Ministry Of National Defense Research Articles

군인의 죽음과 관련된 몇 가지 법적 과제

The death of a soldier signifies a profound sacrifice and dedication to the national community, and as such, it should be properly honored. It also reflects the values upheld by the nation. This article addresses various legal issues related to the death of soldiers, including distinctions between combat-related deaths, duty-related deaths, and other categories under the Military Personnel Act, as well as decisions regarding national merit and compensation under the National Merit Act and the Veterans' Compensation Act. Recently, the revision of the Military Court Act transferred the authority to investigate military deaths from the military to the National Police Agency, which is a positive development. However, considering that approximately 60-80% of recent military deaths are suicides, these cases often lack criminal allegations and are quickly concluded, potentially leading to inadequate investigations of significant unit-related factors. This highlights a limitation of the current system. The article also discusses issues such as the categorization of duty-related deaths, conflicts or inconsistencies between the National Merit Act and the Veterans' Compensation Act Enforcement Decree, among others. It is essential to establish a state agency independent of the military to investigate not only the deaths of soldiers but also the related unit-level factors. This is crucial to prevent the recurrence of similar incidents. The Military Human Rights Protection Officer, who also serves as a standing commissioner of the National Human Rights Commission, could fulfill this role. Additionally, this agency should have the authority to review decisions regarding death classifications if objections are raised by the bereaved families. Currently, the Central Military Merit Review Committee, which operates under the Ministry of National Defense, is responsible for re-investigating the causes of death. This could be seen as a conflict of interest, as it involves self-judgment. To address this, it may be beneficial for a newly established Military Human Rights Supervisory Body to assume the final responsibility for re-investigations and death classification judgments. In summary, this new body should be responsible for 1) the protection of and policy development regarding military human rights, 2) the investigation of military death cases based on complaints from bereaved families or ex officio, and 3) the re-investigation and review of death classifications upon objections from the bereaved.

Determinants of educational and career decisions as well as educational migration based on the example of medical students at the Medical University of Lodz

Career decisions are most often made when taking up higher education. This is particularly true for medical students, especially medical practice students. Many factors influence the decisions made by young people. The subject literature mainly points to the importance of one’s own predisposition and interests, but also to the role of remuneration and the situation of a particular profession in the labor market. The case of people who take up the medical practice course of the Ministry of National Defense (MND) at the Medical University of Lodz in Poland is particularly interesting. The purpose of this paper is to show the reasons identified during the pilot study for taking up the analyzed course, the choice of university, and the university city. The pilot study, designed in principle to verify the validity of the prepared survey questionnaire, was conducted among 29 third-year students of the MND medical practice course at the Medical University of Lodz. It was conducted using a diagnostic survey method in the form of a questionnaire with over a dozen questions. The questions addressed the factors related to the students’ choice of medical practice course, determinants affecting their choice of the Medical University of Lodz and the university city. The questionnaire also contained questions about the respondents’ post-graduation plans and demographics. The results of the study allowed for the identification of the most important factors that affected the respondents’ choice of the medical practice course. These included personal interests, predisposition, the profession’s prestige, family traditions, and the physician’s remuneration. Other aspects included the factors affecting the choice of university and Łódź as the university city. The results of the study proved that the respondents chose the medical university in Łódź due to the availability of the MND medical practice course, as it is the only course of its kind in Poland. The high quality of the learning facilities, the university’s prestige, and the high level of teaching were also of great importance. Łódź was chosen as the university city primarily because of its university and the availability of the MND medical practice course.

