Ministry Of Electricity Research Articles

Estimation Fuzzy Reliability of the Distribution Data (Topp leone- Kumaraswamy)With Application

The process of mixing distributions is one of the vital and important processes that contribute to increasing the flexibility and efficiency of the basic distributions. In this research، a new idea was identified، which is the idea of building a new probability distribution function by the function generating the distributions (Topp - Leone) through the single distribution mode (Kumaraswamy). In the function generated and the derivation of the statistical properties of the resulting new mixed distribution (Kumaraswamy- Topp Leone)، which is characterized by efficiency and flexibility in data representation، as the more parameters of the distribution، the greater the accuracy، reliability and preference، and then estimate the parameters of the aforementioned distribution using the informational standard Bayes estimation methods in light of Different loss functions، and the method of optimization algorithm for the gray wolf (GWO)، the failure times were studied، which are often random and fuzzy mixture in it، and this is expressed in fuzzy numbers، and this leads us to estimate the fuzzy reliability function (Fuzzy Reliability) within certain ranges of belonging to the fuzzy group. Practically applying the (Kum - TL) distribution to the real data obtained from the Ministry of Electricity / South Baghdad Station - Al-Zafaraniya، which numbered (70) engines، representing the operating time of the engine until the failure in order to estimate the expected times of future failures. The results showed that the proposed distribution achieved a clear preference in representing real data. In addition، the results showed the superiority of the (BLS_10) method at all different cut-off levels.

Comparative Study for Risk Criteria of Al-Qudus Plant between the Present and Planning of MOE

The main function of a power system is to supply the customer load demands as economically as possible. Risk criterion is the probability of not meeting the load. This paper presents a methodology to assess probabilistic risk criteria of Al-Qudus plant before and after expansion; as this plant consists of ten generating units presently and the Ministry Of Electricity (MOE) is intending to compact four units to it in order to improve the performance of Iraqi power system especially at Baghdad region. The assessment is calculated by a program using Matlab programming language; version 7.6. Results show that the planned risk is (0.003095) that is (35 times) less than that in the present plant risk; (0.1091); which represents respectable improvement. This probabilistic method can also be used to find the planned risk level of every plant to be compact in the Iraqi electrical network on the future; or any other power systems; and compare it with the present criterion which is very useful to determine the necessary generation capacity expansion.

Energy savings strategy for the residential sector in Libya and its impacts on the global environment and the nation economy

ABSTRACT The energy consumption of the Libyan common house is estimated through the use of simulation namely, the TRNSYS simulation programme and other tools to reach the best solutions with the assumption of changing the behaviours of those buildings occupants into better behaviours that help in energy conservation. Using official data from The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy, the Ministry of Housing and Utility, the Centre for Solar Energy Research and Studies (CSERS), measurements and a survey using a well-designed questionnaire, the relevant information is gathered and the research is conducted. The energy audit of the typical home has been conducted by using the simulation programme ‘TRNSYS’ and other tools, to identify the role and weight of each source of energy consumption in the energy savings strategy. The study provided a detailed analysis of the thermal and electrical consumption in Libyan houses. The energy audit showed that the total energy consumption was found about 16,500 kWh/year, and it is distributed by sources as 36% by electrical appliances, 24% by lighting the interior space, 15% for water heating, and about 13% for both cooling and heating the space. The estimated specific energy consumption is found as 238.7 kWh/m2 floor area. As a result, it is found that it is possible to save over 6650 TWh of electrical energy by implementing the proposed strategic plan. These savings will have a positive impact on both the economy and the environment by reducing CO2 emissions from power plants by 6.54 million tonnes of CO2 per year, saving about 1.935 million tons of burning Diesel fuel and saving about $333.54 million as social cost of the CO2. Highlights Identified the common Libyan home. Provided an inventory of electrical appliances and operating regime. Determined the specific energy consumption for the residential buildings in Libya. Determined the thermal and electrical load for the dwelling sector in Libya. Proposed a strategy to reduce energy waste in the dwelling sector. Estimated the environment and economic savings due to the implementation of the proposed strategy.

