Mismatch Of Data Research Articles

High-quality reconstruction of four-dimensional cone beam CT from motion registration prior image

Four-dimensional cone beam CT (4D-CBCT) imaging can provide accurate location information of real-time breathing for imaging-guided radiotherapy. How to improve the accuracy of 4D-CBCT reconstruction image is a hot topic in current studies. PICCS algorithm performs remarkably in all 4D-CBCT reconstruction algorithms based on CS theory. The improved PICCS algorithm proposed in this paper improves the prior image on the basis of the traditional PICCS algorithm. According to the location information of each phase, the corresponding prior image is constructed, which completely eliminates the motion blur of the reconstructed image caused by the mismatch of the projection data. Meanwhile, the data fidelity model of the proposed method is consistent with the traditional PICCS algorithm. The experimental results showed that the reconstructed image using the proposed method had a clearer organization boundary compared with that of images reconstructed using the traditional PICCS algorithm. This proposed method significantly reduced the motion artifact and improved the image resolution.

Dynamic data-driven Bayesian GMsFEM

In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach for multiscale problems with the availability of dynamic observational data. Our method selects important degrees of freedom probabilistically in a Generalized multiscale finite element method framework. Due to scale disparity in many multiscale applications, computational models cannot resolve all scales. Dominant modes in the Generalized Multiscale Finite Element Method are used as “permanent” basis functions, which we use to compute an inexpensive multiscale solution and the associated uncertainties. Through our Bayesian framework, we can model approximate solutions by selecting the unresolved scales probabilistically. We consider parabolic equations in heterogeneous media. The temporal domain is partitioned into subintervals. Using residual information and given dynamic data, we design appropriate prior distribution for modeling missing subgrid information. The likelihood is designed to minimize the residual in the underlying PDE problem and the mismatch of observational data. Using the resultant posterior distribution, the sampling process identifies important degrees of freedom beyond permanent basis functions. The method adds important degrees of freedom in resolving subgrid information and ensuring the accuracy of the observations.

The Mismatch of Students Anthropometric Data with Ergonomic Designs of Learning Workstation is a Risk Factor for Musculoskeletal Disorders

This study examined the relationship between anthropometric data of Nigerian Students in Higher Academic Institutions, the ergonomic design of classroom furniture and the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). A total of one hundred and seventy five (175) students, aged between 17-34 years, in thirty one (31) randomly selected classrooms participated in the research. Students' anthropometric data were collated by measuring various body dimensions such as sitting elbow height, shoulder height, knee height, popliteal height, buttock-popliteal length, and stature, using anthropometer, and measuring tape. Also, classroom furniture dimensions were measured with metal measuring tape, vernier caliper and goniometer. A survey was conducted using questionnaire to identify the body areas of discomfort (MSDs) experienced by students. It was established that, there are three different types of furniture (A, B and C). This study revealed that there is a mismatch between available classroom furniture and students' anthropometric data, which is responsible for the musculoskeletal disorders complaints by the students. It is expected that the study will help decision makers and analysts in designing appropriate learning workstations using various students’ anthropometric data in order to avoid the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.

Feature-based data assimilation in geophysics

Abstract. Many applications in science require that computational models and data be combined. In a Bayesian framework, this is usually done by defining likelihoods based on the mismatch of model outputs and data. However, matching model outputs and data in this way can be unnecessary or impossible. For example, using large amounts of steady state data is unnecessary because these data are redundant. It is numerically difficult to assimilate data in chaotic systems. It is often impossible to assimilate data of a complex system into a low-dimensional model. As a specific example, consider a low-dimensional stochastic model for the dipole of the Earth's magnetic field, while other field components are ignored in the model. The above issues can be addressed by selecting features of the data, and defining likelihoods based on the features, rather than by the usual mismatch of model output and data. Our goal is to contribute to a fundamental understanding of such a feature-based approach that allows us to assimilate selected aspects of data into models. We also explain how the feature-based approach can be interpreted as a method for reducing an effective dimension and derive new noise models, based on perturbed observations, that lead to computationally efficient solutions. Numerical implementations of our ideas are illustrated in four examples.