The Rapid Emergence of Autonomous Weapons (AWS) and its Ethical Challenges

Purpose: This article aims to derive ethical challenges for the Republic of Korea (ROK) military in response to the rapid emergence of Autonomous Weapons (AWS) and propose development strategies. Method: To identify previous research on AWS and ethical challenges regarding AWS in the international community, this research proposed ethical challenges and development strategies for AWS in the ROK military. Results: The ethical challenges regarding AWS in the ROK military include controllability, accountability, reliability, transparency, data management, and human rights protection. To overcome the ethical challenges associated with the development of AWS, active collaboration with not only the Ministry of National Defense but also relevant agencies, industry-academia partnerships, and other stakeholders is necessary to promote their advancement. Conclusion: The ethical issues related to the dignity of life, control over decision-making, and other aspects must be continuously improved in the process of utilizing AWS for ROK military purposes in cooperation with the international community.

Dynamic Bayesian network-based situational awareness and course of action decision-making support model

In this paper, we developed a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) model to quantify uncertainties on battlefields. The model consists of the enemy's intention prediction model and the intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) reliability model quantified by using the sensor detection probability. We calibrated and validated the DBN using a historical dataset based on actual provocations by comprehensively referencing open-source intelligence, including news articles from mass media and official announcements of the Ministry of National Defense. The calibrated model was then used to predict the enemy's intention in the near future, and the accuracy of the model was 84.6%. We suggested an appropriate course of action (COA) based on the enemy's intention to expedite decision-making. We further studied the interaction between the predicted enemy's intention and the selected COA. The main results of this paper are that various information regarding enemy actions, either equality or inequality, can be incorporated into the decision-making process.

The service life of military constructions from the heritage of the Romanian Ministry of National Defense: between efficiency and adaptability

Romania’s military infrastructure has undergone significant transformations over time. Periods of expansion and modernization have alternated with phases of reduction and, sometimes, the transfer of barracks into civilian administration. These changes reflect not just technological advancements but also the adaptation to the dynamic requirements of national defense.The 2008 infrastructure regulations link the employment duration of military facilities directly to military activity, highlighting the need for a flexible and adaptable infrastructure. In this context, the article examines the legislative framework regarding the amortization of investments, the wear and tear of constructions, and the authorization of works, emphasizing the importance of aligning military regulations with civil ones.In conclusion, the article analyzes the discrepancies between national legislation and military regulations, suggesting revisions and additions to the existing regulations, particularly regarding temporary and semipermanent facilities, to meet the current and future needs of national defense more effectively.

The Excavation of the Remains of Soldiers Killed in the Korean War: Implications and International Cooperation

The main purpose of this article is to explore the significance of the objectives by focusing on activity theory, as well as the legal and institutional establishment of the Ministry of National Defense (MND) Agency for KIA Recovery & Identification (MAKRI), the subject of the Korean War remains excavation project, and the implications of expanding the excavation of remains in the DMZ and the repatriation of the remains of US and UN soldiers on the 70th anniversary of the Armistice Agreement. The excavation project, which began in 2000, aimed to build public trust by realizing the noble will of national unlimited responsibility that “the state is responsible for those sacrificed for the country forever.” Thus, it has allowed social integration beyond ideological and generational conflicts. It expanded the issue of excavating remains from South Korea to Arrowhead Hill and White Horse Hill in the DMZ area under the September 19 Inter‐Korean Military Agreement in 2018. Also, the ROK–US MOU was signed in 2000 in terms of international cooperation in the excavation of remains and carries out joint identification and repatriation of remains. The repatriation of the remains of Chinese troops and the remains of UN combatant countries has important implications for strengthening military diplomacy in legal and humanitarian aspects.