Procurement Management of Power Plants Construction Projects in Iraq

The government of Iraq states that despite the massive amounts invested in the power generating sector, the country has been plagued by power outages for more than three decades; One of the most common sources of the problem and significant impact on the waste of public funds in contractual processes. The Ministry of Planning issued the sectorial specialized standard bidding documents (SSBD) of Design, Supply, and Installation of the Electromechanical Works (DSIoEW), which is primarily designed to support the Ministry of Electricity (MoE) by developing economic projects to improve the contractual process that led to raisings Iraqi electricity generation field. The research evaluates the impact of applying the SSBD-DSIoEW for governmental power generation plants and investigates the challenges and obstacles of SSBD-DSIoEW applications in Iraq by conducting preliminary interviews with procurement experts and distributing 120 questionnaires to MoE's contractual staff. The results show a lack of experience in applying the evaluation and qualification criteria under SSBD-DSIoEW, and inadequate bid evaluations, resulting in an ineffective procurement system. In the study's conclusion and based on the results, the authors developed a unified bids evaluation model. They structured it in a computerized application program to support bids' evaluation committees

The impact of evaluation and qualification criteria on Iraqi electromechanical power plants in construction contracts

Abstract The Ministry of Electricity (MoE) is one of Iraq’s most significant sectoral ministries. Despite massive amount invested in power generation, the country is plagued by power outages for more than three decades. One of the most common sources of the problem and significant impact on the waste of public funds in contractual processes. The Ministry of Planning issued regulations and procedures to facilitate the implementation of power plants by applying the sectorial standard bidding documents (SSBD) of design, supply, and installation of the electromechanical project to support MoE by developing economic projects that lead to raising Iraqi electricity generation field. The research evaluates the government evaluation procedures applied in SSBD and their impact on Iraqi power plant contracts. The study’s principal data gathering approaches via interviews with consultants resulted in a structured questionnaire that includes 25 criteria delivered to MoE’s senior staff. One hundred respondents out of 120. The relative importance index was applied to rank and match respondent consensus on the relevance of the 25 factors. This article’s primary conclusion is weak evaluation of SSBD criteria and inadequate bid evaluations, resulting in an ineffective procurement system, and the results aim to encourage MoE’s decision-makers to optimize the criteria.

Forecasting of carbon dioxide emissions from power plants in Kuwait using United States Environmental Protection Agency, Intergovernmental panel on climate change, and machine learning methods

The second largest share of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions is generated by electricity production. Approximately 63% of the generated electricity is from burning fossil fuels. Currently, The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) owns and operates 8 power plants to secure the demand for electricity in Kuwait. Burning more fuel to generate electricity increases CO2 emissions to the air which causes air pollution and environmental issues. This study aims to calculate the amount of CO2 emission from the power sector specifically from each power plant in Kuwait in 2019 using combustion equation from United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to USEPA, total CO2 emissions from the power sector in Kuwait in 2019 were found to be 38.47 MtCO2. However, IPCC equation gave total CO2 emissions of 45.57 MtCO2. The second part of the research focused on forecasting CO2 emissions for 5 years (2018–2022) using machine learning (ML) algorithms, which are mainly support vector machine (SVM), deep learning (DL), and ANN. Based on DL model results, the forecasted CO2 emissions for the 5 years were 44.2, 46, 48, 47, and 49 MtCO2, respectively. While ANN model showed the following CO2 emissions result for each year: 43, 44, 49, 51, and 50 MtCO2, respectively. Moreover, SVM algorithm found the forecasted CO2 emissions for the 5 years to be 43.8, 52 , 56, and 56 MtCO2, respectively. DL model was found to be the most appropriate one to fit the data followed by ANN and lastly SVM respectively.

Assessing the impacts of meteorological factors on freshwater consumption in arid regions and forecasting the freshwater demand

The continuously increasing consumption and scarcity of natural freshwater resources impose threats on different aspects of human life. This study investigated the possible influences of meteorological factors, e.g., relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed, on net freshwater consumption (NFWC). Additionally, we determined the seasonal variations in these factors and forecasted the consumption rate over five years. We took Kuwait as an example and analyzed daily readings obtained from 2014 to 2018 by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation and Ministry of Electricity and Water. The results showed that the consumption rate was affected positively by temperature and negatively by relative humidity. In the seasonality results, two groups characterizing the summer (May to October) and winter (November to April) seasons were obtained regarding the corresponding meteorological factors and net freshwater production (NFWP) and NFWC. The summer season showed high temperature, NFWC, and NFWP and low relative humidity values. In contrast, the winter season revealed high relative humidity and low temperature, NFWC, and NFWP values. The forecasting model is highly accurate and estimated that NFWC will reach 171,919 million imperial gallons/year by 2024. Thus, the obtained results and performed analyses assist in the future management and performance of installed desalination processes.

