Minute Hairs Research Articles

Notes on Central American Scutellaria (Lamiaceae)

Scutellaria ebracteata, in section Cardinalis Epling, from Nicaragua, and S. tenuipetiolata in section Uliginosae Epling, from Costa Rica, are described, and identification keys to section Cardinalis as found in Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica and section Uliginosae as found in Nicaragua and Costa Rica are provided. The identity of Scutellaria nicaraguensis Sess6 & Mocifio is discussed, and the type locality of S. purpurascens var. heterophylla Bentham is clarified and its affinity to other taxa is considered. In the course of preparing treatments of Lamiaceae for the floras of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, specimens representing two new species of Scutellaria were found, significant range extensions of other species were encountered, and two poorly understood names were clarified. Scutellaria ebracteata A. Pool, sp. nov. TYPE: Nicaragua. Depto. de Matagalpa: Macizos de Pefias Blancas, SE side, drainage of Quebrada El Quebradon, slopes N and W of Hacienda San Martin, ca. 13?14-15'N, 85038-39'W, 1000-1400 m, 18-20 Jan. 1982 (fl), W D. Stevens with P Moreno & T Elmquist 21115 (holotype, MO; isotype, HNMN not seen). Figure 1. Species nova Scutellariae glabrae E. Leonard similis sed ab ea corolla purpurea monate, tubi cum galea 2.73.1 mm longa, tubo anguste infundibulari non saccato differt. Weak shrub (or herb), 1-1.5 m, young branches with dense small, curving hairs. Leaves wide-elliptic, elliptic-oblong, or slightly pandurate, short-acuminate to obtuse at apex, rounded to cordate and often slightly asymmetrical at base, 7.7-13.5 cm long, 2.6-7 cm wide, margin sub-entire to serrate, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous or with minute hairs on primary and secondary veins; medial petioles 1.5-5 cm long, shorter to longer than adjacent internodes. Inflorescence a terminal raceme, 4.5-10 cm long; flowers 15-25, loosely spiraled, pendulous; bracts deciduous prior to anthesis, pedicel 2-3 mm long; calyx 3.5-4.5 mm long, minutely puberulent or glabrous, scutellum 1.2-2 mm high; corolla reddish-purple, tube with galea 2.7-3.1 cm long, tube narrow-funnelform, arcuate, non-saccate, 1-2 mm wide at base to 5-7 mm wide at apex, lower lip 3-5 mm long. Fruiting calyx with lower lip to 5 mm long, scutellum to 4 mm high; nutlets (immature?) tan, nearly smooth. Paratypes. NICARAGUA. Jinotega: Macizos de Pefias Blancas, along trail between finca of Socorro Mejia and finca of Luis Manzanares, ca. 13?16-17'N, 85?40-41'W, 1350-1650 m, cloud forest on gentle to steep slopes, 14 Jan. 1979 (fl buds), W D. Stevens 11339 (HNMN not seen, MO); Fila Piedra Pelona, al S del Cerro Kilamb6, 13?34'N, 85?41'W, 1500-1665 m, bosque enano, 28 Mar. 1981 (young fr), P Moreno 7798 (HNMN not seen, MO); San Ram6n, lado E de las faldas del Cerro Kilamb6, 13?34'N, 85?40'W, 800-900 m, 24 Mar. 1981 (fl), P Moreno 7409 (HNMN not seen, MO); Cerro Kilamb6, falda E del Pico Piedra Pelona, 13?34'N, 85?40'W, 1300-1400 m, bosques htimedos, 28 Mar. 1981 (fl), P Moreno 7784 (HNMN not seen, MO); Kilamb6, Cerro San Pedro, 13?36'N, 85?39'W, 600-800 m, 25 Mar. 1981 (fl buds, young fr), P Moreno 7535 (HNMN not seen, MO); Flor de Liz, al W del Cerro Kilamb6, 13?35'N, 85?40'W, 700-900 m, 24 Mar. 1981 (fl, fr), P Moreno 7430 (MO). Zelaya: Cerro Saslaya a unos 25 km al oeste de Siuna, 1200 m, Oct. 1977 (fl), A. J. Ferguson 2 (MO); Cerro Saslaya, 20 km W of Siuna, 1100-1400 m, along eastern ridge of mountain, cloud forest, 5 May 1977 (fl buds), D. Neill 1832 (MO). Epling (1942) treated all Scutellaria species with large (tube with galea 16-60 mm) red flowers, known at that time from Central America south of Mexico, as members of section Cardinalis Epling. Paton (1990) treated the same species as Scutellaria sect. Scutellaria species-groups speciosa (in part) and costaricana. These species are all large herbs or weak shrubs, often straggling, with leaves glabrous or sparingly hirsute above, and racemes with flowers spirally arranged in the axils of the deciduous to long persistent bracts, the corollas large and showy, orange-red, scarlet or bright red, and often arcuate. Epling recognized the five species treated here, except S. ebracteata. However, the species are difficult to separate and have been treated in various ways in modern Central American floras. Flora of Guatemala (Standley & Williams, 1973) treated S. isocheila Donnell Smith and S. glabra E. Leonard as synonyms of S. longifolia Bentham. Flora of Costa Rica (StandNovoN 8: 62-66. 1998. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.187 on Sun, 15 May 2016 04:41:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 8, Number 1 1998 Pool Central American Scutellaria 63 ~I ~cc~ ,:Fs'? 5SC): ~I-~:-''~'' '.~'1'~:~:;-I-`~-r??',:_-':'~ ;; ?=-??? ?? ~jlS~~i ::!';:~4~i~;;~~ 'c, ~?-?.~???. c~?~ ~d ?E; ~?: U'~:L '~ a?i