Relationship between sleep quality and gravitational Tolerance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and gravitational tolerance because sleep could directly affect physiological variables of the human body. For the present study, 157 male Korea Air Force Academy cadets were recruited. They were assigned into a gravity (G)-tolerance test pass group (GP, n = 87) and a G-tolerance test fail group (GF, n = 70). All participants were assessed for G-tolerance test and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a self-report questionnaire. Physical fitness test was performed based on the physical fitness test of the Ministry of National Defense of Korea. Independent t-test showed that PSQI global score (p < 0.001), PSQI sleep quality (p < 0.001), PSQI sleep onset latency (p = 0.009), PSQI sleep disturbance (p < 0.001), and PSQI daytime dysfunction (p < 0.001) were significantly different between the two groups. Participants with PSQI score less than 5 were more likely to have a longer G-tolerance test time (OR = 4.705, 95% CI = 2.00-11.05). Additionally, associations between those with PSQI score less than 5 (OR = 4.567, 95% CI = 1.94-10.74) were after adjusting (< 30s and ≥ 30s) for covariates. A negative correlation was found between G-tolerance test time and PSQI global score (p < 0.001). Negative correlations were found among 3km running, push-up (p < 0.001), and sit-up (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between push-up and sit-up (p < 0.001). In conclusion, participants with good sleep quality were 4.705 times more likely to have longer G-tolerance test time. Thus, it is important for aircraft pilots to manage their sleep quality. Pre-pilots should also improve their sleep quality to pass the G-tolerance test.

Somatics and Physical Fitness of Selected Military Classes

The idea of opening military classes refers to the tradition of national defense education, training the young generation to defend the homeland and strengthening the country's ties with the army. The creation of military classes became a precedent for the Ministry of National Defense and the Ministry of National Education to build a common defense education system for high school students. The task of military classes in Polish high schools is to prepare young people for future service in various services, such as police, fire brigades and other special services. The aim of this work is to capture the relationship between body composition components and physical fitness of selected uniformed groups. The body composition components were analyzed with the help of the Tanita Body Composition Analyzer DC-240MA. The study used tests from the Polish Army physical fitness test, the Beep test and barbell bench press while lying on a straight bench. One of the conclusions obtained was that the correlation between body composition and fitness tests showed that higher levels of body fat, lean body mass, BMI and body weight negatively affect the results obtained in pull-ups, trunk bends, shuttle runs and Beep tests.

테러방지법상 군(軍) 역할에 관한 법적 검토와 개정방향에 관한 제언

Today, terrorism becomes a threat in the form of megaterrorism triggering a transnational disaster that causes reckless and large damage. The Korean government dispatches troops as peace keeping force for various activities in the international society. For this reason, Korea comes to be a target of an international terrorist group. In particular, externally, since South Korea has a hostile relationship with North Korea which is equipped with an advanced ability of terrorism, it always faces the threat of terrorism. Therefore, it is more important to make preemptive prevention and responses in the comprehensive security dimension. In addition, internally, the country has frequence access of foreigners and an increased number of North Korean refugees due to its growing activities in the world; severe social discontent along with the increase in unemployment rate and the widening gap between the rich and the poor; such a structural setting as high population density suitable for new terrorism. In this circumstance, blended terrorism is likely to occur simultaneously. If these external or internal factors trigger complex megaterrorism in an urban area where important national facilities, multi-purpose facilities, or other social infrastructure are concentrated, and thereby a lot of human lives and assets are damaged, it is impossible to respond to such a disaster with limited police force. For this reason, it is inevitable to protect the security of the nation and the public and maintain public order with the use of military force. According to the counter-terrorism system of South Korea, in principle, military force is put in only if a terror is posed to military facilities. In this case, there is no controversy, because the system is well established under the leadership of the Ministry of National Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. If the head of the countermeasure headquarters makes a request of support, exceptionally, it is possible to operate military force as well as military facilities. Even if the exceptional necessity to make up for insufficient police force is accepted, it is unavoidable to restrict military intervention in the private sector strictly in terms of constitutional order. Therefore, this study tries to suggest the establishment of new provisions pertinent to military presence and withdrawal procedures and the scope of work in the Act on Counter-Terrorism when counter-terrorism operation forces exceptionally intervene in a domestic situation, just as in Martial Law Act according to which military forces are allowed to intervene in such a situation as a state of national emergency in order to maintain public order. Essentially, the domestic counter-terrorism activity is use of public power for protecting social order and security. Therefore, in principle, it is required to prevent terrorism and take suppression activity with the use of police force. Exceptionally, if it is inevitable to put in the counter-terrorism operation forces under the Ministry of National Defense, it is necessary to establish new provisions suggested in this study, including ‘the limitations of the counter-terrorism of police force’, ‘the necessity of urgent support’, ‘the proposal by the director of National Counter Terrorism Committee’, ‘the approval by the President’, the control procedures of the National Assembly, such as notification to the National Assembly and the procedure of withdrawal request of the National Assembly, and the scope of work, in the Act on Counter-Terrorism.