Impacts of COVID-19 on Kuwait’s electric power grid

In response to a request from Kuwait’s Ministry of Electricity and Water, a resource adequacy model was developed to assess Kuwait’s ability to supply sufficient energy to meet the load demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Power system operators and utilities use this type of model to ascertain their ability to meet demand, most notably peak demand. The model includes active power loss as well as the loss of resource capacity under medium and large contingencies. As resource adequacy models do not take into account security constraints such as transmission limits and voltage, they cannot be used for operations. However, due to their simplicity, they are appropriate for studying a wide range of scenarios for formulating policy decisions. Resource adequacy analysis can provide valuable insights into the performance of a system under urgent conditions such as the one posed by COVID-19 and similar unforeseen disruptions. This model utilizes an analysis of historical load data to forecast the 2020 peak load and develop a number of scenarios to test the capacity margin of Kuwait’s power system. The scenarios vary based upon load growth (2–25 %) and whether there is an outage or unavailable generation (no outage, 720 MW outage, 1440 MW, and 2400 MW outage).

How successful is the Industrial Institutes, Kuwait, in reducing dependence on expatriates?

Nowadays, no one can deny the role played by technical and vocational education in reducing the rate of youth unemployment, low rate of poverty, high wages, and livelihood for workers, particularly younger workers. Technical and vocational education is a dual type of educational system that permit students to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes mostly needed by industries and business. The quality of technical and vocational educations would facilitate the transformation of students from classrooms, workshops, and laboratories into real work environment. The success of technical and vocational education in achieving the its objectives would depend on the quality of management in forging a strong linkage with industries and business. The concept of working in a “black box” would not apply in technical and vocational education since industries and business are the main contributors in shaping students’ knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Kuwait, as one of the gulf states, the shortage of indigenous skilled and semi-skilled manpower in noted in essential sectors of the economy (e.g., electricity and water and the oil sector). Key figures have appreciated the significant role of technical and vocational institutions in providing essential sectors of the economy with the skilled and semi-skilled national manpower in order to reduce, to great extent, the dependence on expatriates. The Sabah Al-Salem Industrial Institute, SSII, and Shuwaikh Industrial Institute, SII, was forged between 1992-1993, by the Kuwaiti Government with the aim to equipped local manpower with the know-how and know-why that are applied in local industries and business. The research is focus on measuring the perception of a sample of heads of supervisors at the Ministry of Electricity and Water and at the oil sector towards the quality of the graduates from the Sabah Al-Salem Industrial Institute, SSII, and Shuwaikh Industrial Institute, SII. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with a sample of heads of supervisors at the Ministry of Electricity and Water and at the oil sector to assess the quality of SSII & SII, graduates. Finally, the research will argue that unless the Sabah Al-Salem Industrial Institute, SSII, and the Shuwaikh Industrial Institute, SII, recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.

How Successful is Field Training Program offered by the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, Kuwait, in Reducing Dependence on Expatriates?

Technical and vocational education would significantly serve the need of developing countries in terms of lower the rate of poverty, reducing the number of people/youth unemployment, ensuring a stable economy, reducing rate of crimes, higher earning, and increasing self-development. It is also essential for the gulf states such as: Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, where the lack of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower is notable in essential sectors of their economy (e.g., electricity and water, health care, oil sector, infrastructure). Technical and vocational education is a dual type of educational system that would facilitate the transmission of students into work place. It is considered as a ‘golden” opportunity particularly for youth to be easily employed by industries and business. The success of technical and vocational education would depend, to great extent, on the efficiency of apprenticeship where students spend certain time at industrial premises to gain the required skills. It allows students to experience the real work environment and to interact with machine, devices, and tools applied in industrial production site. This paper examines how successful is the field training program offered by the selected colleges and institutions at the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, PAAE&T, in providing local industries with indigenous skilled and semi-skilled qualified manpower. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with sample of heads of supervisors/heads of departments at the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the oil sector in order to assess the quality of field training program. Finally, the research will argue that unless the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions recognize and appreciate the value of enhancing the quality of field training program with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.

