및 물리적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 28주령의 Lohmann Brown 108수를 3가지 처리(복합 한약재 0, 0.3 및 1%), 6반복으로 완전 임의 배치한 후 6주간 급여하고 생산된 계란을 수거하여 <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> 냉장 저장하면서 일반 성분, 색도 및 조직감 등을 관찰하였다. 복합 한약재를 급여하여 생산된 계란은 수분, 단백질, 지방 및 무기물의 함량 차이가 없었으며 삶은 계란에서 3일차 적색도(<TEX>$a^*$</TEX>-value) 및 황색도(<TEX>$b^*$</TEX>-value)를 제외하고는 처리간 색도의 차이가 없었다. 그러나 저장 기간동안 처리구와 상관없이 적색도와 황색도가 증가하였다. 전체적인 조직감 측정에서도 복합 한약재 급여 처리는 14일차 탄성(springness)을 제외하고는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 다만 계란의 저장기간에 따른 조직감의 차이는 보여 탄성과 검성(gumminess)는 저장기간이 늘어나면서 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 복합 한약재의 급여는 생산된 계란의 일반 성분이나 색도, 조직감 특성에서 대조구와 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 판단되며, 이는 합성 항생제를 대체를 위한 복합 한약재의 첨가를 산업적으로 적용할 때 계란의 물리화학적 품질에 큰 영향이 없을 것으로 사료된다. Three dietary herbs, Coptis japonica Makino (48.5%), Lonicera japonica Thunb (48.5%), and Morus alba L. (3%) were mixed and used as additives in hen's feed. One hundred-eight, 28-wk-old Lohmann Brown hens were assigned randomly with three diet treatments (0, 0.3, and 1% of herb mix). Hens were fed for 6 wks to investigate the effect of herb mix on the physicochemical quality of eggs during storage at <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 0, 3, 7, and 14 days. Proximate composition including the content of water, protein, fat, and ash had no difference among 3 diet treatments. Objective color of cooked whole egg from hens fed herb mix did not show any effect compared with control except for the color <TEX>$a^*$</TEX>- and <TEX>$b^*$</TEX>-values at day 3. However, color <TEX>$a^*$</TEX>- and <TEX>$b^*$</TEX>-values increased during storage regardless of treatment. From the texture analysis, eggs from hens fed with the herb mix were not different compared with control remove for springness at day 14. However, it was observed that springness and gumminess were decreased as storage period increased. Therefore, a dietary supplementation of herb mix to hen may not affect on proximate composition, color and texture of eggs.

금은화, 황련, 상엽 추출물 혼합물과 항생제(Albac G150) 급여가 계육의 산화 안전성에 미치는 영향

This study was evaluated the oxidative stability of the breast and leg meat from chicken fed extract of medicinal herb mix (Lonicera japonica Thunberg : Morus alba L. : Coptis chinensis = 48.5 : 48.5 : 3.0%) and antibiotics (Albac G150). Ross chickens were divided into three treatments: basal diet (control), basal diet with antibiotics (0.05%) and basal diet with extract of medicinal herb mix (0.3%). They were fed the experimental diets for 35 days and slaughtered. After that, the breast and leg meat samples were stored at 4 ℃ for 10 days. Total phenol content of breast meat in Ross chicken fed extract of medicinal herb mix was higher than that of antibiotics treatment and control during storage. DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in leg meat of Ross chicken fed extract of medicinal herb mix at 0 day. ABTS + reduction activity was higher in chicken meat fed extract of medicinal herb mix than antibiotics treatment and control. This results showed that the diet with extract of mixed medicinal