The actual condition and improvement of continuing education program for military personnel

The continuing education program for military personnel aims to provide mission execution abilities that correspond to their rank and position, as well as equip them with specialized knowledge and job performance abilities at an advanced level. This is a critical educational process for cultivating professional personnel. However, there are areas that require improvement. Therefore, this study conducted surveys, on-site inspections, expert interviews, and literature reviews to identify problems in the continuing education program for military personnel and propose solutions to address them. The issues identified and the corresponding solutions are as follows: First, education programs that have not been developed should be established in consideration of the capabilities of military schools, or external education agencies should be commissioned to provide proper education. Second, the educational period problem can be addressed by shortening the current period or strengthening remote education to reduce in-person education sessions. Third, the curriculum should be developed by periodically calculating the educational effects, importance, and understanding of each subject, and the decision to include one subject in the next education program should be made based on this analysis. Finally, remote education should be converted into a participatory, two-way learning approach that emphasizes learner-centered education and expanded through Internet-based remote education. In addition to these proposed solutions, further research is needed to compare the continuing education systems for military personnel in the army, navy, air force, and Ministry of National Defense, as well as to compare military personnel education systems in the United States. Further research is also needed to conduct detailed analytical studies on continuing education programs for each military personnel rank, considering the military education environment, and develop an education evaluation model.

The Rapid Emergence of Autonomous Weapons (AWS) and its ethical challenges

Purpose: This article aims to derive ethical challenges for the Republic of Korea (ROK) military in response to the rapid emergence of Autonomous Weapons (AWS) and propose development strategies.&#x0D; Method: To identify previous research on AWS and ethical challenges regarding AWS in the international community, this research proposed ethical challenges and development strategies for AWS in the ROK military.&#x0D; Results: The ethical challenges regarding AWS in the ROK military include controllability, accountability, reliability, transparency, data management, and human rights protection. To overcome the ethical challenges associated with the development of AWS, active collaboration with not only the Ministry of National Defense but also relevant agencies, industry-academia partnerships, and other stakeholders is necessary to promote their advancement.&#x0D; Conclusion: The ethical issues related to the dignity of life, control over decision-making, and other aspects must be continuously improved in the process of utilizing AWS for ROK military purposes in cooperation with the international community.

Construcții provizorii pentru facilități militare – soluții pentru creșterea adaptabilității și eficienței –

Temporary constructions involve structures that can be quickly assembled or disassembled and easily modified. Since the adaptability they offer is essential in the conduct of military actions, in the development of permanent infrastructure and last but not least in post-disaster interventions, they play a significant role in the defence infrastructure framework. Real estate investments of the Ministry of National Defense (MApN) must comply with both national legislative frameworks and departmental regulations. Temporary facilities are no exception. By analysing the regulations applicable for their implementation, the article briefly presents the typologies of temporary constructions defined by military regulations, the stages of technical documentation development and the conditions for authorising execution works, as well as some considerations on the opportunity to create a regulation dedicated to temporary military constructions.

THE PROBLEM OF GUN RIGHTS IN POLAND IN THE CONTEXT OF BUILDING INSTITUTIONAL AND PERSONAL SECURITY

By appropriately shaping the regulations on access to firearms, it is possible to strengthen the level of institutional and personal security. Linking the possibility of possessing military-type weapons and ammunition with the obligation to train conducted by pro-defense organizations and controlled by a specially established, substantively prepared unit of the Ministry of National Defense will allow to reconcile the needs of personal security with the interests of national secu-rity in a manner consistent with the constitutional principle of subsidiarity.