How Successful is the Management of Technical and Vocational Institutions, Kuwait, in Reducing Dependence on Expatriates?

There is a common perception that technical and vocational education is the ultimate solution for providing industries and business with skilled and semi-skilled manpower. It is considered as a dual type of education system that would allow students to transfer what they have learned in their schools and colleges into real work environment. It is a combination of education that encompasses theory and practice where students spend a certain time in industrial and business premises to acquire the needed knowledge, skills and attitudes. Due to the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower, the gulf states (e.g., Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates) have forged technical and vocational education colleges and institutions with the aim to supply essential sectors of their economy (e.g., oil, electricity and water, health sector, infrastructure), with qualified national manpower able to manage, maintain, and adapt the imported technology to suite local environments. However, the success of technical and vocational institution in achieving an acceptable outcome would, to great extent, depend on the quality of the management of technical and vocational institutions. The fact is managing technical and vocational education is completely different from managing a formal education (e.g., formal colleges and universities). This research paper examines how successful is the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions in providing local industries with indigenous skilled and semi-skilled qualified manpower. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with sample of heads of supervisors/heads of departments at the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Communications, Ministry of Electricity and Water, and the oil sector in order to assess the quality of graduates from technical and vocational colleges and institutions. Finally, the research will argue that unless the management of technical and vocational colleges and institutions recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.

How successful is the Higher Institute of Energy, Kuwait, in reducing dependence on expatriates?

The role of technical and vocational education in enhancing indigenous capabilities is highly discussed by authors, observers, and academics. In fact, there is a common understanding that technical and vocational education is a dual educational system that allow students to transfer what they have been learned in classroom, laboratories and workshops into real work environment. The success of technical and vocational education would depend on the management mentality in the ability in forging and effective and fruitful linkage with industries and business. It is a management responsibility to identify and determine the level of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are mostly required by the recipients of technical and vocational graduates. Kuwait, as one of the gulf states, the shortage of indigenous skilled and semi-skilled manpower in noted in essential sectors of the economy (e.g., electricity and water and the oil sector). Decision makers have realized the significant role of technical and vocational institutions in providing essential sectors of the economy with the skilled and semi-skilled national manpower in order to reduce, to great extent, the dependence on expatriates. The Higher Institute of Energy, HIE, was forged by the Kuwaiti Government with the aim to equipped local manpower with the know-how and know-why that are applied in local industries. The research is focus on measuring the perception of a sample of heads of supervisors at the Ministry of Electricity and Water and at the oil sector towards the quality of HIE graduates. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, interviews with a sample of heads of supervisors at the Ministry of Electricity and Water and at the oil sector to assess the quality of field training program and the standard of the HIE graduates. Finally, the research will argue that unless the HIE recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with local industries, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous in essential sectors on the economy will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.

How successful is the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait, in reducing dependence on expatriates?

No one can deny the role of technical and vocational education in the world of work. Technical and vocational education would improve productivity, increase in wages, promote self-employment, and provide an opportunity for practicing talent and creativity in work place. It is an ultimate venue for youth to gain the necessary knowledge, skills and attitudes that are mostly needed by industries and business. Indeed, it is different from a formal education where students spend a certain time in real work environment to interact with machines and tools. Technical and vocational education would allow students to work in workshops and laboratories and provide them with the ability to transfer with they learn in classrooms, workshops, and laboratories into real work place. Developing countries (e.g., Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar), has thoroughly realized and appreciate the role of technical and vocational education in reducing the dependence on expatriates, particularly in essential sectors of the economy (e.g., oil, electricity and water, constructions). Kuwait, as a developing country has recognized and appreciate the need to reduce dependence on expatriates by forging the College of Technological Studies, CTS. The main objective of the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait, is preparing students for the world of work by enhancing the level of student’s knowledge, skills and attitudes that are mostly needed by local industries and business. The research paper focuses on identifying and examining the CTS student’s perception towards the quality of teaching and learning. In addition to, examining industrial perception towards the standard of the CTS graduates. The oil sector and the Ministry of Electricity and Water will be selected to represent the recipients of CTS graduates. The research is based on extensive field work that encompasses a review of the related literature, questionnaires, and an interview with a sample of heads of departments at the CTS. Interviews will be also conducted with the CTS graduates’ supervisor in selected industries. Finally, the research will argue that unless the CTS recognize and appreciate the value of building a strong linkage with industry, its contribution in tackling the shortage of skilled and semi-skilled indigenous manpower will be below the government expectations, thus continuing relaying on expatriates for years ahead.
 

