Ministry Of Interior Research Articles

الأنشطة الاتصالية للقائمين بالاتصال في إدارة الإعلام الأمني في وزارة الداخلية الکويتية ‏Communication Activities of the Department of Security Information in the Kuwaiti Ministry of Interior

الملخص:سعت الدراسة إلى معرفة الأنشطة الاتصالية لإدارة الإعلام الأمني في وزارة الداخلية الکويتية، والوسائل المستخدمة في تنفيذها، وکيفية مساهمتها في تحقيق أهداف الوزارة عبر استخدام منهج أساليب الممارسة بالتطبيق على جميع القائمين في الاتصال في إدارة الإعلام الأمني في الوزارة والبالغ عددهم (99) مفردة.وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن أبرز الأنشطة الاتصالية التي تقوم إدارة الإعلام الأمني في وزارة الداخلية الکويتية قد تمثلت في إعداد وتحرير المعلومات للوسائل الإعلامية المختلفة بنسبة (93%)، وأن أبرز معايير اختيار هذه الأنشطة قد تمثلت في المدة الزمنية المحددة للقيام بالأنشطة الاتصالية بنسبة (84.5%)، فيما تمثلت أبرز القضايا الأمنية التي تتناولها أنشطة إدارة الإعلام الأمني قد تمثلت في حوادث السير والتوعية المرورية والتعامل مع الطرق بنسبة (87%).وأظهرت الدراسة أن أبرز أهداف الأنشطة الاتصالية التي تقوم إدارة الإعلام الأمني في وزارة الداخلية الکويتية قد تمثلت في تقديم الخدمات الأمنية والمجتمعية بنسبة (92%)، فيما جاءت عبارة إيضاح القوانين والإرشادات التي ينبغي الالتزام والتقيد بها قد جاءت في الترتيب الأول بين العبارات التي تدور حول کيفية مساهمة الأنشطة الاتصالية لإدارة الإعلام الأمني في تحقيق أهداف وزارة الداخلية الکويتية بنسبة (93%).

Carbon-Negative Policies by Reusing Waste Wood as Material and Energy Resources for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Taiwan

Carbon-negative policies for mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) from the energy sector are becoming more urgent and important. Therefore, the environmental policies and regulatory promotion for reusing waste wood as a carbon-negative resource in Taiwan were discussed in this work, which focused on mitigating the emissions of GHG from the energy industries and the manufacturing and construction industries. Considering the official GHG inventory report, the trend analysis of GHG emissions from the energy and the manufacturing and construction industries was addressed first. In addition, this study placed emphasis on the environmental policies and regulatory measures for the material and energy resources from waste wood according to the promulgation of the relevant acts. It was found that the total GHG emissions from the energy and the manufacturing and construction industries accounted for over 80% of net GHG emissions in 2018. In review of the resource recycling and circular economy, lignocellulose-based (or bamboo-based) char, ecological building material, and wood-to-biofuel pathways (e.g., solid recovered fuel) were discussed in this work because they have been promoted by the central competent authorities of the Council of Agriculture (COA), the Ministry of Interior (MOI), and the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), respectively. In order to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Taiwan, carbon-negative policies for reusing waste wood as material and energy resources will play an important role in the mitigation of GHG emissions.

Evaluation of Cyber Security Management in Light of the Technology Acceptance Model

The main objective of the research is to investigate the correlation and influence between cyber security management and the technology acceptance model in the Iraqi Ministry of Interior. The data was collected from (150) respondents represented by an intentional sample of the Directorate of Systems and Informatics and the Information Technology Department in the General Directorate of Human Resources Management and for data analysis, statistical programs (AMOS, SPSS) were employed. By adopting appropriate statistical methods, the results of the research showed that the Ministry of Interior, whenever it tries to pay attention to cyber security management, the more it is reflected in the level of technology acceptance. In other words, cyber security management has a fundamental and influential role in the extent of acceptance of the technology that will be adopted within the ministry.

