Misaligned State Research Articles

Investigation of the effect of the alignment of the eye and the virtual image of virtual reality on fatigue in viewing VR device

AbstractCybersickness is a major problem hindering the use of fully immersive virtual reality (VR) systems. A mismatch between the interpupillary distance (IPD) and the inter‐optical system distance (IOSD) can cause discomfort when using VR devices. To solve this, the IOSD must be aligned according to the user's IPD. Herein, we investigated the effects of the optimum alignment of IPD and IOSD on eye fatigue when using VR systems. A method was used such that the IPD and IOSD for each participant were initially aligned under the condition that binocular fusion did not occur by displaying different left and right images. Fifteen university students aged 20–26 years were included. In the alignment and misalignment states, a symptom questionnaire was used to evaluate changes in the symptoms of participants after viewing a short movie using the VR device. We found that the obtained results in the eye strain category were statistically improved in the aligned state compared with those in the misaligned state. However, there were no significant differences in the general discomfort, nausea, focusing difficulty, or headache categories. Consequently, we confirmed that the alignment of the VR device using the proposed method can reduce eye fatigue when viewing VR content.

Multifunctional coil technique for alignment-agnostic and Rx coil size-insensitive efficiency enhancement for wireless power transfer applications

This paper presents a multifunctional coil technique to enhance the transfer efficiency of an inductively-coupled wireless power transfer (WPT) system, regardless of the alignment condition and size ratio between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) coils. The technique incorporates an auxiliary coil on the Tx side, where current is induced through coupling from the primary coil. Since the Tx coil consists of two coils, transmission to the Rx occurs through the coil with the higher coupling coefficient, determined by the misalignment state. Additionally, by controlling this current using a varactor placed on the auxiliary coil, an optimal magnetic flux is generated based on the alignment condition and/or the size of the Rx coil. In perfect alignment, the auxiliary coil focuses the flux from the Tx to the Rx coil, maximizing transfer efficiency. In misalignment scenarios, the current on the auxiliary coil is adjusted to shift the effective center of the Tx coil, achieving the strongest alignment of the magnetic flux traversing the Rx coil. This adjustment, which can be controlled adaptively based not only on the degree of misalignment but also on the size of the Rx coil, enables virtually null-free operation across varying misalignment conditions and for different Rx sizes. Furthermore, as this multifunctionality of the proposed system is achieved with a minimal number of additional components-just a single auxiliary coil and a single varactor-the impact on the overall quality factor (Q) of the system is minimized, contributing to the higher efficiency. In a size-symmetric system, where the Tx and Rx coils have the same size, the efficiency reaches 98.1% in perfect alignment and remains above 60% with up to 135% misalignment relative to the largest coil dimension. In a size-asymmetric system, with the Rx coil reduced to a quarter of the Tx coil, the efficiency is 96.1% in perfect alignment and remains above 60% up to 95% misalignment. Despite its enhanced practicality through a simple structure featuring only one auxiliary coil and an asymmetric configuration integrated solely on the Tx side, the proposed technique surpasses previous methods by delivering significantly superior performance. Moreover, it demonstrates unprecedented tolerance to both misalignment and smaller Rx coil sizes, which is frequently encountered in practical applications.

Significant Enhancement of Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer by Misaligned Bilayer Heterostructure of Graphene-Covered Gratings

Abstract The near-field radiative heat transfer of heterostructure consisting of SiC gratings and graphene is investigated in this work. The rigorous coupled-wave analysis is employed to calculate the spectral heat flux. Nevertheless, monolayer heterostructure and nonmisaligned bilayer heterostructure consistently suffer from a lack of spectral heat flux. In this work, we investigate the prominent effect of misaligned bilayer heterostructure in enhancing near-field radiative heat transfer by plotting energy transmission coefficients and electromagnetic fields. The results show that when the misalignment reaches half a period, the bilayer heterostructure exhibits optimal performance with a total heat flux of 3.5 × 104 W/m2. Besides the well-known coupled surface phonon polaritons supported by SiC gratings, the surface plasmon polaritons supported by graphene dominate the enhancement of heat flux from 0.01 × 1014 rad/s to 1.5 × 1014 rad/s. Due to the spatial misalignment of the upper and lower gratings, the lower layer graphene surface plasmon polaritons are intensified, compensating for the lack of spectral heat flux. Meanwhile, the graphene surface plasmon polaritons and SiC surface phonon polaritons can be hybridized to form surface plasmon-phonon polaritons. In addition, the dynamic modulation of near-field radiative heat transfer in the misalignment state is achieved by manipulating the Fermi level of graphene. We finally show that the superiority of misaligned heterostructure is robust with respect to the frequency shift in the phonon band, providing an effective way to improve the near-field radiative heat transfer in different configuration.