Gnarled Trichomes: An Understudied Character in Pteridium

-One of three characteristics used by Tryon to distinguish southern bracken ferns (Pteridium) of subsp. caudatum from northern taxa assigned to subsp. aquilinum is the farinaceous appearance of the intervein areas on the lower surface of the ultimate laminal segments. This feature is due to minute, generally shortened, thickened, bent and tuberculate hairs, which we describe here as gnarled trichomes. Gnarled trichomes are consistently present in esculentum, even in plants with glabrous lateral veins, but are reduced in density in shade form fronds. Neither P revolutum nor P yarrabense (probably = P esculentum x P revolutum) has gnarled trichomes. South and Central American specimens of P aquilinum vars. arachnoideum and caudatum show either normally tapered or gnarled intervein trichomes, or entirely lack intervein hairs. If present, gnarled trichomes are generally short and strongly tuberculated in var. arachnoideum, but often longer with multiple bends and a hooked tip in var. caudatum. Development of the lower laminal indumentum in appears to involve three distinct but interacting morphogenetic fields comprising respectively the midvein surfaces, lateral vein surfaces and intervein areas. Further investigation is required to clarify whether vars. arachnoideum and caudatum are both polymorphic for presence versus absence and normally tapered versus gnarled intervein trichomes, or whether these taxa and their possible hybrids should be redefined. With masterly understatement, Page (1976) has written that, Pteridium has always proved a somewhat difficult genus within which to produce a satisfactory taxonomic treatment. Factors contributing to this difficulty include: i) the limited number of taxonomically useful characters applicable between the population and specific levels in the bracken ferns; ii) the frequent occurrence of intermediates between named forms (Tryon, 1941); and iii) the extraordinary phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the brackens in relation to local environmental conditions (Page, 1976). No world-scale taxonomic overview of has been undertaken since the work of Tryon (1941), reviewed by Page (1976). Recent studies of the brackens of Australia (Brownsey, 1989), Mexico (Mickel and Beitel, 1988), Venezuela (Ortega, 1990), and Europe (Page and Mill, 1995) have highlighted the need for such a global revision. It therefore seems appropriate to reevaluate those characters that have previously proven of diagnostic value in Pteridium, but which remain poorly understood, with the goal of achieving improved resolution of relationships. One such characteristic is whether the lower epidermis of the frond lamina between the veins is, or is not, farinaceous in appearance. Tryon (1941, p. 8) states of Pteridium: Some varieties have a farinaceous appearance on the lower surface of the ultimate segments. This is a minute epidermal outgrowth, occurring between the veins, which under high magnification resembles a sparsely branched coral fungus. It may be an excretion but is not affected by alcohol or dilute acid. Tryon's (1941, Fig. 13, Plate 650) This content downloaded from 207.46.13.58 on Wed, 12 Oct 2016 04:39:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THOMSON & MARTIN: GNARLED TRICHOMES IN PTERIDIUM TABLE 1. Nomenclature for taxa of discussed in this paper. Names of subspecies and varieties according to Tryon (1941), as modified by Page (1976), are shown alongside alternatives used where the taxa are recognised as species or hybrids (see also Brownsey, 1989; Mickel and Beitel, 1988; Ortega,

