Minimum Unit Research Articles

Estimating the impact of the minimum alcohol price on consumers’ alcohol expenditure in the Northern Territory, Australia

ObjectiveFrom October 2018, the Northern Territory (NT) government introduced a minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol of $1.30 per standard drink. We assessed industry claims that the MUP penalised all drinkers by examining the alcohol expenditure of drinkers not targeted by the policy. MethodsParticipants recruited by a market research company using phone sampling (n=766, 15% consent fraction) completed a survey in 2019, post-MUP. Participants reported their drinking patterns and their preferred liquor brand. Estimated annual alcohol expenditure for each participant was calculated by collating the cheapest advertised price per standard drink of their preferred brand pre-and-post-MUP. Participants were grouped as consuming within the Australian drinking guidelines (“moderate”) or over them (“heavy”). ResultsBased on post-MUP drinking patterns, moderate consumers had an average annual alcohol expenditure of AU$327.66 (CIs=325.61, 329.71) pre-MUP, which increased by AU$3.07 (0.94%) post-MUP. Heavy consumers had an estimated average annual alcohol expenditure of AU$2898.82 (CIs=2877.06, 2920.58) pre-MUP, which increased by AU$37.12 (1.28%). ConclusionsThe MUP policy was associated with an increase of AU$3.07 in alcohol annual expenditure for moderate consumers. Implications for public healthThis article provides evidence that counters the alcohol industry’s messaging, enabling an evidence-based discussion in an area dominated by vested interest.

Contemporary and historical detection of small lakes using super resolution Landsat imagery: promise and peril

ABSTRACT Landsat is the longest-running environmental satellite program and has been used for surface water mapping since its launch in 1972. However, its sustained 30 m resolution since 1982 prohibits the detection of small water bodies, which are globally far more prevalent than large. Remote sensing image resolution is increasingly being enhanced through single image super resolution (SR), a machine learning task typically performed by neural networks. Here, we show that a 10× SR model (Enhanced Super Resolution Generative Adversarial Network, or ESRGAN) trained entirely with Planet SmallSat imagery (3 m resolution) improves the detection of small and sub-pixel lakes in Landsat imagery (30 m) and produces images (3 m resolution) with preserved radiometric properties. We test the utility of these Landsat SR images for small lake detection by applying a simple water classification to SR and original Landsat imagery and comparing their lake counts, sizes, and locations with independent, high-resolution water maps made from coincident airborne camera imagery. SR images appear realistic and have fewer missed detections (type II error) compared to low resolution (LR), but exhibit errors in lake location and shape, and yield increasing false detections (type I error) with decreasing lake size. Even so, lakes between ~500 and ~10,000 m2 in area are better detected with SR than with native-resolution Landsat 8 imagery. SR transformation achieves an F-1 score for water detection of 0.75 compared to 0.73 from native resolution Landsat. We conclude that SR enhancement improves the detection of small lakes sized several Landsat pixels or less, with a minimum mapping unit (MMU) of ~ 2/3 of a Landsat pixel – a significant improvement from previous studies. We also apply the SR model to a historical Landsat 5 image and find similar performance gains, using an independent 1985 air photo map of 242 small Alaskan lakes. This demonstration of retroactively generated 3 m imagery dating to 1985 has exciting applications beyond water detection and paves the way for further SR land cover classification and small object detection from the historical Landsat archive. However, we caution that the approach presented is suitable for landscape-scale inventories of lake counts and lake size distributions, but not for specific geolocational positions of individual lakes. Much work remains to be done surrounding technical and ethical guidelines for the creation, use, and dissemination of SR satellite imagery.

The fracture toughness of Schwarz Primitive triply periodic minimal surface lattice

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattices have recently been shown to exhibit extraordinarily low densities and multi-functionalities. Nevertheless, the dependence of their fracture toughness KIc on relative density ρ¯, unit cell size l and the number of unit cells ahead of the crack tip suggest a lack of understanding of the governing parameters. This also extends to the adequacy of using the current conventional fracture testing protocols. Therefore, the objective of this work is threefold: (i) extract the minimum Schwarz Primitive unit cells for accurate toughness measurement, (ii) estimate KIc of polylactic acid Schwarz Primitive TPMS applying linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) conditions, (iii) investigate the effect of relative density ρ¯ and unit cell size l on the fracture toughness. With 18 cells along the specimen width, KIc is shown to increase linearly with ρ¯ and with the square root of l. Outcomes from this work is aimed toward understanding the damage tolerance of TPMS lattices, and hence the reliability of such new emerging lightweight materials.