Circadian Adaptation of Melatonin and Cortisol in Police Officers Working Rotating Shifts.

Misalignment of behavior and circadian rhythms due to night work can impair sleep and waking function. While both simulated and field-based studies suggest that circadian adaptation to a nocturnal schedule is slow, the rates of adaptation in real-world shift-work conditions are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of adaptation of 24-h rhythms with 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and cortisol in police officers working rotating shifts, with a special attention to night shifts. A total of 76 police officers (20 women; aged 32 ± 5.4 years, mean ± SD) from the province of Quebec, Canada, participated in a field study during their 28- or 35-day work cycle. Urine samples were collected for ~32 h before a series of day, evening, and night shifts to assess circadian phase. Before day, evening, and night shifts, 60%-89% of officers were adapted to a day schedule based on aMT6 rhythms, and 71%-78% were adapted based on cortisol rhythms. To further quantify the rate of circadian adaptation to night shifts, initial and final phases were determined in a subset of 37 officers with suitable rhythms for both hormones before and after 3-8 consecutive shifts (median = 7). Data were analyzed with circular and linear mixed-effects models. After night shifts, 30% and 24% of officers were adapted to a night-oriented schedule for aMT6s and cortisol, respectively. Significantly larger phase-delay shifts (aMT6s: -7.3 ± 0.9 h; cortisol: -6.3 ± 0.8 h) were observed in police officers who adapted to night shifts than in non-adapted officers (aMT6s: 0.8 ± 0.9 h; cortisol: 0.2 ± 1.1 h). Consistent with prior research, our results from both urinary aMT6s and cortisol midpoints indicate that a large proportion of police officers remained in a state of circadian misalignment following a series of night shifts in dim-light working environments.

A Study on a Fully Integrated Coil Based on the LCCL-S Compensation Topology for Wireless EVs Charging Systems

This study proposes a full integration method for the double capacitances and inductance–series (LCCL-S)-compensated inductive power transfer (IPT) of electric vehicles (EVs). The transmitter and receiver coils adopt the unipolar coil, and the compensation inductor is designed as an extended DD coil. Specifically, the use of an extended DD coil enhances the misalignment tolerance of the EVs. When the IPT system is in the misaligned state, a primary transfer path for magnetic flux is established between the transmitter and receiver coils, and a secondary transfer path is established between the extended DD coil and receiver coil. The distance between the two unipolar coils of the extended DD coil is optimized to maximize the magnetic flux on the secondary transfer path, thereby increasing the total power of the system misaligned state. Simultaneously, the most suitable turns and inner diameter of the extended DD coil are designed by using the finite element method (FEM) simulation tool. In order to verify the performance of the proposed integrated coil method, a 3.3 kW experimental prototype with a 100 mm air gap was constructed and compared with the conventional integration method under the same conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed magnetic coupling structure maintains at least a 63.6% well-aligned value at a door-to-door 150 mm misaligned state, and the output power of the system is 1.05 kW higher than that of the traditional integration method without extra control algorithms.

Coarse-to-Fine Localization for Detecting Misalignment State of Angle Cocks.

The state of angle cocks determines the air connectivity of freight trains, and detecting their state is helpful to improve the safety of the running trains. Although the current research for fault detection of angle cocks has achieved high accuracy, it only focuses on the detection of the closed state and non-closed state and treats them as normal and abnormal states, respectively. Since the non-closed state includes the fully open state and the misalignment state, while the latter may lead to brake abnormally, it is very necessary to further detect the misalignment state from the non-closed state. In this paper, we propose a coarse-to-fine localization method to achieve this goal. Firstly, the localization result of an angle cock is obtained by using the YOLOv4 model. Following that, the SVM model combined with the HOG feature of the localization result of an angle cock is used to further obtain its handle localization result. After that, the HOG feature of the sub-image only containing the handle localization result continues to be used in the SVM model to detect whether the angle cock is in the non-closed state or not. When the angle cock is in the non-closed state, its handle curve is fitted by binarization and window search, and the tilt angle of the handle is calculated by the minimum bounding rectangle. Finally, the misalignment state is detected when the tilt angle of the handle is less than the threshold. The effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method are verified by extensive experiments, and the accuracy of misalignment state detection for angle cocks reaches 96.49%.