THE ROLE OF ZEMSTVOS IN THE FORMATION OF TEACHER TRAINING

Zemstvos have become one of the most important sources of education for the Ukrainian people. They began to appear in Ukraine in 1865-1866. These were elected bodies, but their activities were controlled by the governor and the interior minister. It should be noted that the main composition of the zemstvos were intellectuals and public figures. One of the responsibilities of zemstvos was to support and control public education. It was in this area that the zemstvo activity proved to be the most successful. Zemstvos had to start school in very difficult conditions not only because funds for public education became “optional” (according to the “Regulations on Zemstvo Institutions”, approved in 1864, where the cost of public education was included in the number of optional and zemstvos had no right to interfere in the educational process of the school), but also because public schools were in great decline - there was a lack of premises, teachers, textbooks. In addition, it should be noted that all zemstvos were willing to undertake the establishment of primary schools, but not all could implement their plans. And during the first decade of the zemstvos the number of zemstvo primary schools increased significantly.An important issue was the preparation of teachers for professional activities in zemstvo schools, a significant place wasgiven to the problems of educational work with adults - the organization of Sunday schools, public readings, popular science lectures, libraries, cultural and educational events. For example, such issues were included in the program of pedagogical courses organized in 1894 in Chernihiv under the guidance of the famous teacher D. Tikhomirov .The zemstvo played an extremely important role not only in the organization of the educational process among children and adults, but also in the training of professional staff. All possible resources were used to make the teacher an experienced and versatile person. A separate socio-professional group was formed - the zemstvo teachers, which was distinguished by the presence of an organizationally designed coordinating basis for being within a single socio-professional group - zemstvo institutions that provided professional training.

Provision of extended producer responsibility system for products packaging: A case study of Iran

A powerful legal tool in evolving solid waste management (SWM) systems is extended producer responsibility (EPR). It is a mechanism that shifts the responsibility of a product to manufacturers/importers at the 'end-of-life' stage. Yet, implementation of the EPR concept has faced difficulties in developing countries. In Iran, as one such country, the principle of EPR system was issued in executive regulation of SWM in 2005, however, so far, it has been limited to a voluntary scheme. The problem merits further investigation. Therefore, this study aims to shed light on the obstacles in the path of developing EPR system for product packaging. The research examines the current SWM systems in four functional classified frameworks: legal, institutional, financial and technical. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the system are elaborated through semi-structured interviews with a senior executive in the Ministry of Interior (MoI). Then, viable methods to increase resource efficiency and sustainable waste treatment are suggested. The change in the financing mechanism in the Budget Law 2020 forces the manufacturers/importers of products containing recyclable components to pay the revenue from one in 1000 products to MoI for developing recycling facilities and incinerators through partnerships with the private sector. This new strategy would promote proper management of product packaging, create more jobs and a market for international cooperation. However, poor source-separation of wet/dry waste, informal sector activities, exclusive focus on the economic aspect of waste management, lack of expertise and public awareness campaigns are the barriers in this regard.

Investigation of the physical suitability of employees of the ministry of interior

The professional activity of the employees in the Special Home for Temporary Accommodation of Foreigners at the Migration Directorate is closely related to their physical, combat, applied preparation, etc. Priority among specialized knowledge and skills is given to physical fitness. The characteristics of the activity show that the successful completion of the various tasks requires the performers to have appropriate motor skills. They are demonstrated as a system of meaningful and purposeful simple or complex movements, which are evaluated based on specific actions. Due to the specifics of the tasks to be solved, professional preparation is necessary. The purpose of the study is to establish the physical fitness of employees in junior executive positions. To assess and establish the level of physical fitness, a sports pedagogical test was conducted with 90 employees with an average age of 42.8 years. The attached test battery includes four tests approved by the Ministry of Interior. Analysis of motor test results in terms of speed, coordination, and endurance are lower in the assessment. This fact gives us reason to believe that in practice not enough purposeful work is done to develop the strength of the lower limbs and endurance.