Towards 3D Cadastre in Serbia: Development of Serbian Cadastral Domain Model

This paper proposes a Serbian cadastral domain model as the country profile for the real estate cadastre, based on the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), defined within ISO 19152. National laws and other legal acts were analyzed and the incorrect applications of the law are outlined. The national “Strategy of measures and activities for increasing the quality of services in the field of geospatial data and registration of real property rights in the official state records”, which was adopted in 2017, cites the shortcomings of the existing cadastral information system. The proposed profile can solve several problems with the system, such as the lack of interoperability, mismatch of graphic and alphanumeric data, and lack of an integrated cadastral information system. Based on the existing data, the basic concepts of the Serbian cadastre were extracted and the applicability of LADM was tested on an obtained conceptual model. Upon obtaining positive results, a complete country profile was developed according to valid national laws and rulebooks. A table of mappings of LADM classes and country profile classes is presented in this paper, together with an analysis of the conformance level. The proposed Serbian country profile is completely conformant at the medium level and on several high-level classes. LADM also provides support for three-dimensional (3D) representations and 3D registration of rights, so the creation of a country profile for Serbia is a starting point toward a 3D cadastre. Given the existence of buildings with overlapping rights and restrictions in 3D, considering expanding the spatial profile with 3D geometries is necessary. Possible solutions to these situations were analyzed. Since the two-dimensional (2D) cadastre in Serbia is not fully formed, the proposed solution is to use the 2D model for simple right situations, and the 3D model for more complex situations.

MASS POLL AS THE MAIN LANGUAGE SITUATION DIAGNOSING METHOD IN UKRAINIAN SCHOOLING

Introduction. The need to involve questions concerning quality and valuation parametersof linguistic situation in the material collection is caused by diglossic nature of bilingualismin schools in most parts of Ukraine, which is evident in the areas of the language use: Ukrainianin class, and Russian – during the breaks and after school activities. The language situationin a particular school, regardless of the status of language teaching, due to the configurationof the language situation in the region, which, however, is not included in statistical reports.That is shown in the survey carried out within the framework of Project No. 62700395 ofthe Volkswagen Foundation “Bi- and Multilingualism: between intensification and conflictresolution. Ethnolinguistic conflicts, linguistic politics and contact situations in post-SovietUkraine and Russia”, a system of questions was proposed concerning the real linguistic situation(perception of the linguistic environment, its assessment by the respondents) and its desirabledevelopment, that is, in the aspect of language policy in the field of education.Purpose. The paper focuses on the relevance of the language situation study in Ukrainianschooling using the mass poll methodology, due to mismatch of statistical data on the functioningof Ukrainian as the state language and the real facts of the language use in the secondaryschools. Methods. The research is grounded on the methods of sociolinguistics, that is quantitativeand qualitative analysis applying survey fieldwork and language boundary/difference perception.Results. The article specifies the sociolinguistic criteria on the basis of which theconclusion about changes in the linguistic situation in the field of school education in the periodfrom 2006 to 2017 is made, in particular the dynamics of the regional differences and quantitativedeformation inherited from the Soviet era in the “city – village” aspect are traced. In particular,questions aimed at data collection on the assessment of the society's linguistic situation inthe field of education were thoroughly analyzed. These questions made it possible to trace changesin linguistic behavior of respondents depending on the sphere of communication. Comparisonof responses in the regional dimension revealed the heterogeneity of the language situationin school education by region, and the analysis of the responses of different population centersresidents allowed to trace trends in overcoming the unevenness of linguistic developmentin the state in the “city – village” aspect. Providing respondents with questions that envisagedthe assessment of possible language policy in the field of school education, we sought to determinewhether this assessment depends on the peculiarities of the linguistic situation in the region, howcommon the stereotypical representations about the desired language education are, or whetherthe general political situation in the state affects perception and an assessment of the linguisticenvironment of educational institutions by the speakers. A separate question dealt with theprospects of bilingual education in Ukraine.Conclusions. The compulsory comparison of the results of several sociolinguistic pollswas emphasized to conclude on changes in the language guidelines for the desired perspectivesof language education and language policy measures in the field of school education.

Fraud Detection in Supply Chain using Excel Sheet

Fraud occurs due to intentionally manipulated data in complex and dynamic supply chains cyberspace being a complicated task for detecting or auditing agencies. However, prevention from vulnerable manipulation is the best way to reduce frauds. The application of Excel sheet as decision supporting tools, leads to identify abnormally mismatch or hidden pattern of data, and its depth analysis helps agencies to scientifically examine the feasibility of implementing one ‘trust-but-verify’ method in supply chain network using a probability distribution called Benford’s distribution within a short span of time to detect and prevent fraudulent transactions. This paper demonstrates how to use Excel Sheet to perform Benford distribution statistical test as an effective tool for locating red flags in suspected data from decision-making data-set of supply chain network.