Numerical and experimental analysis of vibration characteristics of spindle system under bearing assembly errors

To research the vibration problem caused by bearing assembly errors in machine tool spindles, a special test rig for rolling bearing misalignment is designed and built. The dynamic model of the spindle-bearing-pedestal system of the test rig is established, and the characterization method for bearing parallel and angular misalignments is given through the Hertz contact theory. The effect rule of the misalignment level on spindle vibration response is studied by simulation and experiment, and the system dynamic model and bearing misalignment model are verified. On this basis, the vibration characteristics of the spindle system under the joint effect of raceway misalignment and waviness are further analyzed. The numerical and experimental results show that when the bearing is in the misalignment state, the excitation of bearing variable compliance increases. The assembly errors of the bearing raceway lead to the deviation of the centroid motion trajectory of the spindle tool end, which seriously affects the machining accuracy of the machine tool. In the case of severe angular misalignment, the system shows chaotic motion, indicating that the instability of the system is enhanced. The impact of angular misalignment on system vibration is greater than parallel misalignment, so bearing ring tilt should be avoided as far as possible in practice. In addition, it is also found that the variation of excitation amplitude of bearing waviness caused by raceway tilt is related to the relationship between the number of waviness and ball number.

Mixed lubrication performances of misaligned stern bearing considering turbulence and elastic deformation

PurposeThis study aims to investigate mixed lubrication performances of stern bearing in a misaligned state considering turbulence and bearing deformation impacts.Design/methodology/approachA mixed lubrication model of stern bearing is established. The generalized average Reynolds equation governing the turbulent flow of lubricant is analyzed by considering the interaction of bearing elastic deformation, asperity contact pressure and film pressure. The bearing behaviors including minimum film thickness, hydrodynamic pressure, asperity friction force and frictional coefficient are studied under different models. The correctness of this model is verified by comparing it with that of the published data.FindingsNumerical results indicate that elastic deformation noticeably decreases the maximum film pressure, the asperity contact force and the friction coefficient in the mixed lubrication stage. The effect of elastic deformation and turbulence reduces the transition speed from mixed to liquid lubrication.Originality/valueThis model includes both turbulence and bearing deformation impacts on journal bearing performances. It is expected that the numerical results can provide useful information to establish a stern bearing exposed to mixed lubrication conditions.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-11-2022-0352/

Image plane wavefront sensing and Kalman filtering for automated alignment of off-axis aspherics.

Automated alignment can significantly increase optical system precision and flexibility, and reduce time and labor costs in system setup and maintenance. We present an automated alignment technique on a double off-axis parabolic mirror system, which poses challenging alignment problems due to the mirrors' high sensitivity to aberrations, rotational asymmetry, and non-orthogonality in stage adjustments. In our methodology, we use focal plane wavefront sensing to eliminate the non-common path error, increase optical throughput, and reduce cost and system complexity. We incorporate model-based optimal estimation and control to better handle the nonlinearity, model uncertainty, and noise. Using either an iterated extended Kalman filter or a square-root unscented Kalman filter as the optimal nonlinear misalignment state estimator, we are able to consistently reduce the linear misalignment from around 1mm to <5µm and the angular misalignment from around 500 to <6a r c s e c in simulation, achieving a final wavefront error of <5∗10-5 waves in the field of view when tested at wavelength 635nm. We discover a multi-state coupling effect, which implies that different misalignment states have compensating effects on system measurements, thus interfering with the estimator's observation of misalignment state changes. We further investigate the coupling's effects on alignment quality through observability analysis.

State Constitutional Rights, State Courts, and the Future of Substantive Due Process Protections

By most accounts, the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization signaled a broader stagnation (and perhaps retrenchment) of federal substantive due process protections. As a result, there is now great interest in the role that state constitutions and courts might play in protecting and expanding reproductive and privacy rights. This Article aims to place this moment in state constitutional development in broader context. It makes two core claims in this regard. First, although state courts are free to interpret state constitutions as providing broader individual rights protections than those contained in the Federal Constitution, state constitutions have not materialized as a robust source of counter-majoritarian rights during earlier periods of federal rights stagnation. To the contrary, state constitutional rights tend to conform with popular sentiment regarding rights because they are heavily mediated by various processes of popular constitutionalism (such as popular election, recall, and retention of state judges, and the initiative and referendum). From this point of view, state constitutional rights have limited potential in protecting political minorities from abusive popular majorities. However, this Article’s second claim is that state constitutional rights are well-situated to address many contemporary rights battles precisely because of their majoritarian nature. Many extant rights conflicts are between statewide popular majorities that support rights expansion and misaligned state governments looking to disregard or evade popular preferences. State constitutional rights are better situated to address this problem than the problem of abusive popular majorities. The challenge for contemporary state courts in this moment is to articulate an independent rights jurisprudence that accounts for the popular nature of state constitutional rights rather than parrot the counter-majoritarian jurisprudence of the United States Supreme Court, which is largely inapposite when adjudicating state constitutional rights. The Article concludes by offering some preliminary thoughts on how state courts might approach today’s rights disputes under state constitutions.