Additions to Aequatorium and Gynoxys (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru

Gynoxys carpishensis, G. rimachiana, and Senecio tuestae are transferred to Aequatorium, Gynoxys regis is transferred to Paragynoxys, and Aequatorium cajamarcense, A. juninense, A. kingii, A. tovarii, Gynoxys chingualensis, G. jaramilloi, and G. hutchisonii are described as new. Specimens submitted for identification over the years include the following four undescribed species of Aequatorium B. Nord. and three undescribed species of Gynoxys Cass. from Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru. Two Peruvian species are transferred from Gynoxys to Aequatorium, one Peruvian species is transferred from Senecio to Aequatorium, and an Ecuadorian species is transferred from Gynoxys to Paragynoxys (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. These are in addition to results of many separate papers providing recent descriptions and additions in Aequatorium (Nordenstam, 1978; Diaz-Piedrahita & Cuatrecasas, 1990; Jeffrey, 1992) and Gynoxys (Sagastegui & Dillon, 1985; Dillon & Sagastegui, 1988; Funk & Robinson, 1989; Herrera, A., 1980; Robinson & Cuatrecasas, 1984; Sagastegui & Tellez-Alvarado, 1987). Aequatorium cajamarcense H. Robinson & J. Cuatrecasas, sp. nov. TYPE: Peru. Cajamarca: Prov. Cutervo, Distrito San Andres de Cutervo, Parque Nacional de Cutervo, caserio Pajonal, camino hacia Jaen (Chorro blanco), 2,600 m, 10 ago. 1987, Diaz & Osores 2585 (holotype, US; isotype, MO). A speciebus ceteris hujus generis in foliis ellipticis abaxialiter subglabris distinctissimum. Tree 18 m tall; internodes of young branches 0.8-30.0 cm long, glabrous or glabrescent with minute hairs near nodes, surface subcarnose, wrinkled when dry. Leaves opposite, petioles 1.0-2.5 cm long; blades subcoriaceous, elliptical, 6-12 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, base obtuse to shortly acute, margins remotely, minutely denticulate, apex acute to shortly and slightly acuminate, upper surface glabrous except for sparse, minute, granular hairs along veins, lower surface subglabrous with sparse granular hairs along veins and over surface, the hairs with short narrow bases, subglobular, with 13 short points; venation pinnate, with 8-11 veins on each side. Inflorescence terminal on branches, broadly corymbose with spreading, densely corymbose branches, ca. 6 cm high and 11 cm wide; peduncles 1-3 mm long, with dense, minute, granular pubescence. Heads ca. 6 mm high; calyculus with an occasional narrowly lanceolate bract; involucral bracts ca. 8, elliptical or oblong, 2.0-2.3 mm long, 1.0-1.2 mm wide, apices rounded, subglabrous outside, with sparse granular pubescence on median band. Rays ca. 3; corolla yellow, glabrous, tube ca. 1.5 mm long, limb elliptical, ca. 4 mm long, 1.5 mm wide. Disk florets ca. 5; corolla yellow, ca. 5.5 mm long, glabrous, tube ca. 2 mm long, throat narrowly campanulate, ca. 1 mm long, lobes ca. 2.5 mm long; anther collar ca. 0.35 mm long, anther thecae ca. 1.5 mm long, apical appendage ca. 0.4 mm long, 0.25 mm wide; tips of style branches rounded, with slightly longer papillae at the apex. Achenes ca. 1.8 mm long, subglabrous, with small, scattered, rounded, thin-walled, subsessile glands that lack evident septa; pappus ca. 4 mm long, with bristles in 1 crowded series, apices slightly but distinctly broadened. Pollen grains 37-40 utm diam. The genus Aequatorium was established by Nordenstam in 1978 based on two species of Senecioneae distinguished from Senecio by stellate hairs, elongate disk corolla lobes, cylindrical anther collars, and continuous but centrally depressed stigmatic surfaces on the style branches. The species had some resemblance to the genus Gynoxys in spite of having alternate leaves and blunt style tips. Still, some subsequent additions to the Aequatorium (Diaz-Piedrahita & Cuatrecasas, 1990; Jeffrey, 1992) have opposite or subopposite leaves and were originally described in Gynoxys. The new species is one of the members of the genus with opposite leaves, but it is most distinct in the very sparse pubescence on the lower leaf surfaces. The hairs are not truly stellate, but they are globular with 1-3 short points. Only A. rimachiana has pubescence on the abaxial NOVON 2: 411-416. 1992. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.153 on Mon, 19 Sep 2016 04:38:51 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