The Implication of Farmers - Herders Conflicts on the Socio-Economic Development of Omala L.G.A, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria

Famers’- Herders’ conflict has become a widespread occurrence spreading to all parts of Nigeria. The study examined how farmers-herdsmen conflict constitutes a threat to rural development, internal security, and socio-economic development in Nigeria about Omala Local Government Area of Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. The study adopted the qualitative method making use of semi-structured interviews and 100 informants were purposively selected. Findings from the study revealed among others that; Crop damage by cattle, land encroachment without permission, inadequate grazing reserves, lack of access to water points, killing of stray cattle, pollution of the water point, cattle routes blockage, Mbororo migrants, ECOWAS treaty, fertile land of the host community, socio-economic, cultural differences, the political economy of cattle herders were major causes and persistence of farmers-pastoralists conflicts. The study among others recommends that; since farmers-pastoralists conflicts were resource-based conflict due to blockage of cattle route by farmers which eventually leads to encroachment of farmers land and thus translate to open violence and animosity, there is a need for resignification of cattle routes for the pastoralist to have a route to avoid farmlands encroachment, regarding the transit route for irregular migrants through Niger, Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, Cameroon, it is suggested that the Minister of Interior should initiate dialogue with the neighboring governments on how to address and curb the rising number of migrants transiting border Nations. Based on the study findings, to end this crisis once and for all, there is a need for the consideration of cattle colonies implementation while implementing former recommendations.

دور الذكاء الاصطناعي في عملية اتخاذ القرارات في وزارة الداخلية بدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة

This research paper is part of an extensive study conducted by the researcher on the UAE strategy for artificial intelligence, and its role in changing the mechanism of government services, leading to a complete data analysis by 2031, according to the latest techniques and tools of artificial intelligence and their application in various fields of work efficiently. The problems of smart devices lie in the bubble filter phenomenon, which causes a lack of elasticity, increased systemic fragility, which can have serious and unexpected systemic effects. The paper objectives were; to discuss the decision-making process and the employment of artificial intelligence in the United Arab Emirates. Through the Descriptive Analytical method, the topic was presented in two sections. The discussions showed that the UAE's strategy for artificial intelligence targets several vital sectors in the country, including the transportation sector, by reducing accidents and operational costs. The health sector by reducing the proportion of chronic and dangerous diseases. The space sector conducts accurate experiments and reduces costly errors. Energy sector through utility management and smart consumption. The water sector by conducting accurate analysis and studies to save resources. The technology sector by raising the rate of production and helping in public spending, the education sector by reducing costs and increasing the desire to learn. The environment sector by increasing the proportion of afforestation and planting suitable plants. Traffic Sector Develop preventive mechanisms such as predicting accidents and traffic congestion, and setting more effective traffic policies. With the presence of the infrastructure and knowledge in the successful recruitment of artificial intelligence in the Ministry of Interior in the United Arab Emirates.

Investigation of the Changes in the Physical Parameters of Fitness Members During the Covid-19 Pandemic Process (Sample Province of Kayseri)

Background: The period of Covid 19 epidemic effect not only illness people but also human lives. A lot of People, participating some of activities in gym center from Kayseri. Some of restraint during the covid 19 epidemic by the ministry of interior was affected people who went to fitness center. This situation affected people of Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Index unfavorable. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the physical changes of the participants who actively attended fitness centers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the physical changes of the participants who actively attended fitness centers during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: In this study, 211 participants (male:155, female:56) enrolled in fitness centers in the experimental group were checked for 2 months and their Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Index (BFI) and were recorded twice. The findings obtained were evaluated statistically with the package program Results: In our study, n=55 over the age of 18, 26.1% were female; n=156, 73.9% of the male individuals voluntarily participated. At the end of the study, it was found that there was an increase in BW, BMI and BFI values of male and female participants and that they were significant at the level of paired sample t test findings (p<0.05). Although there was an increase in MMI values, these findings were found to be at the level of (p>0.05). Conclusion: At the end of the research, it was found that individuals who actively continued in fitness centers during the Covid-19 pandemic in Kayseri province experienced restrictions and an increase in BW, BMI, and BFI due to sedentary life. Keywords: Covid 19 Restriction, Physical Parameter, Fitness Center