The social alignment theory of power: Predicting associative and dissociative behavior in hierarchies

Evolutionary social psychologists have demonstrated that powerholders generally attain and maintain rank in social hierarchies through two distinct types of behaviors: associative (prestige-based) strategies or dissociative (dominance-based) strategies. However, the dual-strategies literature lacks a theoretical account of when and why people adopt one approach over the other. We provide a theoretical model of power to address this question and also expand the focus to include low-power versions of associative (persuasion-based) and dissociative (passivity-based) strategies. To develop our framework, we build on the distinction between power (i.e., asymmetric control over valued resources) and volitional influence (i.e., the ability to produce willful changes in others). We posit that individuals who perceive high volitional influence with regard to another party are in a state of social alignment, because their interests and those of the other party are, or can easily become, aligned. As a result, they pursue associative strategies (prestige for high-power actors, or persuasion for low-power actors). In contrast, individuals with low perceived volitional influence are in a state of social misalignment, because their interests and those of the other party are misaligned. As a result, they pursue dissociative strategies (dominance for high-power actors, or passivity for low-power actors). To help distinguish between power and volitional influence, we offer a new capital-based typology of power and outline key antecedents of volitional influence. We conclude by outlining future directions for research on power and key topics in organizational behavior.

A Tendency Toward Alignment in Single-star Warm-Jupiter Systems

The distribution of spin–orbit angles for systems with wide-separation, tidally detached exoplanets offers a unique constraint on the prevalence of dynamically violent planetary evolution histories. Tidally detached planets provide a relatively unbiased view of the primordial stellar obliquity distribution, as they cannot tidally realign within the system lifetime. We present the third result from our Stellar Obliquities in Long-period Exoplanet Systems (SOLES) survey: a measurement of the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect across two transits of the tidally detached warm Jupiter TOI-1478 b with the WIYN/NEID and Keck/HIRES spectrographs, revealing a sky-projected spin–orbit angle . Combining this new measurement with the full set of archival obliquity measurements, including two previous constraints from the SOLES survey, we demonstrate that, in single-star systems, tidally detached warm Jupiters are preferentially more aligned than closer-orbiting hot Jupiters. This finding has two key implications: (1) planets in single-star systems tend to form within aligned protoplanetary disks, and (2) warm Jupiters form more quiescently than hot Jupiters, which, in single-star systems, are likely perturbed into a misaligned state through planet–planet interactions in the post-disk-dispersal phase. We also find that lower-mass Saturns span a wide range of spin–orbit angles, suggesting a prevalence of planet–planet scattering and/or secular mechanisms in these systems.

Mitoxantrone stacking does not define the active or inactive state of USP15 catalytic domain

Ubiquitin specific protease USP15 is a deubiquitinating enzyme reported to regulate several biological and cellular processes, including TGF-β signaling, regulation of immune response, neuro-inflammation and mRNA splicing. Here we study the USP15 D1D2 catalytic domain and present the crystal structure in its catalytically-competent conformation. We compare this apo-structure to a previous misaligned state in the same crystal lattice. In both structures, mitoxantrone, an FDA approved antineoplastic drug and a weak inhibitor of USP15 is bound, indicating that it is not responsible for inducing a switch in the conformation of active site cysteine in the USP15 D1D2 structure. Instead, mitoxantrone contributes to crystal packing, by forming a stack of 12 mitoxantrone molecules. We believe this reflects how mitoxantrone can be responsible for e.g. nuclear condensate partitioning.We conclude that USP15 can switch between active and inactive states in the absence of ubiquitin, and that this is independent of mitoxantrone binding. These insights can be important for future drug discovery targeting USP15.

Experimental investigation in nodal aberration theory (NAT): separation of astigmatic figure error from misalignments in a Cassegrain telescope.