Temporary Buildings for Military Facilities – Solutions for Increasing Adaptability and Efficiency –

Temporary constructions involve structures that can be quickly assembled or disassembled and easily modified. Since the adaptability they offer is essential in the conduct of military actions, in the development of permanent infrastructure and last but not least in post-disaster interventions, they play a significant role in the defence infrastructure framework. Real estate investments of the Ministry of National Defense (MApN) must comply with both national legislative frameworks and departmental regulations. Temporary facilities are no exception. By analysing the regulations applicable for their implementation, the article briefly presents the typologies of temporary constructions defined by military regulations, the stages of technical documentation development and the conditions for authorising execution works, as well as some considerations on the opportunity to create a regulation dedicated to temporary military constructions.

Intersectional examination of transgender women in South Korea: a case study of the dismissal of the first transgender officer by the Ministry of National Defense

This paper presents an intersectional examination of transgender women in South Korea, focusing on the dismissal of the first transgender officer, Hee-soo Byun (who committed suicide later after the dismissal), by the Ministry of National Defense in 2021. Drawing on the principles of Korean feminism and the third-wave feminist emphasis on intersectionality, the study examines the intersecting factors of gender identity, military service, and institutional policies that contribute to the marginalization and mistreatment of transgender individuals. By investigating the multifaceted challenges experienced by transgender women in South Korea, this paper highlights the complex dynamics of discrimination, taking into account the unique cultural and socio-political context of Korean society. This article aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on transgender rights, gender equality, and feminist activism in South Korea, providing insights to inform future discussions, policies, and actions aimed at promoting inclusivity and equal opportunities for transgender individuals within the context of military service and beyond.

Instilling Awareness on National Defense Responsibilities into Students Through the Employment of VNU National Defense and Security Training Center

In response to the requirement of defending the socialist Vietnamese Fatherland in the new situation, our Party and State advocate strengthening defense and security education in the whole society, which is being considered a strategic mission and playing crutial role, According to the classification on training by the Ministry of National Defense applied at the Center for Defense and Security Education, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, students of colleges and higher education are pioneer citizens and great future resources of the country of the country. The objective of the study is to build up the citizen's awareness of defendingthe Fatherland for students through the subject of National Defense and Security Education. The research methods are carried out on the basis of basic surveys on lecturers and students through each course and annually at the VNU National Defense and Security Training Center. The research results show that the Center has attached the knowledge of national defense and security to the building of citizens' awareness of the Fatherland defending obligation for students, and successfully completed the task. However, it does have some limitations: the link between knowledge acquiring and students' awareness is not profound enough; there is also the concept that students' learning outcomes are on top of all, failed to highlight to the students personal cultivation and awareness to be ready for the obligation of protecting the Fatherland,... As a result, it has some unexpected effect uponthe objectives and requirements of the subject, therefore, it is necessary to continue researching to promote a better citizen's awareness of the obligation to protect the Fatherland through the subjects.

Training Collaboration in the Field of National Defense and Security Education at Vietnam National University, Hanoi

Before the new demands and tasks of safeguarding the Fatherland in the new situation, the education and cultivation of national defense and security knowledge is the right and responsibility of every citizen. Accordingly, students from colleges, universities nationwide in general, and the Hanoi region in particular, need to be educated to enhance their awareness of the Party's direction and the work of national defense and security, as well as the necessary and appropriate military knowledge and skills, to be ready to participate in fulfilling military duties when necessary. VNU National Defense and SecurityTraining Center, with its assigned functions and tasks, carries out the regular and important mission of organizing the linkage of national defense and security education with affiliated units according to the categorization of the Ministry of National Defense. Since its establishment until now, VNU National Defense and SecurityTraining Center has consistently organized the effective coordination of training in the field of national defense and security education for students from educational institutions in various categories, with tens of thousands of courses to meet training objectives and requirements, successfully completing the mission. Alongside the achieved results, the implementation process has encountered limitations and shortcomings that have had a certain impact on overall activities. This places a demand on VNU National Defense and SecurityTraining Center to continue researching content and methods for better implementation of training linkage with affiliated units, contributing to the enhancement of training quality.