Establishment of a national DNA database in the Republic of Serbia: Legal aspects and implications for the future

Forensic DNA databases have been established in the vast majority of European countries and represent an essential personal identification instrument in the criminal justice system. The implementation of suitable legislation and accompanying legal practice is an imperative to ensure sensible use of the DNA repository, without interfering with the rights, freedoms and privacy of individuals and their families. Thus, the complex matter of DNA databank effectiveness and intrusiveness is a delicate balancing act, which has resulted in diverse database governing regimes among different countries. In 2018, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia passed the first Law on the National DNA Register, which was created by the Ministry of Interior. This short and imprecise regulation was announced without prior consultation with professional stakeholders or the public, resulting in controversy. In this article, we examine essential questions pertinent to launching a forensic DNA database through the lens of the new Law on the National DNA Register in the Republic of Serbia and in comparison to the other European approaches and guidelines to regulating forensic DNA repositories. We further discuss the resulting legal, social and ethical implications and concerns and propose future actions intended to improve the legal framework. We believe that stimulating such discussions throughout the scientific and professional community will result in the advancement of DNA profiling and databasing in a future European Union member state and, more generally, the manner in which biological data are managed in various countries, particularly those that are developing.

Assessment of Referrals and Hospitalizations in the Hospital Transformed into COVID-19 Facility in Poland during the "Spring Wave" of the Epidemic in 2020-A Cross-Sectional Study.

The study aimed to evaluate hospitalizations in a COVID-dedicated facility during the “spring wave” of the epidemic in 2020 in Poland and analyze changes in access to hospital treatment in the country in the early phase of the pandemic. We investigated all referrals and admissions to the Ministry of Interior and Administration hospital in Białystok from 14 April to 14 August 2020. A total of 238 patients were referred to the hospital (with a median age of 64.5 years; IQR, 44–78), most commonly with fever (n = 151; 63.5%). Only 135 (56.7%) were admitted (5.5% of the number hospitalized in the same period in 2019). SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed in 42 (17.7%) cases. Older people with concomitant diseases and disabilities dominated. Seventeen patients (12.6%) required ICU treatment, and 19 (14%) died. Based on the National Health Fund data, we also examined changes in the rate of hospitalizations in Poland and in selected Polish COVID/ and non-COVID hospitals between February and August 2019 and 2020. The number of hospitalizations in Poland decreased dramatically in comparison to 2019. A very low hospitalization rate, significantly lower than in structurally similar non-COVID hospitals, was observed in transformed hospitals. Better use of hospital resources was observed when the hospital was semi-transformed and had the flexibility to adapt to epidemiological needs. The study seems to confirm that the system of transformed COVID hospitals resulted in unused healthcare resources and limited patient access to medical services in the early period of the epidemic. As a consequence, systemic modifications allowing the maximization and adequate use of the Polish healthcare system’s limited resources have been implemented.

Supporting the victims of domestic violence in Iran: two decades of effort

:For years there were no organized supporting system helping victims of domestic violence in Iran. 16 years ago Ministry of Interior started a national survey which led to try legislating bills in order to improve preventive and supporting services. This has inspired many health care professionals, including Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Training, to pursue this field for research. Since then, many studies has been done; which were reviewed in this paper. We tried to build a stepping stone for the future researchers and activists, since despite all what has been done, still there is no legislated bill or enough organizations to protect the victims.