Do not let the ideal be the enemy of good enough regulation.

Research on the effectiveness and efficiency of different methods of regulating cannabis potency should be a high priority for public health research that will inform the design of cannabis regulations that minimize public health harms. Our article [1] was intended to alert the addictions field to the critical issue of increased cannabis potency as a public health concern, counter the cannabis industry argument that such regulation is unnecessary and canvas some regulatory options. We thank our commentators for their thoughtful responses, which reveal that regulating tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency is more complex than it seems at first sight. Freeman & Lorenzetti highlight consumers’ need for simpler advice on labels, much as standard drinks of alcohol [2]. They have led consensus projects to define standard doses of THC that could be used in this way. They also make the useful point that regulators need to consider setting minimum unit prices for cannabis, much as those that have been implemented to reduce heavy alcohol consumption in some countries. Pardal & Wadsworth highlight the fact that the US model of cannabis legalization—a commercialized for-profit market, with minimal regulation of potency and promotion—is not the only model on offer [3]. Uruguay has limited sales to herbal cannabis and capped the THC content of cannabis sold in pharmacies. The Canadian province of Quebec has banned sales of cannabis extracts, limited the sale of edibles and imposed a cap on the THC content of herbal cannabis. The effectiveness of these policies is well worth investigation. The major empirical question is whether the policies will succeed in the longer term, when neighbouring jurisdictions allow the sale of banned products that can be easily transported across borders. Caulkins points out the economic drivers of increasing cannabis potency in the United States; namely, cannabis producers’ need to make maximum use of whole cannabis plants to compete in a market in which cannabis prices are declining [4]. He argues that bans on the sale of high-potency cannabis products would be simpler and easier to implement than attempting to regulate the potency of the many different cannabis products in US legal cannabis markets. He cites evidence that bans need not generate large-scale illicit markets. We agree that banning high-potency products could be the most effective measure to protect public health in countries contemplating cannabis legalization. We doubt its feasibility, however, in mature US markets that already sell high-potency products and in which cannabis retailers will strenuously oppose the policy. Governments regulating these markets may also prefer the revenue from taxing cannabis products on the basis of their THC content. The regulation of cannabis potency is nowhere near as straightforward as regulating alcohol, but we should not allow the cannabis industry to use this as a reason for failing to regulate cannabis potency. In cannabis regulation, as in any area of public health, we should not allow the ideal to be the enemy of the good enough. Research on the effectiveness and efficiency of different methods of regulating cannabis potency should be a high priority for public health research that will inform the design of cannabis regulations which minimize public health harms. Open access publishing facilitated by The University of Queensland, as part of the Wiley - The University of Queensland agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians. None.

Exergoeconomic and Exergetic Sustainability Analysis of a Combined Dual-Pressure Organic Rankine Cycle and Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

In this paper, an exergoeconomic and exergetic sustainability analysis of a dual-pressure organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and vapor compression refrigeration cycle (VCRC) driven by waste heat is performed for power generation and cooling production. In addition, the most suitable fluid couple among the thirty-five different fluid pairs was investigated for the proposed combined system. The results indicate that the highest energy utilization factor, exergy efficiency, the system coefficient of performance, and net power are calculated for the R123-R141b fluid pair. In terms of exergetic sustainability indicators, the best performance results are obtained for the R123-R141b fluid combination. The minimum unit electricity generation cost and the shortest payback period are calculated as 0.0664 $/kWh and 2.5 years, respectively, for the R123-R290 fluid pair. The system component with the highest exergy destruction is the boiler, with 21.67%. The result of the parametric analysis showed that the thermodynamic performance parameters increase with the increment of the ORC’s boiling temperature. In addition, with the increasing boiling temperature, the environmental effect factor of the system decreases, while the exergetic sustainability index increases. Additionally, as the boiling temperature increases, the total system cost increases, while the unit electricity production cost and payback period decrease. It is suggested to use a R123-R141b fluid couple among fluid pairs created as a result of thermodynamic, exergoeconomic and sustainability analysis.