A SECOND GENE FOR HAIRS IN BRASSICA OLERACEA AND ITS TENTATIVE LOCATION IN LINKAGE GROUP 4

A dominant gene, Hr-2, from curly kale was studied in 10 F2 and 8 backcross progenies. Hr-2 acted additively with Hr-1 (hairy leaf margins) of linkage group 4 to produce relatively long hairs on the leaves, petioles and stems, whereas Hr-2 — hr-1 hr-1 plants had minute hairs best seen on the lower midribs. The data indicate linkage with 39.9 ± 0.7% recombination between Hr-1 and Hr-2 but the linkage could be spurious. An alternative hypothesis of incomplete penetrance of Hr-2 in an hr-1 hr-1 background is considered. Hr-2 was unmistakably linked to 1e, leaf excrescence, with 10.4 ± 0.6% recombination. If Hr-2 does in fact belong to linkage group 4, the gene order is pg-2 Hr-1 Hr-2 1e.

THE FLY PTILINUM: TACTILE RECEPTORS AND THEIR FUNCTION AT EMERGENCE.

Although the musculature of the ptilinum has been studied extensively, no nervous components have been previously demonstrated. The present paper describes a series of minute hairs, interspersed amongst the ‘spinules’ that cover the organ, each of which is innervated by a bipolar sensory nerve cell. The axon arising from the sensory cell is joined by those from other similar cells, and they pass posteriorly to enter a ganglion; from the ganglion a broad nerve leaves to join the antennal nerve to the brain. The general morphology suggests that the hairs are tactile; this is substantiated by the ‘avoiding reactions’ displayed by the fly when the ptilinum is subjected to tactile stimulation, both when held experimentally, and in nature when by-passing soil particles.

Studies on Plastron Respiration

Studies on Plastron Respiration

New Hymenopterous Parasites of Ants (Chalcidoidea: Eucharidae)