ANALYSIS OF LOGISTIC PROVISION OF REVISIONS FOR CENTRAL STATE ADMINISTRATION BODIES

The implementation of information system modules in the conditions of state administration requires extensive project solutions. It differs from the implementation in the enterprise environment mainly by the nature of meeting the legislative conditions. Each implementation project is individual, and when designing its creation, it is necessary to take into account the content of an individual organizational components of the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic. This contribution aims to define the basic communication requirements that are placed on the information system for the operation of reserved technical equipment in the conditions of the Ministry of the Interior of the Slovak Republic. Knowledge of these requirements will allow setting the functionality of the information system for the operation of reserved technical equipment. The findings of the article and their application will save 20 - 40% of the total time, which will be appropriate to use to save on human resources or improve the activities of individual employees in the field of BOZP (occupational safety and health), operation of buildings, labour inspection. With proper predictive maintenance, the goal of reducing costs by 20% for individual more complex repairs, which are caused by neglect or omission of regular service, can be achieved. The application of research findings will have an impact on the reduction of accidents, accidents with long-term consequences or deaths caused by improper operation of technical equipment. The findings are appropriate to apply to employers with a number of facilities greater than 20.

Diagnosing the Level of Job Performance for a Sample of the Directorates of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior: An Exploratory Study

The research aims to diagnose the level of job performance in the directorates of the Iraqi Ministry of Interior ,The current research adopted the descriptive analytical method ,Starting from a problem and questions that emerged from a main question (were the leaders of the surveyed directorates able to improve job performance, Its data were collected from (101) respondents who represent the research sample in an intentional, quota, way, after being completely enumerated Represented by managers (department managers, division managers), the questionnaire was adopted as a tool for collecting research data, which included (40) paragraphs by which the variables investigated in (the Directorate of Relations and media , the Directorate of Planning and Follow-up, the Directorate of Systems and Informatics, the Directorate of Identities and Leaves), were measured, Personal interviews and field observations were used, and the research adopted a program (SMART PLS V.3.3, Spss V.26) with the adoption of descriptive statistics methods (normal distribution test, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis, structural modeling, arithmetic mean, percentages, standard deviation, and relative importance, The coefficient of relative variance, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the coefficient of simple and multiple regression), The research concluded with the most prominent result represented in the direction of the leaders of the surveyed directorates towards contextual performance, which indicates that their employees carry out tasks that go beyond their official roles and their quest to volunteer in additional activities and help others, as well as the leaders’ interest in the job performance of their employees, so I proceeded to improve it, as well as directly improving the performance of the task.

Absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Peritoneal Fluid During Surgery in Pregnant Women Who Are COVID-19 Positive

Study ObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection poses significant risks during surgical interventions. We investigated the intraperitoneal presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients who are COVID-19 positive.DesignA prospective group study.SettingDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology designated for patients with COVID-19, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior, Warsaw.PatientsOverall, 65 pregnant women with COVID-19 infection underwent cesarian section. The diagnosis was confirmed either by positive antigen test or by positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay performed within no more than 13 days before the operation.InterventionsOn the day of the operation, a nasopharyngeal swab was taken, and peritoneal fluid was collected at the beginning of the operation. Both the nasopharyngeal swab and peritoneal fluid samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2.Measurements and Main ResultsA total of 65 pregnant women with COVID-19 infection were enrolled in the study. The SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid test by nasopharyngeal swab produced positive results in 34 patients. In this group as well as in 31 nonconfirmed patients, all peritoneal fluid samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid.ConclusionThese results suggest a low risk of COVID-19 transmission from the peritoneal cavity at the time of laparoscopy or laparotomy.

Analyzing the Nature of the Relationship Between Human Resource Management Practices and Personnel Performance

The aim of this study is to test the effect of human resources management as an independent variable in raising the level of individuals’ performance as a dependent variable and it was applied in the Ministry of Interior - General Directorate of Human Resources Management depending on the descriptive analytical approach in accomplishing the requirements of this research. The human resources management in the performance of individuals directly and indirectly, but at the level of dimensions, contextual performance had a good impact on the performance of tasks and the performance of individuals with human resources management and positive work behavior with contextual performance.

