Ministry Of Research Research Articles

IMPLEMENTATION OF BRIN REGULATION NO 5 OF 2023 AS AGRICULTURAL POLICY TO DEVELOP THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN EAST KUTAI DISTRICT, EAST KALIMANTAN PROVINCE

Regulation of the National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BRIN) Number 5 of 2023 concerning Governance of Research and Innovation in regions, replaces the Joint Regulation of the Minister of Research and Technology, and the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia No. 3 of 2012 and no. 36 of 2012 concerning Strengthening Regional Innovation Systems. Increasing the productivity of national and regional competitiveness requires increasing innovative capacity and increasing regional competitiveness. The innovation system is an approach to economic development using science and technology that seeks to provide added value. Therefore, it is necessary to know how the BRIN regulations are implemented in East Kutai Regency regarding the development of the agricultural sector. This study was carried out using field survey and interview methods. Agriculture is one of the most strategic economic driving sectors in The existence and implementation of BRIN regulation no. 5 of 2023 can be said to accelerate the advancement of science and technology, especially the agricultural sector. With cooperation, integration, and harmonization of invention and innovation development programs carried out with relevant stakeholders as mandated in BRIN regulation no. 5 of 2023, there will be an acceleration in the preparation of Master Plan documents and Road Maps for the Advancement of Science and Technology, regarding the agricultural sector as economic transformation in the future.

The Independent Learning Curriculum: Teachers’ Perspectives on Challenges and Expectations at SMP Negeri 1 Tuhemberua

The Independent Learning Curriculum (KMB) is a new curriculum that was established by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia in 2022. This study was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Tuhemberua with the aim of examining teachers’ perspectives on the challenges and expectations related to KMB. This study used a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 5 teachers. The result of the study showed that teachers faced various challenges in implementing KMB at SMP Negeri 1 Tuhemberua, including: (1) lack of teacher understanding of KMB, (2) limited time, (3) lack of resources to support KMB learning, and (4) students were unable to follow the learning flow, so the learning objectives given by the teacher could not be achieved to the maximum. Despite these challenges, teachers also had high hopes for KMB at SMP Negeri 1 Tuhemberua, namely: (1) to improve the quality of learning, (2) to develop potential students optimally, and (3) to create a more enjoyable learning experience. This study contributes to the development of knowledge in the field of education by providing insights into the challenges and expectations of teachers related to KMB at SMP Negeri 1 Tuhemberua. This study can also be a reference for the government in implementing KMB optimally in various regions.

TransHyDE‐Sys: An Integrated Systemic Approach for Analyzing and Supporting the Transformation of Energy Systems and Hydrogen Infrastructure Development

In addition to the long‐term goal of mitigating climate change, the current geopolitical upheavals heighten the urgency to transform Europe's energy system. This involves expanding renewable energies while managing intermittent electricity generation. Hydrogen is a promising solution to balance generation and demand, simultaneously decarbonizing complex applications. To model the energy system's transformation, the project TransHyDE‐Sys, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, takes an integrated approach beyond traditional energy system analysis, incorporating a diverse range of more detailed methods and tools. Herein, TransHyDE‐Sys is situated within the recent policy discussion. It addresses the requirements for energy system modeling to gain insights into transforming the European hydrogen and energy infrastructure. It identifies knowledge gaps in the existing literature on hydrogen infrastructure‐oriented energy system modeling and presents the research approach of TransHyDE‐Sys. TransHyDE‐Sys analyzes the development of hydrogen and energy infrastructures from “the system” and “the stakeholder” perspectives. The integrated modeling landscape captures temporal and spatial interactions among hydrogen, electricity, and natural gas infrastructure, providing comprehensive insights for systemic infrastructure planning. This allows a more accurate representation of the energy system's dynamics and aids in decision‐making for achieving sustainable and efficient hydrogen network development integration.