Spatial improvement of human population distribution based on multi-sensor remote-sensing data: an input for exposure assessment

A spatial mismatch of hazard data and exposure data (e.g. population) exists in risk analysis. This article provides an integrated approach for a rapid and accurate estimation of population distribution on a per-pixel basis, through the combined use of medium and coarse spatial resolution remote-sensing data, namely the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) night-time imagery, enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and digital elevation model (DEM) data. The DMSP/OLS night-time light data have been widely used for the estimation of population distribution because of their free availability, global coverage, and high temporal resolution. However, given its low-radiometric resolution as well as the overglow effects, population distribution cannot be estimated accurately. In the present study, the DMSP/OLS data were combined with EVI and DEM data to develop an elevation-adjusted human settlement index (EAHSI) image. The model for population density estimation, developed based on the significant linear correlation between population and EAHSI, was implemented in Zhejiang Province in southeast China, and a spatialized population density map was generated at a resolution of 250 m × 250 m. Compared with the results from raw human settlement index (59.69%) and single night-time lights (35.89%), the mean relative error of estimated population by EAHSI has been greatly reduced (17.74%), mainly due to the incorporation of elevation information. The accurate estimation of population density can be used as an input for exposure assessment in risk analysis on a regional scale and on a per-pixel basis.

Study of the 2-D copper transport in sandy soil by laboratory scale aquifer model (sand tank) experiment

In this study, a laboratory scale aquifer model (sand tank) experiment has been carried out to simulate the 2-D transport pattern of copper into the sandy soil. The data collected from the experiment was used for verification of this physical transport experiment by using a flow and transport simulation software (MODFOLW). In case of simulation of laboratory scale aquifer model experiment by using MODFLOW, the trends of predicted copper profiles were similar to the observed profiles. However, model predicts the high aqueous phase copper concentration in most of the cases. Model sensitivity analysis to the partitioning coefficient (Kd) shows that the approach of tuning of Kd value can provide a better fit in some trial cases, but it may not be true for all cases. This indicates factors other than Kd are playing a role in this mismatch of data with the model output.

Modelling surface‐air‐temperature variation over complex terrain around abisko, swedish lapland: uncertainties of measurements and models at different scales

Zhenlin, Y., Hanna, E. and Callaghan, T. V., 2011: Modelling surface‐air‐temperature variation over complex terrain around Abisko, Swedish Lapland: uncertainties of measurements and models at different scales. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography, 93, 89–112. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468‐0459. 2011.00005.xMany ecological, physical and geographical processes affected by climate in the natural environment are scale‐dependent: determining surface‐air‐temperature distribution at a scale of tens to hundreds of metres can facilitate such research, which is currently hampered by the relative dearth of meteorological stations and complex surface temperature characteristics, particularly in mountain areas. Here we discuss both the couplings and mismatch of present climatological data at different scales, ranging from ∼50 m to 100 km, and provide a novel model of the surface‐air‐temperature distribution in topographically heterogeneous regions.First, a comparison of the large‐scale weather station measurements and gridded climate reanalysis (ERA‐40) data is used to define regional climatology in the Swedish sub‐Arctic and obtain the mesoscale temperature lapse rates. Second, combined with temperature measurements obtained from transects set among complex terrain, key microclimatic characteristics of the temperature distribution are identified, showing few temperature inversions when the wind speed exceeds 3 m s−1, while temperature inversions prevail during calm nights. Besides wind, there is a pronounced winter temperature stratification around the large Lake Torneträsk, and variations in topography are found to have a strong influence in shaping the microscale temperature pattern through their effect on solar radiation during summer.A monthly 50‐m scale temperature‐distribution (topoclimate) model is built based on the above findings, and model validation is conducted using further fieldwork measurements from different seasons. We present results of surface‐air‐temperature distribution for the Abisko region, and discuss how these results help reconcile the scale mismatch mentioned above.

ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Pulverolide: Revision of Its Structure.

AbstractTotal synthesis of the proposed structure (I) results in mismatch of spectroscopic data.