FROM THE DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE DECREE OF JUNE 25, 1916

The proclamation of the tsarist decree, which provoked the national liberation uprising in Kazakhstan in 1916, was discussed for many years among the highest authorities. It was first launched in 1910, before the First World War, and several times during the First World War., In the Council of Ministers, in the State Duma, in the State Councils. In the discussions, the military tax was finally introduced in 1915, saying, "In what form do we call the colonized peoples of the empire, who were exempted from military service, or replace them with a military tax?" The failures of the first two years of World War I, the high human cost, and the need for manpower to replace those on the front called for more manpower. The issue of conscription was once again on the agenda. forced. The Ministry of Defense had to revive the requisition. The issue has been repeatedly postponed by the authorities because of "political distrust" of the "whirlwind" peoples and the reluctance to hand over weapons. Even the November 1915 bill of the Ministry of Defense was rejected by the Council of Ministers in December this year. Finally, in the summer of 1916, when the situation on the front became more complicated, in May and June, the Prime Minister, the Minister of War and the Deputy Minister of the Interior had to make a joint decision. Records kept in a special journal of the Council of Ministers contain detailed information that the decision to hire was made by Prime Minister Sturmer, Minister of Defense Shuvaev, and Deputy Interior Minister Kukol-Yasnopolsky. This was not a new law, but a collection of military decrees on the former "requisition". The meetings also discussed the need to gather information from the regions on the views of local residents on this call. Representatives of the colonial authorities immediately began to implement the Decree.

الإرهاب بین القانون الدولی والشریعة الإسلامیة

الإرهاب بين القانون الدولي والشريعة الإسلامية عماد حسن محمد إبراهيم . وزارة الداخلية ، مصر . قسم القانون الدولي العام ، کلية الحقوق، جامعة المنوفية . البريد الالکتروني : Emad Hassan @ gmail .com ملخص البحث : إدراکا من المجموعة الدولية في إطار الأمم المتحدة حيث بدأ المجتمع الدولي يولى هذه الظاهرة اهتمام للأحداث الإرهابية والتي تنوعت بين الاغتيالات، والتفجيرات ، وأخذ الرهائن؛ لذلک أصدرت العديد من القرارات وتم إعداد العديد من الاتفاقيات, لکن لم يتم الاتفاق على تعريف لهذه الظاهرة, نظرا لتغليب الدوافع السياسية علي المصلحة الدولية متمثلة في مجلس الأمن وحق الفيتو للدول الکبرى. وقد سبقت الشريعة الإسلامية القوانين الوضعية في تحريم الاعتداء على النفس البشرية، فاعتبرت النفوس کلها واحدة، ومن اعتدى على إحداها فکأنما اعتدى على الإنسانية جمعاء، ومن قدم خدمة، أو خيرا لإحداها، فکأنما قدمه للإنسانية جمعاء, إذ إن الإسلام يحارب الإرهاب بشتى صوره وأنواعه لأن الإسلام دين السلام, فالسلام هو أصل من أصول عقيدته وعنصر من عناصر تربيته. إن رؤية فقهاء القانون الدولي وما تضمنته الاتفاقيات الدولية متفقة مع الشريعة الإسلامية في منع وتجريم کل أعمال الاعتداء والعنف والسطو بکل أشکالها وصورها التي تؤدي إلى الإضرار بالمجتمع الدولي، وتهدد مصالحهم سواء کانت فردية أو على مستوى الدولة، فغاية کل من الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الدولي حماية مصالح الأفراد والدول وتأمين الطرق البرية والبحرية, ومن هذا المنطلق فقد وضعت الشريعة الإسلامية المبادئ والأسس التي تقضي على الإرهاب (الحرابة). الکلمات المفتاحية : الإرهاب ، الحرابة ، الشريعة الإسلامية ، القانون الدولي . Terrorism between international law and Islamic law Emad Hassan Mohamed Ibrahim. Ministry of Interior, Egypt. Department of Public International Law , Faculty of Law , Menoufia University. E-mail : Emad Hassan @ gmail .com Abstract : In recognition of the international community within the framework of the United Nations, where the international community began to pay attention to terrorist events, which varied between assassinations, bombings, hijackings, and hostage-taking. Therefore, many decisions were issued and many agreements were prepared, but a definition of this phenomenon was not agreed upon. Given the priority of political motives over the international interest, represented in the Security Council and the veto power of the major powers. Islamic law preceded man-made laws in prohibiting the assault on the human soul, so it considered all souls as one, and whoever attacked one of them, it is as if he attacked it, and whoever provided a service or good to one of them, it is as if he provided it to all humanity, since Islam fights terrorism in all its forms and types because Islam is The religion of peace, peace is one of the origins of his faith and an element of his upbringing. The vision of international law jurists and what is included in international agreements is consistent with Islamic law in preventing and criminalizing all acts of aggression, violence and robbery in all their forms and manifestations that harm the international community and threaten their interests, whether they are individual or at the state level. Individuals, states, and securing land and sea routes. From this standpoint, Islamic Sharia has laid down principles and foundations that eliminate terrorism (warring). Key words: Terrorism , Warfare , Islamic law , International law.