"Remember Mother's Message" Campaign to Stop the Spread of COVID-19 in Indonesia


 
 
 
 This research aims to see the effectiveness of public service advertisements published by the Ministry of Education, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia's 'Remember Your Mother's'. This advertisement was launched in order to invite the public to break the chain of spread of COVID-19. The number of samples in this research was taken from students of the Communication Studies Program at Merdeka University, Brawijaya University, Tribhuwana Tunggadewi University and Gajayana University. Advertising effectiveness research use the EPIC methodology as outlined by The Nielsen Company. The EPIC paradigm comprises four dimensions: Empathy, Persuasion, Impact, and Communication. The results of this research show that the Ministry of Education, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia's 'Remember Your Mother's' campaign can have a significant impact. From these results, empathy is the most dominant dimension. The results of hypothesis testing show that the empathy variable of 91.18% has a positive sign, indicating that this variable influences audience interest. The effectiveness of advertising with empathy obtained by the most dominant indicator is the "remember mother's message campaign" advertisement in attracting students' attention which is influenced by the characteristics of the advertisement in the form of advertisements that have specific objectives and are clearly supported by advertising stages, the "remember mother's message" campaign with stages including: touching the audience's feelings to find out the level of liking for the advertisement that is shown, the level of attention of the audience towards the advertisement, whether the existing advertisement is good or not according to consumers.
 
 
 
 

Resting-state alterations in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia are related to the distribution of monoamine and GABA neurotransmitter systems.

Aside to clinical changes, behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is characterized by progressive structural and functional alterations in frontal and temporal regions. We examined if there is a selective vulnerability of specific neurotransmitter systems in bvFTD by evaluating the link between disease-related functional alterations and the spatial distribution of specific neurotransmitter systems and their underlying gene expression levels. Maps of fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) were derived as a measure of local activity from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging for 52 bvFTD patients (mean age = 61.5 ± 10.0 years; 14 females) and 22 healthy controls (HC) (mean age = 63.6 ± 11.9 years; 13 females). We tested if alterations of fALFF in patients co-localize with the non-pathological distribution of specific neurotransmitter systems and their coding mRNA gene expression. Furthermore, we evaluated if the strength of co-localization is associated with the observed clinical symptoms. Patients displayed significantly reduced fALFF in frontotemporal and frontoparietal regions. These alterations co-localized with the distribution of serotonin (5-HT1b and 5-HT2a) and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAa) receptors, the norepinephrine transporter (NET), and their encoding mRNA gene expression. The strength of co-localization with NET was associated with cognitive symptoms and disease severity of bvFTD. Local brain functional activity reductions in bvFTD followed the distribution of specific neurotransmitter systems indicating a selective vulnerability. These findings provide novel insight into the disease mechanisms underlying functional alterations. Our data-driven method opens the road to generate new hypotheses for pharmacological interventions in neurodegenerative diseases even beyond bvFTD. This study has been supported by the German Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant no. FKZ01GI1007A).

Fostering independent learners: Kurikulum Merdeka, Merdeka Belajar, the student-centred learning approach and pedagogical reform

This research uses document review and literature review methods. The document review was carried out by analyzing official documents related to the Independent Curriculum, such as Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology Regulation Number 34 of 2022 concerning National Standards for Junior High School Education and Regulation of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology Number 35 of 2022 concerning National High School Education Standards. The literature review was carried out by analyzing previous research writings about the Independent Curriculum, student-centred learning, and independent learning. The results of the analysis show that the Independent Curriculum and independent learning are closely related. The Independent Curriculum is an effort to realize independent learning. This can be seen from several main characteristics of the Independent Curriculum, such as: (a Focus on essential material that can be studied in depth. (b) Providing freedom to teachers and schools in developing curriculum and learning. (c) Accommodating students' needs and interests. Centred learning on students is one of the strategies that can be used to implement the Merdeka Curriculum. Student-centred learning emphasizes the active role of students in the learning process. Students are not only objects of learning, but also learning subjects who have an important role in determining the direction of learning. Implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum and independent learning requires a change in the learning paradigm. Teachers must shift from their role as transmitters of information to facilitators of learning. Teachers must be able to create a learning environment that supports students to learn actively and independently.

Unleashing the Potential: Investigating the Empowering Effects of Field Trips on Autonomous English Learners’ Learning

Field trips have long been recognized as a significant component of educational endeavours. While students at the primary and secondary levels commonly engage in such activities, the integration of field trips into tertiary education remains infrequent. University studend who attend the English classes are seldom afforded the opportunity to directly observe authentic professional environments or explore potential workplaces related to their future careers, experiences that can be facilitated through field trips. Additionally, given the increasing emphasis on the internship program held by Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, a gap arises as students are limited in their exposure to real-world work environments. The objective of this research endeavour was to investigate university students' perceptions of field trip activities and assess how these experiences contribute to the development of students' autonomous learning skills. Qualitative data for this study were collected through two questionnaires, a preparation and a reflection Google sheet. The participants consisted of 27 students enrolled in the International Relations Study Program at UPN Veteran Jakarta. The findings of the study revealed that field trips offer numerous benefits to English for Professional Purposes students, including enhancing their understanding of academic concepts, providing a deeper real-world context for learning, and fostering social interaction. The questionnaire results demonstrated a predominantly positive perception among the students. Furthermore, a majority of the participants reported engaging in autonomous learning activities during the field trip, facilitated by the opportunity to interact with industry professionals and seek their guidance through questioning.

