Mitigation Facilities Research Articles

Peran puskesmas buduran dalam mitigasi bencana angin puting beliung

The tornado disaster is a type of disaster with the highest intensity of events in Indonesia in 2019-2021. Disaster mitigation planning can be used to reduce disaster risk. The health centre, which is the cutting edge of health care in its area of operation, plays an important role in disaster preparedness, although Puskesmas Buduran has sufficient disaster mitigation facilities, there is a staff shortage. Data is collected through documentation, interviews, and questionnaires, as this research uses a quantitative descriptive approach. Validity and reliability tests are used to test questionnaire data. The results of the research show that Puskesmas Buduran has not achieved its best results. This is demonstrated by the fact that some of the mitigating factors of the Puskesmas disaster have not gone well. This includes knowledge, attitude, hatred training, and Puskesmas officer's disaster experience. In addition, Puskesmas factors that reduce the vulnerability include geomedical maps, evacuation routes, and early warning systems that need to be repaired. Actions that can be taken in effective structural and non-structural disaster mitigation planning. In the category Enough, SDM Puskesmas Buduran has the knowledge, perspective, and experience of disaster management. In accordance with the provisions in force in this Regional Regulation, the parties will carry out periodic surveillance. The establishment of field health teams and cross-sectoral coordination have been good enough in terms of resource inventory

Four-decade response of land surface temperature to urban expansion in Beijing

Urban expansion with increased impervious surface area (ISA) can affect the thermal regimes by altering the water and energy balance. Previous studies have indicated that ISA is the primary surrogate of rising land surface temperature (LST). However, urban-induced LST changes are not yet well quantified because of the temporal limitations of the LST datasets and the uncertainties from climate variabilities. In this study, we integrated multiple satellite-based products (vegetation coverage, albedo and radiation forcing) into a physically-based land surface model i.e., Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC), to detect multi-temporal scale response of LST to the increasing ISA in Beijing. Heat transfer-related parameters in the model were updated along with urbanization processes. The integrated modeling presented high performance for simulating LST, as evaluated with ground-based observations and the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST product. We found that the average LST over Beijing increased from 10.3 °C in 1980–1990 to 11.2 °C in 2010–2020, with nearly 33% contributed by the urban growth. The urban-induced thermal effect was particularly strong in summer daytime and winter nighttime. The frequency of heat days (the day with the maximum LST over 40 °C) in a year for Beijing appeared to linearly correlate with the impervious surface fraction (ISF) when ISF > 25%. For the urbanizing area, moreover, the four-decade LST estimates indicated that the annual overheating duration was obviously extended with a rate of about 5 days per decade. We therefore conclude that the urban expansion in Beijing not only amplified heat stress but also altered heat phenology, which have implications for urban planning and the construction of heat mitigation facilities.

폭염저감기술에 따른 외부공간의 기온 저감에 대한 연구 : 쿨링포그의 더위 저감효과 검증을 위한 실증실험

To provide Social Overhead Capital (SOC) for daily human lives, local governments are preparing various measures against heat waves, such as supplying Heat Wave Mitigation Facilities and supporting the vulnerable. Cooling Fog is a recent trend of Heat Wave Mitigation Facilities, but South Korea has limited data on reducing body temperature through direct application of cooling matter on the body, and most research on Cooling Fog has addressed technical aspects. In this study, to confirm the effect of Cooling Fog on the human body, experiments were conducted. First, the change of environmental factors in the space around the Cooling Fog was compared with an unaffected area. Second, a survey was conducted targeting people who use Cooling Fog to review its sensory effects. Finally, the effect of Cooling Fog was quantitatively verified by linking and analyzing related data. The air temperature and radiation temperature were lower in the area of Cooling Fog, but humidity was high. The sensory survey confirmed that Cooling Fog produced a sensation of cooler temperature compared to the area without Cooling Fog, as assessed using Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV), Heat Score, and Apparent Temperature (AT). In addition, the area of Cooling Fog was reported to have higher Thermal Comfort than the area without.