On the best coefficient of performance and specific heating or cooling power combination for adsorption refrigerators and heat pumps

The performance parameters of adsorption refrigerators or heat pumps are the coefficient of performance (COP) and the specific cooling power (SCP) or specific heating power (SHP), respectively. Higher COPs are associated with the longer cycle times required for more complete desorption and adsorption processes, resulting in a lower number of cycles per unit time and consequently in lower SCP or SHP, unless large masses of adsorbent material are used. The inverse situation occurs for shorter cycle times, associated with smaller COPs and higher SCP or SHP. This behavior leads to a relevant question: what is the combination of COP and SCP or SHP corresponding to the optimal performance of adsorption refrigerators or heat pumps? Although this question is recurrent in literature, its objective answer is still lacking. This work proposes an objective criterion to answer this question, setting the best balance between the COP and the SCP or SHP of adsorption refrigerators or heat pumps, as corresponding to the minimum unit cost of the obtained useful effect. The proposed criterion allows obtaining the cycle time that corresponds to the searched optimal performance. The dependence of the COP and the SCP or SHP on the cycle time can be obtained from numerical simulations for an adsorption system. Once these dependencies are known, it can be identified the cycle time leading to the minimum unit cost of the obtained useful effect, which corresponds the best balance between the COP and the SCP or SHP.

Alcohol Minimum Unit Pricing Reduces Alcohol-Specific Hospitalizations and Deaths

Alcohol Minimum Unit Pricing Reduces Alcohol-Specific Hospitalizations and Deaths

Is minimum unit pricing for alcohol having the intended effects on alcohol consumption in Scotland?

The Scottish Government introduced minimum unit pricing (MUP) for alcohol on 1 May 2018. This means retailers in Scotland cannot sell alcohol to consumers for less than £0.50 per unit (1 UK unit = 8g ethanol). The Government intended the policy to increase the price of cheap alcohol, cut alcohol consumption overall and particularly among those drinking at hazardous or harmful levels, and ultimately reduce alcohol-related harm. This paper aims to summarise and assess the evidence to date evaluating the impact of MUP on alcohol consumption and related behaviours in Scotland. Evidence from analyses of population-level sales data suggest, all else being equal, MUP reduced the volume of alcohol sold in Scotland by ~ 3.0% to 3.5%, with the largest reductions affecting cider and spirits sales. Analyses of two time series datasets on household-level alcohol purchasing and individual-level alcohol consumption suggest reductions in purchasing and consumption among those drinking at hazardous and harmful levels, but offer conflicting results for those drinking at the most harmful levels. These subgroup analyses are methodologically robust, but the underlying datasets have important limitations as they rely on non-random sampling strategies. Further studies identified no clear evidence of reduced alcohol consumption among those with alcohol dependence or those presenting to emergency departments and sexual health clinics, some evidence of increased financial strain among people with dependence and no evidence of wider negative outcomes arising from changes in alcohol consumption behaviours. Minimum unit pricing for alcohol in Scotland has led to reduced consumption, including among heavier drinkers. However, there is uncertainty regarding its impact on those at greatest risk and some limited evidence of negative outcomes, specifically financial strain, among people with alcohol dependence.

The Impact of Minimum Unit Price on Police-Recorded Alcohol-Related Assault Rates in the Northern Territory, Australia.