Selection of optimal places for constructions of renewable energy stations in Myanmar using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method

The article discusses the formulation of the problem of choosing the optimal places for building renewable energy stations in Myanmar using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) method. Today Myanmar is a developing country in Southeast Asia. Myanmar possesses a variety of energy resources, including renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Humans have especially used, and are now using, fossil fuels. After 2010, Myanmar began to focus heavily on renewable energy sources (RES). The Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE) is the responsible ministry for the energy sector in Myanmar. MOEE is also responsible for the production, production and transportation of oil and gas. Myanmar has long been isolated from international markets, and funding sources have historically limited development and therefore pressure on its environment. Many of its resources remain relatively intact despite the lack of effective environmental regulations. However, as the country integrates into the world economy and its economic development are accelerating, resource degradation is growing rapidly. Deforestation of closed forests in recent years has been the fastest growing among large Southeast Asian countries, most of which are driven by plantation concessions and other large-scale projects. In order to reduce the use of fossil fuels and increase the use of renewable energy sources in Myanmar, it is necessary to investigate where and which RES are optimal depending on all situations.

Solar energy as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electricity supply and growing demand in Iraq: A review

<p><span>The pivotal role of electricity is as an enabler for every other sector in any economy. Adequate electricity supply is a vital input for the economic growth and in a range of key industries. Unfortunately, the electricity sector in Iraq has been an unsustainable fiscal burden on successive Iraqi governments yet it has not been able to meet the growing demand. Iraq’s electricity sector and government’s decision makers should look for a long-term solutions and strategies to meet the current and future demand, by taking important steps towards fostering a reliable, affordable, and sustainable electricity system in the years and decades to come. Also, Iraqi government and ministry of electricity in particular should understand that electricity is basic service and right of Iraqis, and many nations have overcome this kind of problem decades ago. Overcoming this problem will help refueling Iraqi economy and enable it to stand on its feet again. Renewable energy resources, and solar in particular could be part of the solution. This paper aims to highlight the importance of solar energy in Iraq as a potential contributor to help bridge the gap between electricity supply and growing demand. Also, it discusses the solar energy opportunities with challenges facing other renewable energy sources in Iraq.</span></p>

Consensus-based urban sustainability framework for Iraqi cities: A case study in Baghdad

The paper proposes a comprehensive sustainability framework for urban development projects in hot, dry developing regions. Such a framework is required due to the lack of knowledge in these regions of issues including population-inflation, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, water shortages and high energy consumption. Iraq is one such developing country having a hot, dry, semi-arid climate with unique socio-cultural factors which have been impacted by four decades of war. New development projects are underway but scant attention has been paid to sustainability, specifically in cities e.g. Baghdad. This framework has been developed using expert consultations to reach a consensus on its dimensions, three in total: the use of satellite cities around existing cities for various purposes (residential, industrial, commercial and administrative) with the creation of a green belt, the determination of criteria for future domestic energy projects, e.g. the minimum energy requirements for an average Iraqi family and on-site renewable sources such as solar energy, and the application of a set of urban sustainable development factors to improve the quality of services and human well-being. This study presents, for the first time, a comprehensive sustainability framework for a country that has suffered several decades of wars and international sanctions. This framework was subsequently validated using semi structured interviews with 15 local intra-organizational leaders. The key findings of this paper based on this validation show that 12 out of 15 intra-organizational leaders highly recommended the adoption of the developed framework, highlighting their level of understanding, accepting, feasibility and challenging, and their future scope to develop this framework in order to enhance the quality of life at the city scale. Moreover, the leaders of the Mayoralty of Baghdad emphasised to adopt the developed framework in order to mitigate the current and future challenges of the capital Baghdad, including housing deficit, traffic problems, economical issues, and environmental pollution. The key contributions of this study is its investigation of locality-specific issues in war-torn countries such as Iraq, specifically this includes; (a) analyzing locality-specific problems based on engagement with stakeholders, and the general public, (b) proposing a framework to solve multiple problems, including lack of environmental strategies, traffic congestion, housing deficit, rapid urbanization and population growth and, (c) validation of the framework through engagement with intra-organsational leadership in different ministries and organizations like, ministry of housing and construction, Mayoralty of Baghdad, ministry of water resources, UN-HABITIAT program in Iraq, ministry of electricity, National consultation engineering committee, and etc.