Comprehensive evaluation of smoking exposures and their interactions on DNA methylation

BackgroundSmoking impacts DNA methylation, but data are lacking on smoking-related differential methylation by sex or dietary intake, recent smoking cessation (<1 year), persistence of differential methylation from in utero smoking exposure, and effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). MethodsWe meta-analysed data from up to 15,014 adults across 5 cohorts with DNA methylation measured in blood using Illumina’s EPIC array for current smoking (2,560 exposed), quit <1 year (500 exposed), in utero (286 exposed), and ETS exposure (676 exposed). We also evaluated the interaction of current smoking with sex or diet (fibre, folate, and vitamin C). FindingsUsing false discovery rate (FDR<0.05), 65,857 CpGs were differentially methylated in relation to current smoking, 4,025 with recent quitting, 594 with in utero exposure, and 6 with ETS. Most current smoking CpGs attenuated within a year of quitting. CpGs related to in utero exposure in adults were enriched for those previously observed in newborns. Differential methylation by current smoking at 4-71 CpGs may be modified by sex or dietary intake. Nearly half (35-50%) of differentially methylated CpGs on the 450K array were associated with blood gene expression. Current smoking and in utero smoking CpGs implicated 3,049 and 1,067 druggable targets, including chemotherapy drugs. InterpretationMany smoking-related methylation sites were identified with Illumina’s EPIC array. Most signals revert to levels observed in never smokers within a year of cessation. Many in utero smoking CpGs persist into adulthood. Smoking-related druggable targets may provide insights into cancer treatment response and shared mechanisms across smoking-related diseases. FundingIntramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates and the Scottish Funding Council, Medical Research Council UK and the Wellcome Trust

Pembinaan UTBK-SNBT Kategori Penalaran Kuantitatif dan Penalaran Matematika di SMA Kartika XIX-2 Bandung

SNPMB is the 2023 National Selection for Admission of PTN New Students which was previously called SBMPTN (Joint Selection for State University Entrance). The SNP was formed by the Minister of Education and Culture to prepare for selection to enter PTN. This team is responsible to the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology. The SNPMB test line is called SNBT (Test-Based National Selection). This policy underwent many changes from the previous SBMPTN, namely the basic science and technology ability test was replaced with a literacy test (Indonesian, English, mathematics). dedication This focus discusses the characteristics of the mathematics test both on the Scholastic Knowledge Test and the mathematical literacy test. The purpose of this exercise is to socialize SNBT information and training in dealing with quantitative reasoning and mathematical reasoning questions. The outputs achieved were Quantitative Reasoning and Mathematical Reasoning Question Drafts, draft articles on the results of community service activities. The method used was seminars and training for 30 class XII students of SMA Kartika XIX-2 Bandung. As for the results of the training, all students looked very enthusiastic in participating in coaching, this can be seen from the enthusiasm of students in working on problems with their groups and enthusiasm in asking questions and expressing their opinions, students can solve questions after getting a strategy for working on questions by the instructor.

Analysis of Living Values in the Textbook of Civic Education in Higher Education

The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the living values in 2016 civics textbooks produced by the Ministry of Technology, Research, and Higher Education. The technique used was content analysis. Reading, examining the contents of the book, and taking notes with meticulous examination of the substance of life values in the textbooks were used to gather data. The data were analyzed by examining the material content in each chapter. The results of the study show that the values of life contained in the teaching materials in civics education textbooks for college are unity, love, responsibility, tolerance, cooperation, freedom, peace, happiness, and honesty. The most dominant life values in the teaching materials in civics education textbooks for college are the values of unity and love. Nonetheless, in general, the material in the civics education textbooks for college which were made by the Directorate General of Learning and Student Affairs of the Ministry of Technology Research and Higher Education is still full of theoretical and conceptual or cognitive aspects, so it is still lacking in attitudes and behavior aspects. The development of basic values of life in teaching materials for civics education courses should be presented in the overall framework of learning materials in the form of facts, concepts, principles, and procedures which include an introduction, keywords, concept maps, discussion of the material, appreciation of values, conclusions, reflections, and references.&#x0D; Keywords: living values, textbooks, civic education, higher education