Effect of Elongation of Alternating Sequences on Swelling Behavior and Large Deformation Properties of Natural Alginate Gels

The physical properties of alginate gels correlate with alginate composition. Blocks of guluronic acid (G) strongly contribute to gel formation. Recently, the role of alternating sequences in calcium-alginate gels has been elucidated. The present contribution aimed at extending the analysis already reported (Donati, I.; Holtan, S.; Mørch, Y. A.; Borgogna, M.; Dentini, M.; Skjåk-Braek, G. Biomacromolecules 2005, 6, 1031) and at explaining some apparent mismatch of experimental data. In the present work, calcium hydrogels from different alginate samples have been analyzed by means of uniaxial compression and puncture tests to evaluate their Young's modulus and work at break. The role of long MG blocks in mechanical deformations (small and large domains) as well as in swelling experiments was investigated with natural and MG-enriched (AlgE4 epimerized) alginate samples. Alginates with elongated alternating sequences displayed, upon treatment with saline solution, a notable increase in swelling behavior, which was not paralleled by increased mechanical properties (Young's modulus). This behavior was traced back to the disentanglement of MG/MG junctions, which increased the local charge density, reducing the osmotic contribution to hydrogel swelling. The analyses of the large deformation curves for natural and epimerized alginates revealed an increase in the energy to breakage in the latter case caused by the dissipation effect of "sliding" MG/MG junctions.

Deterioration, death and the evolution of reproductive restraint in late life

Explaining why organisms schedule reproduction over their lifetimes in the various ways that they do is an enduring challenge in biology. An influential theoretical prediction states that organisms should increasingly invest in reproduction as they approach the end of their life. An apparent mismatch of empirical data with this prediction has been attributed to age-related constraints on the ability to reproduce. Here we present a general framework for the evolution of age-related reproductive trajectories. Instead of characterizing an organism by its age, we characterize it by its physiological condition. We develop a common currency that if maximized at each time guarantees the whole life history is optimal. This currency integrates reproduction, mortality and changes in condition. We predict that under broad conditions it will be optimal for organisms to invest less in reproduction as they age, thus challenging traditional interpretations of age-related traits and renewing debate about the extent to which observed life histories are shaped by constraint versus adaptation. Our analysis gives a striking illustration of the differences between an age-based and a condition-based approach to life-history theory. It also provides a unified account of not only standard life-history models but of related models involving the allocation of limited resources.

IBM UFO repository

Currently, WWW , large enterprises, and desktop users suffer from an inability to efficiently access and manage differently structured data. The same data objects (e.g. Product) stored by different databases, repositories, distributed web storage systems, etc are named, referenced, and combined internally into schemas or data structures differently. This leads to structural mismatch of data that often consists of the same semantic objects (e.g. EBay and Yahoo! online auction offers).

The Role of Disaggregation of Asset Values in Flood Loss Estimation: A Comparison of Different Modeling Approaches at the Mulde River, Germany

In loss estimation there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modeled on an explicit raster level and exposure data that are often available only for aggregated administrative units. Usually disaggregation methods that use ancillary information to distribute lumped exposure data in a finer spatial resolution help to bridge this gap. However, the actual influence of different mapping techniques and ancillary data on the final loss estimation has not been analyzed yet. In this paper three methods are applied to disaggregate residential building assets using two kinds of land use/land cover (LULC) data. The resulting disaggregated assets are validated and compared using census data of the residential building number on the community and constituency level. In addition, the disaggregated assets are taken to estimate residential building losses due to the flood in August 2002 in 21 municipalities on the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany. Losses are calculated with the help of four loss models. In general, disaggregation helps to decrease the error variance within the loss estimation. It must, however, be stated that the application of sophisticated disaggregation methods does not lead to significant improvements compared to the straightforward binary method. Therefore more effort should instead be put into the provision of high-resolution LULC data. Finally, the remaining uncertainties in loss estimation are high and demand further improvements in all modeling aspects.

A computational-experimental method for identifying the viscoelastic properties of composites in dynamically loaded shells of revolution

A method for determining the stiffness and rheological characteristics of composite materials, based on minimizing the mismatch of experimental data and the results of numerically modeling nonstationary deformation processes in shells ofrevolution made of composites materials, is presented. This approach is used for analyzing the damping characteristics of chaotically reinforced and cloth-reinforced composites.

Autoignition of toluene and benzene at elevated pressures in a rapid compression machine

Autoignition of toluene and benzene is investigated in a rapid compression machine at conditions relevant to HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) combustion. Experiments are conducted for homogeneous mixtures over a range of equivalence ratios at compressed pressures from 25 to 45 bar and compressed temperatures from 920 to 1100 K. Experiments varying oxygen concentration while keeping the mole fraction of toluene constant reveal a strong influence of oxygen in promoting ignition. Additional experiments varying fuel mole fraction at a fixed equivalence ratio show that ignition delay becomes shorter with increasing fuel concentration. Moreover, autoignition of benzene shows significantly higher activation energy than that of toluene. In addition, the experimental pressure traces for toluene show behavior of heat release significantly different from the results of Davidson et al. [D.F. Davidson, B.M. Gauthier, R.K. Hanson, Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2005) 1175–1182]. Predictability of various detailed kinetic mechanisms is also compared. Results demonstrate that the existing mechanisms for toluene and benzene fail to predict the experimental data with respect to ignition delay and heat release. Flux analysis is further conducted to identify the dominant reaction pathways and the reactions responsible for the mismatch of experimental and simulated data.