FEMALE. (Fig. 15.) Length 1.7 mm. Head (Fig. 16) in front view subtriangular about as wide as long; in dorsal view, one and one-third times the width of the thorax. Antennae ten-segmented; scape one-fifth the entire length and extending two-thirds the distance to the top of the head; inserted in a wide longitudinal furrow. Flagellum somewhat clavate; segments very short, except the terminal, which is three times as long as the average. Right mandible with two rather stout teeth on the medial border, the left with only one; apices slender, curved, acute. Eyes oval, their length one-third the length of the head and one and onethird the malar space. Ocelli in a triangle; posterior pair about the same distance from the eyes as from the front ocellus but twice as far from each other. Thorax one-third the total length; width five-eighths and height two-thirds its own length. Mesoscutum trilobed, the lobes convex. Scutellum simple. Mesepisterna shallowly punctate in the middle. Metepisterna smooth. Legs very slender. Propodeum steeply sloping. Wings with a submarginal vein; forewings also with a postmarginal and a stump of a stigmal vein. Stigma very feebly developed. Abdomen one-half the total length. Petiole very slender, subcylindrical, five and one-half times as long as wide, and at its attachment to the gaster abruptly enlarged ventrally. Gaster slightly compressed, subcircular in side view, its width three-fourths its length. Six dorsal and five ventral segments visible. Ovipositor (Fig. 19) short, thick, acute, with a dorsal row of eight transverse, blunt ridges towards the apex; sheaths thickened in the middle, curved, very acute. Head with punctations which are deeper on the vertex. Region in front of eyes smooth except along the shallow median furrow. Genae and clypeus smooth. Pronotum unsculptured. Praescutum deeply and coarsely punctate; lateral lobes of the mesoscutum glabrous except for some erratic lines near the mid-dorsal suture. Scutellum with the apex subglabrous, the remainder irregularly striated; bounded posteriorly by a ridge. Metanotum very short. Propodeum with a coarsely punctate, mid-dorsal, longitudinal ridge and lateral smooth areas. Petiole irregularly roughened. Gaster shiny. Coxae faintly striated. Mesepisterna variously punctate; metepisterna smooth. Hairs absent, with the following exceptions: four long hairs on the anterior margin of the clypeus; a few minute hairs on the genitalia; pubescence on the flagellum (except the first joint), the tarsi, and the wings. Head, thorax, and petiole fuscopiceous to piceous with a reddish metallic lustre; gaster uniformly ferrugineous; mandibles, antennae, and femora fuscous; eyes, ocelli, tarsi, tibiae, and genitalia fulvous.

DESCRIPTION OF A DIPTEROUS PARASITE OF PHYLLOXERA VASTATRIX

Larva, one-tenth of an inch in length—pointed at the head—rounded and blunt at the hinder extremity. First three segments the color of amber, and semi-transparent: the rest of the body salmon-colored. Nine sets of hooks, or tentacles, in place of feet, the two first in pairs, the remainder in threes. The larva has the habit of holding itself erect, by means of peculiar anal protuberances which seem to cling by suction. The body has minute hairs thinly scattered over it. On the sides of the head, which is small and black, there are bristle-like palpi, pointing forwards The larva is full fed by the end of August.

On the organ of hearing in crustacea

The author finds that in the Lobster ( Astacus marinus ), the organ of hearing consists of a transparent and delicate vestibular sac, which is contained in the base, or first joint of the small antennæ; its situation being indicated externally by a slight dilatation of the joint at this part, and also by the presence of a membrane covering an oval aperture, which is the fenestra ovalis. The inner surface of the sac gives origin to a number of hollow processes, which are covered with minute hairs and filled with granular matter, apparently nervous. A delicate plexus of nerves, formed by the acoustic nerve, which is a separate branch supplied from the supra-œsophageal ganglion, is distributed over the base of these processes and around the sac. Within the sac there are always found a number of particles of siliceous sand, which are admitted, together with a portion of the surrounding water, through a valvular orifice at the mouth of the sac, being there placed apparently for the express purpose of regulating the size of the grains. The author considers these siliceous particles as performing the office of otolites, in the same way as the stones taken into the stomachs of granivorous birds supply the office of gastric teeth. Several modifications of this structure exhibited in the organs of hearing of the Astacus fluviatilis, Pagurus streblonyx , and Palinurus quadricornis are next described, and an explanation attempted of the uses of the several parts and their sub-serviency to the purposes of that sense. The author concludes by a description of another organ situated at the base of the large antennæ, which it appears has been confounded with the former by some anatomists, but which the author conjectures may possibly constitute an organ of smell. The paper is accompanied by illustrative drawings.