The Factors Influencing Wildlife to Use Existing Bridges and Culverts in Giant Panda National Park

Roads, acting as barriers, hamper wildlife movements and disrupt habitat connectivity. Bridges and culverts are common structures on roads, and some of them can function to allow wildlife passage. This study investigated the effects of traffic, the surrounding landscape, human disturbance, and bridge and culvert structures on the utilization of bridges and culverts as dedicated passages by wildlife, using motion-activated infrared camera traps along a 64 km road in Giant Panda National Park, Sichuan, China. The results show that both species richness and counts of wildlife recorded at the bridge and culvert were significantly lower than those observed at sites distant from roads. No large-sized wildlife was recorded at the bridges and culverts. Human activities and traffic volume significantly and negatively affect medium-sized wildlife utilization of bridges and culverts. We conclude that bridges and culverts serve as wildlife crossings, but their efficacy is weak. This emphasizes the necessity of retrofitting bridges and culverts via mitigation facilities such as noise and light barriers, and vegetation restoration on both sides of the roads in Giant Panda National Park.

Analysis of Fire Safety Measures in Residential Buildings in Yaba LCDA, Lagos State, Nigeria

Fire incidents are common place in urban areas like Lagos metropolis, given its multi-dimensional nature. Extensive loss of lives and properties from incessant fire outbreaks are indicative of some obvious need to tackle the problem of fire incidence from prevention to recovery. This study analyzes fire safety measures adopted in residential buildings in Yaba Local Development Council Area of Lagos state. Specifically, it highlighted fire incidents over the period 2008 to 2018, maps the distribution of mitigation facilities and assessed fire safety measures in selected residential buildings in the LCDA. Administrative records and field surveys provided the spatial and aspatial data used for the study. Fifteen (15) incidents were recorded administratively. There is just one (1) fire station in the area and four (4) hydrants, mostly located at the center of the LCDA. Incidents were an average 3.03km from the fire station with an average response time of 9.36 minutes. Fire exits and extinguishers were the main safety facilities available to residents even though a high percentage of the extinguishers were non-functional. The cost and indifference of residents to safety device integration in their homes were identified as the major hinderances. Education of residents on fire safety protocol and insurance; enacting laws for fire safety equipment in homes, and increase in mitigation facilities were recommended.

Coastal Area Management Based on Disaster Mitigation: A Case Study in Purworejo Regency, Indonesia

DOI:10.17014/ijog.8.2.147-156Indonesia is an archipelago blessed with the wealth of coastal resources, but also with the risk of natural hazards including tectonic earthquake and tsunami. This potential risk is high in the Purwodadi Subregency, Purworejo Regency, Indonesia, because of its location in an active subduction zone at the edge of the Indian Ocean. Therefore, this study was conducted in the region located on the southern coast of Java Island. The high probability of disaster in the area needs a proper coastal management strategy and mitigation measures. Hence, this study aims to establish an appropriate policy using the strength-weakness-opportunity-threat (SWOT) analysis. Furthermore, the data obtained from this novel analysis include the population and social vulnerability, geological conditions, landuse allocation, and disaster strategies. Each is carefully assessed and then incorporated into the matrix to obtain the result. In addition, the alternative strategies used are the development of disaster mitigation facilities, infrastructure, and institutional strengthening.

Analysis of Urban Flood Inundation Patterns According to Rainfall Intensity Using a Rainfall Simulator in the Sadang Area of South Korea

An urban flood in the Sadang area located in South Korea was reproduced using a rainfall simulator. The rainfall simulator was developed to be able to demonstrate the rainfall intensity in range of 80–200 mm/h, and the artificial rainfall was created using 42 full cone type nozzles in the urban model. The uniformity coefficient of the rainfall distribution was 89.5%, which indicates the rainfall simulator achieved the high requirements for spatial uniformity. The flood experiments in the 1/200 scale model of the Sadang area were conducted using the rainfall simulator, and the flood patterns were investigated by changing the rainfall intensity. The rainwater mainly accumulated in the lowland of the crossroad where the entrances to the subway station are located. The flow velocity and the inundation depth were sharply increased until the rainfall intensity became 160 mm/h. Furthermore, the unstable human activities based on the moment and the friction instabilities also occurred from 160 mm/h. These results suggest that the study area requires flood damage mitigation facilities considering a rainfall intensity exceeding 160 mm/h.