Production-Well-Testing Optimization With Multiphase Flowmeters

This article, written by Technology Editor Dennis Denney, contains highlights of paper SPE 101475, "Production-Well- Testing Optimization Using Multiphase Flowmeters," by M. Metwalli Hassan and M. Bekkoucha, Adco, and M. Abukhader, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2006 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 5-8 November. Production testing by use of portable multiphase flowmeters (MPFMs) was implemented in Abu Dhabi Co. Onshore Oil Operations' Field B. The objectives were to quantify the water and gas production, evaluate the performance of slugging and intermittent wells for procurement actions, evaluate the production-test data measured with conventional test separators, and improve the testing duration and strategy. The program included a set of elements to qualify the MPFM results before use and considered parallel testing with conventional separators to enable fair comparison of results. Introduction Field reports indicated that the actual production volumes of oil, water, and gas from the B field do not match theoretical volumes calculated from well-test results measured with test separators. This mismatch of production data is reflected in the accuracy of reconciled production allocation on a per-well basis and the reservoir basis. Production performance and well-diagnostics analysis were other issues that affected reservoir-management decisions and proactive procedures, especially for high-water-cut and high-gas/oil-ratio (GOR) wells. Monitoring of the slugging and intermittent wells also was a problem for test separators. Accurate production data are required for numerical simulation, reserves calculations, and optimization of reservoir-data acquisition. MPFM Application. The MPFM testing campaign in the B field was implemented initially in oil-rim reservoirs similar to that shown in Fig. 1. Wells in these reservoirs have severe reservoir-pressure depletion, high water cut (10 to 60%), and GORs ranging from 2,000 to 20,000 scf/STB. The oil rims are thin reservoirs (30 to 60 ft) and are narrow. Oil rims are saturated-oil reservoirs, and both the gas cap and the oil zone are produced without pressure maintenance. Therefore, most of the wells in these reservoirs experience either intermittent or slugging production. Testing these wells with conventional separators indicated unstable production rates and erroneous measurements of oil, water, and gas rates. Accordingly, these wells were given priority for testing by MPFM. MPFM Used The meter is a portable phase-tester venturi meter. It is an in-line MPFM capable of operating under a large variety of conditions. The venturi meter has two main sections: the measuring section and the data-acquisition flow computer. The measuring principle is based on a total-mass-flow rate measured with a venturi meter. The individual-phase fractions (oil, water, and gas) are measured with a dual-energy gamma-fraction meter. The data are processed in the data-acquisition flow computer, which computes the line pressure and temperature and the individual-phase flow rates.

Regionalisation of asset values for risk analyses

Abstract. In risk analysis there is a spatial mismatch of hazard data that are commonly modelled on an explicit raster level and exposure data that are often only available for aggregated units, e.g. communities. Dasymetric mapping techniques that use ancillary information to disaggregate data within a spatial unit help to bridge this gap. This paper presents dasymetric maps showing the population density and a unit value of residential assets for whole Germany. A dasymetric mapping approach, which uses land cover data (CORINE Land Cover) as ancillary variable, was adapted and applied to regionalize aggregated census data that are provided for all communities in Germany. The results were validated by two approaches. First, it was ascertained whether population data disaggregated at the community level can be used to estimate population in postcodes. Secondly, disaggregated population and asset data were used for a loss evaluation of two flood events that occurred in 1999 and 2002, respectively. It must be concluded that the algorithm tends to underestimate the population in urban areas and to overestimate population in other land cover classes. Nevertheless, flood loss evaluations demonstrate that the approach is capable of providing realistic estimates of the number of exposed people and assets. Thus, the maps are sufficient for applications in large-scale risk assessments such as the estimation of population and assets exposed to natural and man-made hazards.

Aglairubine—discrepancies during the course of structure elucidation

A short synthesis of the originally proposed structure 1 for the putrescine alkaloid aglairubine is presented as well as for a conceivable structure alternative 11 . Due to the ascertained mismatch of spectroscopical data for synthetic and natural compounds, the published aglairubine structure has to be revised.