We present simulations and experimental validations for separating astigmatic figure error from misalignments in Nodal Aberration Theory (NAT) with a high-precision Cassegrain telescope. Both the primary mirror figure error and the secondary mirror misalignments induce binodal astigmatism for the telescope systems. The separation of these two aberration factors plays a crucial role in the telescope alignment process. In this study, the figure error of the aspheric primary mirror of the Cassegrain telescope induced by the mirror mounts was measured interferometrically utilizing a computer-generated hologram (CGH). According to the primary mirror figure error, the astigmatic node locations in the image plane were simulated using real raytracing. The center of the nodes was located on the field center, and the nodes were placed symmetrically with respect to the field center in the image plane. The telescope's alignment was performed using the simulation results, and the node locations were measured on a grid of field points interferometrically. Thereafter, secondary mirror misalignments around the coma-free pivot point were introduced into the optical system, and the node's center was shifted from the field center in the image plane as predicted by NAT. The simulations and interferometric field measurements were performed and compared on a grid of field points for the misaligned state in the presence of primary mirror figure error. The experimental results confirm the predictions from NAT. Statistical analysis was also performed to confirm the accuracy and stability of the measurements.

282 Effect of circadian misalignment on the sleep of police officers across a series of night shifts

Abstract Introduction Misalignment of behavior and circadian rhythms due to night work can impair sleep and waking function. While both simulated and field-based studies suggest that circadian adaptation to a nocturnal schedule is slow, the rates of adaptation in real-world shift-work conditions are still largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent of adaptation of 24-h rhythms in 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) and cortisol in police officers across night shifts and to compare their effect on sleep. Methods A total of 76 police officers (20 women; aged 32.3±5.5 years, mean±SD) from the province of Québec, Canada, participated in a field study comprising their 28- or 35-day work-cycle. Urine samples were collected for ~24-h before and after a series of 3–7 night shifts. Rhythms of urinary aMT6s were considered adapted if midpoints following night shifts occurred during participants’ average daytime sleep period. Cortisol was considered adapted if midpoints occurred within 2h of their average daytime sleep offset. Sleep was measured with actigraphy and sleep logs on a cell phone. Data were analyzed with circular and linear mixed-effects models. Results Analyses were based on a subset of 37 participants with rhythms of both hormones suitable for circadian phase assessment before and after their series of night shifts. After night shifts, the group acrophase of adapted rhythms (aMT6: n=11, cortisol: n=9) occurred significantly later than for non-adapted rhythms (aMT6s: 10.9 h vs. 3.4 h, p&amp;lt;.001; cortisol: 14.9 vs. 9.9 h, p&amp;lt;.001). Participants with adapted aMT6s rhythms obtained cumulatively more sleep per day throughout the series of shifts than those with non-adapted rhythms (average 6.4 h per day vs 5.8 h per day; p=.026). Conclusion Consistent with prior research, our results from both urinary aMT6s and cortisol midpoints indicate that a large proportion of police officers remained in a state of circadian misalignment following their night shifts. The minority of officers who adapted to night work were able to obtain more sleep across consecutive night shifts. Support (if any) Project funded by the Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST). A.K. received a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds de Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRQS).

Childhood Onset Strabismus: A Neurotrophic Factor Hypothesis

ABSTRACT Strabismus is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with complex molecular and neurophysiological causes. Evidence in the literature suggests a strong role for motor innervation in the etiology of strabismus, which connects central neural processes to the peripheral extraocular muscles. Current treatments of strabismus through surgery show that an inherent sensorimotor plasticity in the ocular motor system decreases the effectiveness of treatment, often driving eye alignment back toward its misaligned pre-surgical state by altering extraocular muscle tonus. There is recent interest in capitalizing on existing biological processes in extraocular muscles to overcome these compensatory mechanisms. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that regulate survival and development in neurons and muscle, including extraocular muscles. Local administration of neurotrophins to extraocular muscles partially reversed strabismus in an animal model of strabismus. The hypothesis is that sustained release of neurotrophins gives more time for the ocular motor system to adapt to a slow change in alignment in the desired direction. The effect of neurotrophins on extraocular muscles is complex, as different neurotrophic factors have diverse effects on extraocular muscle contraction profiles, patterns of innervation, and density of extraocular muscle precursor cells. Neurotrophic factors show promise as a therapeutic option for strabismus, which may help to improve treatment outcomes and offset devastating amblyopia and psychosocial effects of disease in strabismus patients.