Sentence Structure of Serawai Language in the Folklore “Mulan Deghian Kejujuran” by Zazili Mustopa

The Bengkulu regional language used in the folklore book titled Mulan Deghian Kejujuran is Serawai language. The issue addressed in this research is the sentence structure of Serawai language in folklore of Mulan Deghian Kejujuran by Zazili Mustopa. The objective of this study is to obtain a precise, detailed, and in-depth understanding of the description of the sentence structure in the folklore of Mulan Deghian Kejujuran Karya Zazili Mustopa. The employed method in this research is te descriptive qualitative method. The data source for this study is the folklore book Mulan Deghian Kejujuran authored by Zazili Mustopa, published by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Language Office of Bengkulu Province in 2022. The techniques of data collection encompass reading and note-taking. The process of data analysis involved the identification of sentence structure patterns, interpretation of these patterns, and the compication of sentence structure data. The research findings demonstrate that the Serawai language sentences in this folktale have 17 distinct sentence structure patterns. Among these, the J (S-P-O) pattern is more prominently utilized in the Mulan Deghian Kejujuran folktale authored by Zazili Mustopa.

STABILITY OF BIOFUNCTIONALIZED HIGH-PERFORMANCE OXIDE CERAMICS AGAINST RADIATION STERILIZATION

While high-performance ceramics like alumina and zirconia exhibit excellent wear resistance, they provide poor osseointegration capacity. As osseointegration is crucial for non-cemented joint prostheses, new techniques have been successfully developed for biofunctionalizing high-performance ceramic surfaces. Stable cell adhesion can be achieved by covalently bound specific peptides. In this study we investigate the effect of sterilization processes on organo-chemically functionalized surfaces.To enhance the performance of alumina-toughened zirconia ceramics (ATZ), a 3-aminopropyldiisopropylethoxysilane (APDS) monolayer was applied and coupled with cyclo-RGD peptides (cRGD) by using bifunctional crosslinker bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberat (BS³). The samples were sterilized using e-beam or gamma-sterilization at 25 kGy, either before or after biofunctionalization with cRGD. Functionalization stability was investigated by contact angle measurements. The functionality of cRGD after sterilization was demonstrated using proliferation tests and cytotoxicity assays. Immunofluorescence staining (pFAK, Actin, DAPI) was conducted to evaluate the adhesion potential between the samples and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).Functionalized samples before and after sterilization showed no significant difference regarding their contact angles. A proliferation test demonstrated that the cells on functionalized samples proliferate significantly more than on untreated samples before and after sterilization. hMSCs showed a significant higher proliferation on gamma sterilized samples compared to all other groups after 14 days. It was confirmed that the samples did not exhibit cytotoxic behavior before or after sterilization. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that both, cells on sterilized and on non-sterilized samples, expressed high levels of pFAK-Y397.The investigated functionalization enables improved adhesion and proliferation of hMSCs and is stable against the investigated sterilization processes. This is of importance as the option of having a sterile product enables the start of the translation of this biofunctional coating towards preclinical and subsequently first-in-man applications.Acknowledgments: We acknowledge the financial support of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, BMBF (13GW0452A-C).

The Merdeka Curriculum Reform on Aspects of Historical Thinking Skills in History Subjects in Senior High Schools

The aims of this research are (1) to plan history learning using the Merdeka curriculum for historical thinking skills, (2) to improve the Merdeka curriculum in relation to aspects of history learning for historical thinking skills, and (3) As an evaluation of history teaching and learning activities based on thinking skills. Merdeka Curriculum Aspects of Historical Thinking Skills in SMA Pasundan 2 Cimahi, Especially in Schools that Implement the Merdeka Curriculum. This research applies qualitative methods with a case study approach. The data sources are informants: teachers, students, documents, curriculum, and historical thinking skills. Research findings show that (1) Merdeka Curriculum history learning planning is carried out by teachers who prepare their own ATP and learning modules; However, one of the schools where he could use KOSP was closed, and the teachers at both schools did not know the whereabouts and contents of his KOSP. (2) Implementation of history learning depends on student performance. There are several learning processes that do not follow learning principles, such as Education modules that are not prepared. PLP students take classes based on a unique curriculum. There are no student teaching evaluations for teachers. There are also monotonous learning methods, less situational learning, and unused social studies books. (3) In evaluating teaching and learning activities, there are several cases where the implementation does not follow the principles of teaching and learning evaluation based on the Merdeka Curriculum. Teaching and learning activities in history classes are not in line with assessment principles. There are no student self-assessments or peer assessments, no in-module assessment rubrics, and no post-test quizzes. However, teachers have tried to adhere to some principles and implement their own curriculum as closely as possible. Implementing the Merdeka Curriculum from the perspective of historical thinking skills in history education can be adapted to the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum established by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.