A Serverless Advanced Metering Infrastructure Based on Fog-Edge Computing for a Smart Grid: A Comparison Study for Energy Sector in Iraq

The development of the smart grid (SG) has the potential to bring significant improvements to the energy generation, transmission, and distribution sectors. Hence, adequate handling of fluctuating energy demands is required. This can only be achieved by implementing the concept of transactive energy. Transactive energy aims to optimize energy production, transmission, and distribution combined with next-generation hardware and software, making it a challenge for implementation at a national level, and to ensure the effective collaboration of energy exchange between consumers and producers, a serverless architecture based on functionality can make significant contributions to the smart grids advanced metering infrastructure (SG-AMI). In this paper, a scalable serverless SG-AMI architecture is proposed based on fog-edge computing, virtualization consideration, and Function as a service (FaaS) as a services model to increase the operational flexibility, increase the system performance, and reduce the total cost of ownership. The design was benchmarked against the Iraqi Ministry of Electricity (MOELC) proposed designs for the smart grid, and it was evaluated based on the MOELC traditional computing-design, and a related cloud computing-based design. The results show that our proposed design offers an improvement of 20% to 65% performance on network traffic load, latency, and time to respond, with a reduction of 50% to 67% on the total cost of ownership, lower power and cooling consumption compared to the SG design proposed by MOELC. From this paper, it can be observed that a robust roadmap for SG-AMI architecture can effectively contribute towards increasing the scalability and interoperability, automation, and standardization of the energy sector.

Water Distribution System Pipe Break Failure Modeling and Analysis: Case Study of Kuwait

The Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW), as well as other water authorities all over the world, is facing a difficult challenge in assessing the physical condition of its distribution systems. Since the majority of the mains are buried, the MEW must rely upon indirect methods, including analysis of repair records. A case study on Kuwait’s water distribution system using the techniques of survival analysis is analyzed and investigated for modeling the pipe break failures. The proportional hazard model has the advantage of being able to separate the effects of component deterioration on failure due to aging from the effects of site‐specific causes. Another desirable feature is its ability to analyze censored data. The sensitivity of the model parameters to sample size and percent censoring is examined through random sampling of the database. In addition, the proportional hazard model is suitable for describing failure rates of components.

Design and Performance Analysis of 250 kW Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Iraqi Environment Using PVsyst Software

A 250 kW grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plant systems have been installed at the Ministry of Electricity in Baghdad and penetrated to the Iraqi national grid since November 2017. This is the first high power grid-connected PV system that has been installed in Iraq and it’s one of the four parts 1MW large-scale PV systems that should be completed in early of 2019. This paper presents the design and performance analysis of this system using a PVsyst software package. The performance ratio and different losses that occurred in the system are also calculated. The results show that the performance ratio is 75% using 1428 photovoltaic panels type (Sharp 175Wp) spread over an area of 1858 m². The total energy injected into the grid is (346692 kWh/year) .Based on the simulation results that developed in this paper, the practical PV grid-tied system has been implemented in Baghdad site.

Design and Performance Analysis of 250 kW Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Iraqi Environment Using PVsyst Software

A 250 kW grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) plant systems have been installed at the Ministry of Electricity in Baghdad and penetrated to the Iraqi national grid since November 2017. This is the first high power grid-connected PV system that has been installed in Iraq and it’s one of the four parts 1MW large-scale PV systems that should be completed in early of 2019. This paper presents the design and performance analysis of this system using a PVsyst software package. The performance ratio and different losses that occurred in the system are also calculated. The results show that the performance ratio is 75% using 1428 photovoltaic panels type (Sharp 175Wp) spread over an area of 1858 m². The total energy injected into the grid is (346692 kWh/year) .Based on the simulation results that developed in this paper, the practical PV grid-tied system has been implemented in Baghdad site.