Compensation for Lateral Misalignment in Litz Wire Based on Multilayer Coil Technology.

This study applies a multilayer coil technology that can compensate for a decrease in transfer efficiency due to a lateral misalignment in a practical 100 kHz-band wireless power transfer system and validates its effect on the efficiency of compensation. The effectiveness is investigated using coils fabricated with Litz wires. Three-turn rectangular assistant coils 22.4 × 45.3 mm2 in size were stacked on a five-turn circular primary coil with a diameter of 45.3 mm in a 2 × 1 array. Transfer efficiency between two such coils was measured by producing lateral misalignment, while maintaining the vertical distance between the Tx and Rx coils at 7 mm. The experimental results showed that the transfer efficiency was compensated by approximately 46.1%P maximum in a misalignment state of 30 mm, which corresponded to 67% of the maximum size of the coil, compared to the transfer efficiency of the structure, in which the multilayer coil was not applied. Furthermore, transfer efficiency was compensated by 37.6%P, even in an asymmetric system in which the multilayer structure was applied only to the Tx coil, thereby confirming an excellent multilayer coil technology effect on compensation for lateral misalignment in practical cases.

Finite Element Analysis of Misalignment and Contact State on the Interface of Bearing Bore Under Preload Condition

The split bearing bores of diesel engine are generally bored after tightening bolts to install crankcase and cylinder block. Machining accuracy significantly affects the contact state during sliding bearing operation, thereby reducing the service life of bearing. For effectively suppressing misalignment of interface caused by deformation of bearing bore, this paper presents finite element model and experimental measurement. The theoretical analysis and numerical calculation of interface are carried out in this paper. The finite element models of bearing bore and interface between crankcase and cylinder block are established to quantitatively analyze the deformation characteristic and contact state. The results indicate that the contact pressure of interface increases gradually with increase of the pre-tightening torque. The sliding distance of interface is positively correlated with the contact pressure of interface. Furthermore, the direction and value of the principal stress are calculated by measuring the strain of nodes around the bearing bore. Differential forces on both sides of bearing bore lead to joint surface sliding. Finite element simulation results are compared with experimental results to verify the finite element model.

External orderliness-synergy of electric power industry in Yangtze River Delta during energy transition period

Many industrialized countries are pursuing energy transition, but their focuses are different. It is necessary and realistic for the Chinese government to scientifically define the Orderliness-Synergy attribute during the energy transition period, and emphatically analyze the interaction among sub-industries. Yangtze River Delta economic zone, the strongest economic center in comprehensive strength of China, plays an exemplary role in the energy transition. This paper focuses on the interaction between the evolution of electric power industry and the development of the three industries during the transition period, initially forms the theoretical analysis framework of external Orderliness-Synergy by making use of some advanced theories in different disciplines, constructs the Orderliness Measurement Model and the Synergy Measurement Model based on the theoretical framework, and determines an index system of order parameters to carry out empirical analysis on the Yangtze River Delta region. At the same time, the power function prediction method is used to make a short-term prediction of the orderliness-synergy evolution of electric power industry and the three industries in the Yangtze River Delta. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of orderliness-synergy among industries, the electric power industry in the Yangtze River Delta region is still in a serious misalignment state during development and evolution; (2) the Orderliness of both the electric power industry and the three industries in the Yangtze River Delta region is constantly adjusting and evolving towards a more rational direction; (3) the external Orderliness-Synergy among the industrial system is realized on the premise of the orderliness of each sub-industry not only, but also affects the orderliness of each sub-industry by feedback. The results will be intended to provide technical support for system construction, policy formulation, and regulatory implementation in the domain of energy sustainable transition.

On the modelling of gear alignment errors in the tooth contact analysis of spiral bevel gears

A penetration-based gear contact model for accurate and numerically efficient tooth contact analysis of spiral bevel gears is used to investigate the simulation of gear alignment errors. The developed gear contact model with surfaces of roll angles, computed for the gear pair’s tooth flanks in the absence of misalignments, is shown to be well capable of predicting a misaligned gear pair’s contact performance. In this approach the contact curves on the three-dimensional tooth flanks are efficiently computed from the surfaces of roll angles, while the flank mismatch is directly determined by the instantaneous position and orientation of the gear tooth surfaces without the need for an ease-off topography. The latter provides a higher robustness to configuration variations. Finally, a novel strategy to parametrically redefine the gear contact element’s surfaces of roll angles in function of a gear pair’s instantaneous misaligned state, is developed to further increase the accuracy of the contact algorithm.