Standards of Education Management in the Quality of Tsanawiyah Madrasah

This research aims to describe the implementation and explain the factors that influence the implementation of Educational Management in Madrasah Quality at Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) Surban Pacet based on the Regulation of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia number 47 of 2023ConcerningEducation Management Standards. The methodology used in this research includes a qualitative approach, utilizing data collected from various sources, including school records, interviews with educators and administrators, and direct observation. This research is based on public administration theory, especially those related to policy implementation and education management. The results of this study indicate that although there is general awareness of the regulations among school staff, there are significant challenges in implementing them. These challenges include limited understanding of standards among educators, inadequate resources, and insufficient training and development opportunities. In addition, the dual management system involving the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Religion creates additional complexity in the implementation process. This research concludes that for successful implementation of education management standards, educators need comprehensive training, better resource allocation, and more integrated coordination between the two ministries that oversee madrasa education. These steps are essential to ensure that management standards meet regulatory requirements and contribute to improving the overall quality of education at MTs Surban Pacet. This research contributes to public policy and education management by providing insight into the practical challenges of implementing policies in the education sector, particularly in religious schools in Indonesia. This research emphasizes the importance of tailored strategies and support systems to increase the effectiveness of educational management practices.

FORMING A PANCASILA STUDENT PROFILE THROUGH PREVENTION OF THE 3 BIG SINS OF EDUCATION IN THE TEACHING CAMPUS PROGRAM 6

Especially in the field of education, there is still very little character education provided. Elementary school students' crimes, which are usually motivated more by contextual and cognitive factors than by character development, demonstrate a lack of character education. Currently there is a lot of bad behavior happening. The rise of the “three big sins” has caused major problems for the Indonesian education system, according to Nadiem Makarim, Minister of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia. Bullying, sexual violence, and intolerance are the three cardinal sins. These three elements could be barriers to creating a supportive learning environment. The results of the study show that the school employs behavior modification techniques, schoolwork schedules, and problem-solving techniques. An interactive descriptive qualitative approach was used in this study. Interviews and documentation were the techniques utilized in this study to collect data. Aside from that, the author's three-stage data analysis approach in this study is comprised of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing.

IRIS - The Italian research infrastructure on Applied Superconductivity for Particle Accelerators and Societal Applications

The Italian Minister for University and Research has recently funded a large program for an Innovative Research Infrastructure on applied Superconductivity (IRIS) in Italy. Based on the LASA laboratory in Milan, it is a partnership, in the form of a strongly coordinated work, of existing laboratories of various institutes: INFN (leader, participating with 4 labs: Frascati, Genoa, Milan, Salerno); CNR (SPIN institute in Genoa, Naples and Salerno); five Universities: Genoa, Milan, Naples, Salento and Salerno. IRIS will be an upgrade of existing infrastructures, with new state-of-the-art instruments, reinforcing the capability of Italy in the domain of superconductivity aimed to accelerators. IRIS foresees a strong coordination of the activity of the participating laboratories until 2035, at least, thus enhancing the participation of Italian laboratories to future projects requiring advanced superconducting technology, like FCC or the Muon-Collider, and also for developing societal applications of technologies, pursued for high-energy accelerators, especially for the energy domain and the medical sector. In this paper, we present the two novel demonstrators, part of the initial IRIS program: 1) a green superconducting line, 130 m long and designed for 40 kA current capability at 25 kV; 2) a 1 m long HTS dipole magnet with some characteristics similar to LHC dipoles: 10 T, 50 mm × 80 mm bore, but operating at 20 K rather than 1.9 K.