The determinant of fire disaster mitigation (fire practices study in gas station operator Surakarta, Indonesia)

Gas station is the working areas which have a high risk of a fire disaster, which can be caused by unsafe behaviour or unsafe condition. In dry season, Surakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia that has a hot temperature as a result of global climate change. This condition can allow the fuel to evaporate easily and trigger of the fire triangle. The purpose of this study was to examine the most influencing factors related to the fire safety practices in the gas stations operator, including safety regulations, fire training, and fire prevention and mitigation facilities. This study was analytic observational research using a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 94 gas stations operators in Surakarta. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire which is tested in validity and reliability. The data were analysed using chi-square and logistic regression. The result showed that the variables of fire prevention and mitigation facilities show a dominant correlation to the fire safety practices (p-value=0.0001, exp B=20.159).

Smart Kampung: Characterisation of Surabaya Urban Coastal Settlements through Smart City Measurement

Surabaya is a metropolitan city in Indonesia, with the 4 million population. Therefore, it takes the smart city system to help The Government to optimize their service for citizen needs, and increasing its life quality, by putting interaction in the community based on ICT. Surabaya as a coastal city located on north coast of East Java Province make this city has several district in coastal area, one of them is Bulak District which is known as the fishing settlement integrated with tourism. Their character, totally different with midtown settlement. So do the given policy, there will be a difference treatments between coastal and midtown settlement. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the characteristic of coastal settlements that will support Surabaya as a smart city. This study aims to determine the criteria of urban settlements development in Surabaya based on smart city concept, focused on coastal urban settlement. To achieve this goal, it will use qualitative and quantitative approach (mixed method) which focuses on field conditions and community preferences in the location of settlement in the study area and must be through the 3 stage analysis. The first stage is identifying the smart potentials of coastal settlement using qualitative descriptive analysis. The second is identifying influential variables with using Confirmatory Factor Analysis feature on SmartPLS Application. The third was a determination of smart coastal settlement criteria using Pairwise comparison-triangulation. The result is there are 13 criteria of smart coastal settlement, spreaded on 6 major dimension. These criteria became a basic of dynamic measurement for smartkampung prototype which has so far resulted for identification and intelligence character on Bulak coastal settlement, included an entrepreneurship activities with local resources and uses ICT in its development; good accesibility which supported by the community’s ability to follow transportation technology; ICT-based environmental management activities and community participation; creative community, open-technology-minded and able to preserve local coastal culture; sea tidal disaster free area that is equipped with mitigation facilities; developing an ICT-based tourist attraction area, and also achieving positive impact from the online Government’s service.

토사재해 저감시설의 효과 정량화를 위한 취약성 평가방법론 제안

토사재해 저감시설의 효과 정량화를 위한 취약성 평가방법론 제안

Lessons from the autumn 2014 flash floods in the city of Nîmes and its neighborhood (France): behavior of several mitigation dams and hydrological analysis

The Languedoc area, in Southern France, is prone to autumnal flash floods which are characteristic of the Mediterranean climate. To cope with this threat, the local authorities have chosen to build several dams on the main dangerous rivers of the area. We have focused on the flood mitigation facilities of two operators: the City of Nimes and the Gardons Rivers Managing authority. After the catastrophic flash flood of October 1988, the city of Nimes built flood mitigation dams on many of its high-risk streams. These flood barriers worked several times during the intense rainfalls of autumn 2014. The on-site conclusions drawn from these floods and the computation carried out with hydrological models confirmed how well the dams functioned. In 2010, the Gardons Rivers Managing authority built a flood mitigation dam on the Esquielle River to protect the village of Saint-Genies-de-Malgoires. The spillway of this dam worked for the first time in the autumn of 2014. We analyzed one of the major floods monitored on that occasion at its outlet. The goals of this study are: (i) to evaluate dams efficiency and (ii) to test, on a catchment which was not used for its calibration, the AIGA flash flood warning method, which was developed by IRSTEA.