POLITICAL TRUST AND SOCIAL COHESION AT A TIME OF CRISIS The Impact of COVID-19 on Kurdistan Region-Iraq

COVID-19 has attracted much attention in Kurdish neighbourhoods and has been relayed massively by the media across the KRI. Kurdistanis put their trust mostly in television as the most accessible source of information across the region. Conversely, social media was not considered a reliable source of information during the pandemic. The results of this survey highlight a strong lack of trust in federal political figures and institutions. At the regional level, Kurdistanis are divided along lines of political affiliation and geography. While respondents from Duhok and Erbil expressed a high level of trust in the KRG, people of Silemani are openly distrustful of the KRI government. The institutions responsible for mitigating the impact of the pandemic attract the highest level of trust across governorates. This is the case with the KRG Ministry of Health and Ministry of Interior, including the security forces and the police. Conversely, participants expressed strong rejection of both parliaments that sit in Baghdad and Erbil. The legislative body attracted the least trust among the population surveyed. The COVID-19 pandemic has fostered social cohesion in the KRI. The majority of respondents believed that all Kurdistanis, including both vulnerable and non-vulnerable groups, should be treated equally and should receive the same amount of government support during the pandemic. That being said, a significant number of respondents recognized the importance of caring for those most vulnerable, such as the elderly, Syrian refugees, and International Displaced Persons (IDPs) more broadly. Finally, respondents have been shown to rely mostly on their social circles and family throughout the crisis, rather than regional and federal institutions. Those surveyed strongly supported the preventive measures in general imposed by the KRG on the three governorates. Yet, answers to the survey reveal that such measures have had an impact on the personal economic circumstances of Kurdistanis, especially among the younger portion of the population, who expected to face financial difficulties in the near future as a direct consequence of the pandemic and its impact.

The Role of Administrative Communication in Crisis Management from the point of view of employees in the Public Relations Department of the Ministry of Interior in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: دور الاتصال الإداري في إدارة الأزمات من وجهة نظر العاملين في قسم العلاقات العامة بوزارة الداخلية بالمملكة العربية السعودية

The current research aimed to identify the importance of communication in crisis management From the point of view of employees in the Public Relations Department of the Ministry of Interior in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the role of communication during the stages of the crisis. The research used the descriptive approach and the questionnaire as a research tool that was distributed to the research sample (63), and the (SPSS). The results showed that the role of communication for crisis management in the Ministry of Interior was very high, with a mean (4.29) and The role of using communication in crisis management was very high, with an average (4.35), Communication contributes to finding an efficient system that provides accurate data and information on the extent of the crisis. The researcher recommended activating effective means and methods of communication between workers and management in the Ministry of Interior