닭의 성장과 산란 생산성 개선 효과 증대를 위한 한방제제(Herb Mix®)의 개량에 관한 연구

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of modification of a herbal recipe(Herb Mix Ⓡ ) on the growth of pullet and laying performance of hens. The formula of Herb Mix Ⓡ , a mixture of Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Schisandra chinensis and Ligusticum jeholense, was modified in mixing ratio. A total of 1,120 pullets(Hy-Line Brown) of 14 wks old were assigned to seven treatments; control, Herb Mix Ⓡ (HM), R. glutinosa fortified HM, A. gigas fortified HM, D. japonica fortified HM, G. uralensis fortified HM, S. chinensis fortified HM, L. jeholense fortified HM and Flavomycin supplemented diet. Each treatment had 8 replicates of 20 birds each housed in 2 birds cages. Body weight at 10% egg production was significantly(P<0.05) influenced by treatments. Birds fed A. gigas forti- fied HM diet were heaviest followed by L. jeholense fortified HM, HM-original and D. japonica fortified HM, Flavomycin supplemented diet and R. glutinosa while those fed control diet were lightest. Also, age reaching 50% egg production and peak production was earliest in A. gigas fortified HM and latest in the control. Egg production, feed intake, feed conversion and egg weight were significantly influenced by treatments. Significant improvement in egg production and feed intake was shown in A. gigas fortified HM treatment. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in antibiotic(Flavomycin) treatment and egg weight was heaviest in L. jeholense fortified HM treatment. There were no significant differences among treatments in intestinal microflora but cfu of Cl. perfringnes and E. coli tended to be lower in HM treatments than the control. Among the leucocytes of blood, the HM treatments were lower than the control in counts of white blood cell and heterophils. It was concluded that modification of Herb Mix Ⓡ fortifying with A. gigas, D. japonica and L. jeholense significantly influence growth and laying

Herb Mix®첨가가 이유자돈 생산성에 미치는 영향

자돈 사료에 지황, 당귀, 작약, 감초, 오미자, 천궁으로 조제된 한방생약제제 Herb Mix(허브바이오 Co.)의 첨가가 생산성, 영양소 소화율, 분내 미생물균총 그리고 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 검정하기 위해 총 4주간의 사양실험을 2차에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 1차 실험동물은 약 4주령 3원 교잡종(Y×L×D) 이유자돈 45두(거세돈)를 공시 하였으며 대조구, Herb Mix 0.15% 첨가구 그리고 Herb Mix Gold 0.15% 첨가구 등 3처리구에 처리당 5반복, 반복당 3두씩 대사케이지에 완전 임의로 배치하였다. 2차 시험은 1차와 같은 연령과 품종의 이유자돈 48두(거세돈)를 공시하였으며 대조구, Herb Mix 0.1%, 0.2% 그리고 0.3% 첨가구 등 4처리구에 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 3두씩 배치하였다. 1차 실험의 결과, 일당증체량은 한방제제 첨가구들이 대조구에 비해 유의하게(p<0.05) 개선되었으나 Herb Mix와 Herb Mix Gold 첨가구 사이에는 차이가 없었다. 2차 실험의 결과, 증체량과 사료 섭취량에 있어서 모든 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 유의적으로(P<0.05) 증가하였으나 첨가구들 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 영양소 소화율에서는 1차 시험에서는 건물과 NFE에서 유의적으로(P< 0.05) 한방제제 첨가구들이 낮았으며 2차 시험에서도 유의적 차이는 보이지 않았으나 전체적으로 한방제제 첨가구들이 낮은 경향을 보였다. 혈청 IgG 함량과 WBC수는 1, 2차 시험 모두 대조구에 비해 한방제제 첨가구들이 모두 유의적으로(P<0.05) 감소하였으며 스트레스 지수(SI)도 감소하였다. 분 내 균총수는 1, 2차 실험 모두 E. coli 수는 한방제제 첨가구들이 유의하게 적었으며(P<0.05) Lactocbacilli 수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. Two pig trials were conducted to test Herb MixⓇ, a mixture of Rehmannia glutinosa, Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Schisandra chinensis and Ligusticum jeholense, as a herbal additive to weaning pig diet. Exp. 1 was conducted with 45 three-way cross-bred(Y×L×D) weaning pigs randomly allocated to 3 treatments; control, Herb MixⓇ 0.15% and Herb MixⓇ Gold(Plellidendron amurense fortified Herb MixⓇ) 0.15%. Exp. 2 was conducted with 48 weaning pigs randomly allocated to 4 treatments; control, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Herb MixⓇ. There was a significant(p=0.05) difference between the control and herbal additive groups, however, no significant difference was found between Herb MixⓇ and Herb MixⓇ Gold in growth performance of Exp. 1. In Ex. 2, supplementation of Herb MixⓇ at all level(0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) significantly(P<0.05) improved average daily gain and feed intake, however, there were no significant differences among supplemented groups. Among the blood parameters, serum IgG level and WBC numbers were significantly lowered by Herb Mix supplementation in both experiments. Stress indicator(SI) was significantly lower in herbal additive groups in Exp. 1. Nutrient digestibility of DM and NFE in supplemented groups was lower than the control in Exp. 1. Howener, it was not significantly different among treatments in Exp. 2. Number(cfu) of fecal E.coli decreased while that of Lactobacilli increased in treated groups. It was concluded that fortifying Herb MixⓇ with Plellidendron amurense was not effective in improving the efficacy of Herb MixⓇ and supplementation of Herb MixⓇ at 0.1~0.2% level improves growth performance of weaning pigs. Blood parameters especially immunity related ones(IgG, WBC and SI) were significantly influenced.