Progress on Thomson scattering in the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment

A novel Thomson scattering system has been implemented onthe Pegasus Toroidal Experiment where typical densities of 1019 m−3 and electron temperatures of 10 to 500 eV are expected. The systemleverages technological advances in high-energy pulsed lasers, volume phaseholographic (VPH) diffraction gratings, and gated image intensified (ICCD)cameras to provide a relatively low-maintenance, economical, robustdiagnostic system. Scattering is induced by a frequency-doubled, Q-switchedNd:YAG laser (2 J at 532 nm, 7 ns FWHM pulse) directed to the plasma over a7.7 m long beam path, and focused to < 3 mm throughout the collectionregion. Inter-shot beam alignment is adjustable with less than a 0.01 mmspatial resolution in the collection region. A custom lens system collectsscattered photons at radii 15 cm to 85 cm from the machine's center, at ∼ F/6 with 14 mm radial resolution. The initial configuration providesscattering measurements at 12 spatial locations and 12 simultaneousbackground measurements at adjacent locations. If plasma backgroundsubtraction proves to be insignificant, these background channels will beused as viewing channels. Each spectrometer supports 8 spatial channels andcan provide 8 or more spectral bins each. The spectrometers usehigh-efficiency VPH transmission gratings (eff. > 80%) and fast-gatedICCDs (gate > 2 ns, Gen III intensifier) with high-throughput (F/1.8),achromatic lensing. A stray light mitigation facility has been implemented,consisting of a multi-aperture optical baffle system and a simple beam dump.Successful stray light reduction has enabled detection of scattered signal,and Rayleigh scattering has been used to provide a relative calibration.Initial temperature measurements have been made and data analysis algorithmsare under development.

고속도로 비점오염저감시설의 효율적 적용 방안

To build environmentally friendly highways, we testes suitability for unique characteristics of pollution mitigation facility around the highways by evaluating optimal selections and implementation methodologies to minimize loan of non-point pollution substances into water-ways. To do this we categorized EIA target highways into three types ; big drainage basin, small drainage basin, and bridge section as to minimize non-point pollution of highway runoff. The terms of selected facility test based on the Natural and Manufactured Treatment Device were removal efficiency of TSS, BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, compatibility of site selection, economic feasibility, maintenance convenience, and the final mitigation facility.

Integrated control system responses during load rejection transient for Lungmen ABWR Plant

The RETRAN model of Lungmen ABWR Plant was used to evaluate the load rejection with bypass transient of the start-up test program. There are three major control systems implemented in Lungmen RETRAN Model, including recirculation flow control, feedwater control, steam bypass and pressure control system. The responses of the control systems are important to help the reactor operate smoothly in the test, and credited to mitigate the transient impact. A brief description about the Lungmen RETRAN Model and the design feature of control systems is included in this article. The predicted analysis of load rejection test was conducted by using RETRAN-3D code to verify the dynamic responses of the reactor and control systems to protective trips in the generator, and also to demonstrate the capability of the plant to withstand against a generator load rejection without reactor scram. The analysis results show that the reactor has not been scrammed due to the proper control system responses, and sustained stable operation under the condition of the minimum station house load. The sensitivity studies show that there will be no significant pressurization in load rejection transient as long as activating bypass capacity functions in time. While, the sensitivity study cases of other settings in the mitigation facilities have no outstanding impact on the system response.

Transpiration and Root Development of Urban Trees in Structural Soil Stormwater Reservoirs

Stormwater management that relies on ecosystem processes, such as tree canopy interception and rhizosphere biology, can be difficult to achieve in built environments because urban land is costly and urban soil inhospitable to vegetation. Yet such systems offer a potentially valuable tool for achieving both sustainable urban forests and stormwater management. We evaluated tree water uptake and root distribution in a novel stormwater mitigation facility that integrates trees directly into detention reservoirs under pavement. The system relies on structural soils: highly porous engineered mixes designed to support tree root growth and pavement. To evaluate tree performance under the peculiar conditions of such a stormwater detention reservoir (i.e., periodically inundated), we grew green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) in either CUSoil or a Carolina Stalite-based mix subjected to three simulated below-system infiltration rates for two growing seasons. Infiltration rate affected both transpiration and rooting depth. In a factorial experiment with ash, rooting depth always increased with infiltration rate for Stalite, but this relation was less consistent for CUSoil. Slow-drainage rates reduced transpiration and restricted rooting depth for both species and soils, and trunk growth was restricted for oak, which grew the most in moderate infiltration. Transpiration rates under slow infiltration were 55% (oak) and 70% (ash) of the most rapidly transpiring treatment (moderate for oak and rapid for ash). We conclude this system is feasible and provides another tool to address runoff that integrates the function of urban green spaces with other urban needs.