Implementasi Sistem Aplikasi Keuangan Tingkat Instansi (SAKTI) pada Penyusunan Laporan Keuangan Satuan Kerja Pemerintah

Sistem Aplikasi Keuangan Tingkat Instansi (SAKTI) is set to be fully utilized by all ministries or agencies in 2022. A study has been conducted to evaluate the first year of SAKTI's implementation in completing agency-level financial reports. The research focused on a work unit within the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology. Qualitative research methods, including interviews, observations, and document reviews, were used to collect data. The study found that SAKTI has been effective in supporting government accounting and streamlining the process of preparing financial statements. This effectiveness was evaluated using the Human-Organization-Technology Fit (HOT-Fit Model), which assesses the human, organizational, and technological aspects of information system implementation. The study highlights the contribution of human and organizational factors in enhancing the effectiveness of SAKTI in preparing agency-level financial reports. To further improve SAKTI's effectiveness, the study suggests increasing hosting bandwidth, providing intensive training and education, and granting access to raw data.

The Teacher Professional Education Program: Budget Management, Academic Services, And Learning Outcomes

Budget management, academic services, and implementation of teacher professional education are important points in teacher education and training activities. The purpose of this study was to determine budget management in terms of the level of ease of managing the teacher professional education (TPEP/PPG) budget, academic services with indicators of reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy, and learning outcomes. A qualitative approach is used in this research method. Sources of research data were obtained from 12 PPG managers and 10 academic staff at four higher education institutions of the Ministry of Religion in Indonesia. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used to collect data. The study's findings show that budget management originating from state and regional government budgets does not pose many challenges because technical guidelines for budget use are already in place, and their implementation is monitored and evaluated by the ministries of technology, research, and higher education, as well as religion. Academic services are well-implemented, and learning outcomes are favorable, with a graduation rate of 80%.

Oral swabs with a rapid molecular diagnostic test for pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children: a systematic review

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of infectious disease mortality worldwide, but diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis remains challenging. Oral swabs are a promising non-sputum alternative sample type for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of oral swabs to detect pulmonary tuberculosis in adults and children and suggest research implications. In this systematic review, we searched published and preprint studies from Jan 1, 2000, to July 5, 2022, from eight databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Science Citation Index, medRxiv, bioRxiv, Global Index Medicus, and Google Scholar). We included diagnostic accuracy studies including cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control studies in adults and children from which we could extract or derive sensitivity and specificity of oral swabs as a sample type for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis against a sputum microbiological (nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT] on sputum or culture) or composite reference standard. Of 550 reports identified by the search, we included 16 eligible reports (including 20 studies and 3083 participants) that reported diagnostic accuracy estimates on oral swabs for pulmonary tuberculosis. Sensitivity on oral swabs ranged from 36% (95% CI 26-48) to 91% (80-98) in adults and 5% (1-14) to 42% (23-63) in children. Across all studies, specificity ranged from 66% (95% CI 52-78) to 100% (97-100), with most studies reporting specificity of more than 90%. Meta-analysis was not performed because of sampling and testing heterogeneity. Sensitivity varies in both adults and children when diverse methods are used. Variability in sampling location, swab type, and type of NAAT used in accuracy studies limits comparison. Although data are suggestive that high accuracy is achievable using oral swabs with molecular testing, more research is needed to define optimal methods for using oral swabs as a specimen for tuberculosis detection. The current data suggest that tongue swabs and swab types that collect increased biomass might have increased sensitivity. We would recommend that future studies use these established methods to continue to refine sample processing to maximise sensitivity. Bill and Melinda Gates foundation (INV-045721) and FIND (Netherlands Enterprise Agency on behalf of the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation [NL-GRNT05] and KfW Development Bank, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [KFW-TBBU01/02]).

The PRINCIPAL INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN SEKOLAH PENGGERAK AS A CATALYST IN REALIZING THE PANCASILA STUDENT PROFILE

Program Sekolah Penggerak (PSP) is one of the policies of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia in the transformation of education. PSP places the principal's instructional leadership as a determinant of the success of the Sekolah Penggerak in transforming education and realizing the Pancasila Student Profile. The purpose of this study is to describe the strategy, implementation, and role of the principal's instructional leadership in the Sekolah Penggerak to realize the Pancasila Student Profile. This research uses a qualitative approach using a multicase study design. Data collection was done by in-depth interview, observation, and documentation study. The result of this study is the instructional leadership strategy carried out by the principal by adjusting the existing school vision with the Pancasila Student Profile then socializing it to all school members, promoting a child-friendly, harmonious, and family-like school climate, dividing tasks according to the competence of teachers and employees, and facilitating professional development for teachers and employees. The implementation of instructional leadership is carried out through child-centered learning in intracurricular, extracurricular learning, Pancasila Student Profile strengthening projects, as well as through fostering school culture with the stages of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. To realize the role of the Sekolah Penggerak as a catalyst in realizing the Pancasila Student Profile, the school principal.