개량 한방제제(Herb Mix Gold®) 첨가가 산란계 생산성에 미치는 영향

한방제제 Herb <TEX>$Mix^{(R)}$</TEX>(Herb BIO Co.)에 당귀, 작약, 천궁을 강화한 개량 한방제제(Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX>)의 상대적 효능과 적정 첨가 수준을 결정하기 위해 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 시험은 45주령 산란계(Hy-Line Brown) 720수를 대조구 포함하여 총 6개 처리구로 처리당 6반복 반복당 10케이지, 케이지당 2수씩 수용하여 난괴법으로 배치한 후 5주간의 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 대조구(T1), Herb <TEX>$Mix^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% 첨가구(T2), Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.1% 첨가구(T3), Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% 첨가구(T4), Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.3% 첨가구(T5) 그리고 항생제 <TEX>$Avilamycin^{(R)}$</TEX> 2%를 함유한 <TEX>$Avilamix^{(R)}$</TEX> (CTC BIO Co., Ltd)를 0.03% 사용하여 6 ppm 첨가구(T6)를 두었다. 실험 결과 산란율은 Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% 첨가구가 가장 높았으며(P<0.05) 다음으로 Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.3% 첨가구, Herb <TEX>$Mix^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% 첨가구, Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.1% 첨가구, Avilamycin첨가구 그리고 대조구 순이었다. 산란 지수도 산란율과 같은 경향이었으나 통계적 유의차는 없었다(P>0.05). 난중, 연파란율, 사료 섭취량 및 사료 요구율과 계란의 품질 평가 항목인 난각 강도, 난각 두께, 난각 색깔, Haugh unit 및 난황 색깔에서 처리간에 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 장내용물 중 Cl. perfringens와 E. coli의 수는 첨가구들이 대조구에 비해 적었고 Lactobacilli의 수는 Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 첨가구들이 높은 경항을 보여주었다(P>0.05). 백혈구 (WBC) 수와 heterophil(HE)의 경우 첨가구들이 대조구에 비해 적었으며 림프구 (LY)의 경우 모든 첨가구들이 높은 경향을 보였다(P>0.05). Stress indicator로 알려진 HE/LY는 Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% 첨가구에서 낮은 경향을 나타냈다(P>0.05). 적혈구나 헤모글로빈은 모든 첨가구들이 대조구에 비해 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 특히 Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2%구가 높은 경향을 나타내었다(P>0.05). 결론적으로 산란 생산성 개전을 위해 Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% 첨가가 적당하다고 사료되며, 이는 선발 원료로 강화된 한방제제가 장내 미생물 균총, 혈액 내 백혈구 및 적혈구 수에 유익하게 미치는 영향에 기인한 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of graded levels of a herbal recipe(Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX>, Herb BIO Co.) supplemented to a commercial layer diet. The Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> is an improved recipe of Herb <TEX>$Mix^{(R)}$</TEX>, fortified with Angelica gigas, Discorea japonica and Ligusticum jeholense. A total of 720 layers (Hy-Line Brown) of 45 wks old were assigned to one of six treatments; control, 0.2% Herb <TEX>$Mix^{(R)}$</TEX>, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX>, and 6 ppm Avilamycin. Each treatment had 6 replicates of 20 birds each housed in 2 birds cages. Birds were fed diets and water ad libitum for 5 weeks. Hen-day egg production was significantly (P<0.05) different among treatments. Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2% treatment showed the highest egg production followed by Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.3%, Herb <TEX>$Mix^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.2%, Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> 0.1%, Avilamycin 6 ppm and the control. Hen-housed egg production, egg weight, soft and broken egg ration, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, shell strength, shell thickness, shell color index, Haugh unit and yolk color index were not significantly different among treatments. Nor was cfu of Cl. perfringens and E. coli and Lactobacilli in the small intestinal content significantly different among treatments. The number of white and red blood cells, hemoglobin, heterophil, lymphocyte, thus heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were not significantly modified. It was concluded that Herb Mix <TEX>$Gold^{(R)}$</TEX> at the level of 0.2% in the layer diet improves laying performance.