Conclusions Drawn from the Study on the Content and Results Obtained Following the External Public Audit Missions Performed by the Court of Auditors in Entities of the Ministry of National Defense in the Last 5 Years

Abstract The research carried out through this article was structured starting from the clarification of some key concepts of external public audit, continuing with revealing the role of the supreme institutions of external public audit (such as the Romanian Court of Auditors) in this action of great importance and complexity and concluding with the practical aspects related to the conclusions drawn by the Court of Auditors in the audit missions of the financial statements performed in recent years in army entities. Thus, the approach was structured on the following chapters: 1) The concept of external financial audit of public institutions and the standards underlying this type of audit performed by the Romanian Court of Auditors; 2) The main characteristics of the external financial audit missions performed by the Romanian Court of Auditors in public institutions; 3) The main conclusions drawn from the financial audit missions of the Court of Auditors performed in last years in public entities of the Ministry of National Defense.

국방부 예비역을 위한 실버타운 선호도에 관한 연구

This study derives desirable implications that can be applied through an empirical analysis of the silver town preferences of reservists in order to improve housing supply, housing welfare, residential environment, and quality of life for reservists of the Ministry of National Defense in an aging society and reflects them in the military housing policy of the Ministry of National Defense. It is done.&#x0D; As a result of the study, it was found that internal characteristics were the most preferred, followed by program characteristics, relationship, and economic characteristics, while physical characteristics were the least preferred.&#x0D; First, men and women strongly preferred safety facilities, living convenience facilities, emergency medical care, regular checkups, and emergency support, and preferred health activities, silver activities, neighbor relations, and staff response. On the other hand, women preferred deadlines, residential independence, household activities, business management, and pastimes. Second, in terms of service years, those with 10 or 20 years or more prefer health activities and silver activities, while those with 10 or more years prefer emergency medical services, regular checkups, and medical support, and those with 20 or more years prefer safety facilities, living convenience facilities, neighbor relations, and medical support. I preferred staff response. In particular, for over 20 years, emergency medical care, regular checkups, and emergency support were highly preferred. Third, the Military Housing Policy Division under the Military Facilities Planning Directorate of the Ministry of Defense Resource Management establishes a military housing policy, and the Ministry of National Defense Facilities Headquarters reflects it in the guidelines for preparing basic design requirements for national defense and military facility standards, as well as working guidelines, standard plans, and standard detailed drawings, and the Military Mutual Aid Association It is reflected in the business plan of the real estate investment headquarters of the construction investment division, and it is believed that the morale of reservists will increase if unused military facilities are discovered and used as a silver town site.

Beyond Self-Presentation. An Analysis of the Romanian Governmental Communications on Facebook

The present study is one of the few studies that examine the social media communication of the Romanian governmental institutions from a systematic perspective accounting for three categories of messages that enhance the goals of open governance, transparency, participation, and collaboration. Our research contributes to developing the research methodology in the field, given the methodological tool we used based on previous literature on social media communication of public institutions with relevant elements added from political communication. The research focuses on the official Facebook pages of the following Romanian governmental institutions: the Romanian Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure, the Ministry of Education, and the Ministry of Health. Moreover, based on content analysis of N= 2,484 Facebook posts, we examined how different social media content generates differences in citizen engagement. Findings showed that the Romanian governmental institutions we analyzed frequently used Facebook posts. However, we observed significant differences between the institutions regarding message types. Our results align with previous research conducted in other Western countries showing that public institutions mostly used social media for impression management and transparent communication and less for participation and collaboration.