Mapping susceptibility of rainfall-triggered shallow landslides using a probabilistic approach

To prepare a landslide susceptibility map is essential to identify hazardous regions, construct appropriate mitigation facilities, and plan emergency measures for a region prone to landslides triggered by rainfall. The conventional mapping methods require much information about past landslides records and contributing terrace and rainfall. They also rely heavily on the quantity and quality of accessible information and subjectively of the map builder. This paper contributes to a systematic and quantitative assessment of mapping landslide hazards over a region. Geographical Information System is implemented to retrieve relevant parameters from data layers, including the spatial distribution of transient fluid pressures, which is estimated using the TRIGRS program. The factor of safety of each pixel in the study region is calculated analytically. Monte Carlo simulation of random variables is conducted to process the estimation of fluid pressure and factor of safety for multiple times. The failure probability of each pixel is thus estimated. These procedures of mapping landslide potential are demonstrated in a case history. The analysis results reveal a positive correlation between landslide probability and accumulated rainfall. This approach gives simulation results compared to field records. The location and size of actual landslide are well predicted. An explanation for some of the inconsistencies is also provided to emphasize the importance of site information on the accuracy of mapping results.

Chance-Constrained Optimization-Based Parameter Estimation for Muskingum Models

The development of a chance-constrained optimization-based model for Muskingum model parameter estimation is presented. The desired Muskingum model parameters are to be useful to give the flood forecast in terms of expected flood for given limits of tolerance and probability of occurrence. When errors of observation occur, an error term is added to a mean flow to give the actual flow. The developed model minimizes the sum of squares of difference between the actual observed and computed outflows in order to determine the Muskingum model parameters. The constraints are the chance-constrained Muskingum flow routing equations. The first-order second moment method of chance-constrained optimization is used to develop the optimization model. The developed model is demonstrated for four scenarios of Muskingum model parameter estimation. The results show that, given the allowable limits of error in Muskingum model parameters, the developed model has a capability to give expected values of Muskingum model parameters when the historic data that are used for the parameter estimation process contain a specified amount of observation errors and obey a specified probability distribution. The chance-constrained optimization-based model for Muskingum model parameter estimation results into Muskingum model parameters that can give flood forecasts such that the forecasted flood allows the provision of better flood damage mitigation facilities.

Developing a harmonics education facility in a power system simulator for power engineering education

This paper describes a newly installed harmonics education facility in detail to teach students about harmonics related problems in a power system. A nonlinear load, which produces harmonic currents, and a harmonic filter, which is a mitigation facility, are merged into an existing power system simulator for advanced power engineering education. The nonlinear load is a widely used three-phase, 6-pulse controlled rectifier. The filter bank is designed to eliminate the characteristic harmonic currents. This paper also shows the resonant condition caused by shunt capacitors which are usually used for power factor correction. Several suggested experiments are given to teach students about harmonics related problems including harmonic sources, measurement, resonance, limitation, and mitigation. The harmonics education facility greatly extends and promotes the performance of the power system simulator.

Relationships between n ‐Day Flood Volumes for Infrequent Large Floods

Design floods of specified frequency are used to consider relevant hydrologic and economic factors in the evaluation of operation, or changes in operation, of flood‐damage mitigation facilities. The design flood hydrograph is constructed using flood volumes, often extrapolated beyond observed records, from flood‐volume‐duration‐frequency curves. We examined the foundation of this approach using flood flow data from seven Pacific Northwest river catchments. Nested occurrence of large‐return‐period flood volumes (i.e., 1‐day and n‐day flood volumes occur concurrently), for flood durations important to decision making, held true for all seven basins. Coincidence of floods occurs when the 1‐day and n‐day flood volumes have the same return period. Flood volume‐frequency, and duration for the largest two or three flood volumes is strongly related (coincident) in three catchments and moderately related in three others. No apparent relationship was observed in the seventh. No link is apparent for any of the seven...