From October 1, 2018, the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia introduced a minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol of AU$1.30 per standard drink. The MUP was introduced to address the high alcohol consumption rates and harms within the NT. This study aimed to investigate the unique short-term impact of the MUP on alcohol-related assaults across the NT, for the NT overall and separately for four key regions (Darwin and Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, and Tennant Creek); which allowed for the consideration of differences in concurrent alcohol interventions and population (e.g., Alice Springs had Police Auxiliary Liquor Inspectors (PALIs) introduced on October 1, 2018, whereas Darwin and Palmerston only had the MUP introduced in this period). PALIs effectively equate to a police officer being stationed in every off-premise liquor vendor. Using data from January 2013 to September 2019, interrupted time series (ITS) analyses assessed the short-term impact of the MUP on the monthly rate of police-recorded alcohol-related assaults. A 14% reduction (B = -3.07 [-5.40, -0.74], p < .010) was found for alcohol-related assault offenses per 10,000 in Darwin/Palmerston. Significant reductions were also noted in Alice Springs and the NT overall, although PALIs are likely to have contributed to these reductions in addition to the MUP. This short-term impact warrants longer-term follow-up to determine whether the reductions in alcohol-related assaults following the introduction of MUP are maintained, and the extent to which assault rates are influenced by other alcohol-policy interventions in the NT.

Politics and fantasy in UK alcohol policy: a critical logics approach

ABSTRACT The Scottish Government’s policy of minimum unit price (MUP) for alcohol has received significant scholarly attention. Much of the focus of this literature has been on the efforts by sections of the alcohol industry to oppose the policy, including attempts to ‘frame’ key terms of the debate and an understanding of its legitimacy and effects within the wider field of interpretative policy analysis. The present article builds on these studies by re-conceptualizing the MUP debate through the lens of post-structuralist discourse theory and the logics of critical explanation that emerge from this. It argues that the success and failure of MUP (as a projected social logic) can be understood through the shifting coalitions of actors that emerged (political logics) and the affective hold that industry narratives were able to exert (fantasmatic logics) in this context. While focused on UK alcohol policy, the article speaks to a wider research agenda on the ‘commercial determinants of health’ and, through the application of the critical logics approach, offers new analytical insights beyond those provided by existing models of industry influence. Similarly, it contributes to the field of post-structural policy analysis through its novel focus on the role of commercial entities as health policy actors.

Tritium Transport in WCLL Outboard Breeding Blanket of EU-DEMO Reactor Under Pulsed Plasma Operation

The accurate prediction of the tritium inventory and permeation fluxes in the water-cooled lithium-lead (WCLL) breeding blanket of the European DEMO fusion reactor is a key aspect for future thermonuclear power plant licensing. In this context, a tritium transport analysis is essential for the evaluation of the tritium retention in LiPb (15.7 at. % Li) and in the structural components and tritium permeation fluxes into the cooling water. This study presents a COMSOL Multiphysics model of a portion of the minimum functional unit of the outboard equatorial module of the WCLL. The neutronics analysis, performed with the MCNP Monte Carlo transport code, allows for the assessment of the tritium generation rate and the volumetric power deposition in the lithium-lead, both of which are used as an input for tritium transport modeling. Moreover, the buoyancy forces and the magnetohydrodynamic effect are also included. In order to take into account a pulsed operation for the DEMO reactor, a suitable algorithm was developed. The results show peak velocities in LiPb up to 24.1 mm with a maximum temperature at the first wall (FW) of 441°C. Most of the tritium is concentrated between the FW and the baffle plate, with partial pressures between 0.15 and 0.4 Pa considering Aiello’s correlation and in-house measurements of Sieverts’ constant on the HyPer-QuarCh II (HQ-II) device, whereas from 70 to 180 Pa adopting Reiter’s correlation. This has an impact also on the inventory in the Eurofer and in permeation fluxes to the water pipes. For Reiter’s correlation, the inventories in the Eurofer are about one order of magnitude lower with respect to LiPb, and the inventory in water is five orders of magnitude higher with respect to HQ-II and Aiello’s correlation.

The impact of minimum unit pricing on traumatic brain injury in Scotland: a retrospective cohort study of routine national data

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of disability and mortality and is associated with alcohol consumption. On 1st May 2018, the Scottish Government introduced Minimum Unit Pricing (MUP) legislation which set the floor price at which alcohol can be sold to 50 pence per unit. While MUP has led to a 7.6% decrease in off trade alcohol purchases, there are limited studies investigating the clinical impact of this legislation. This study aims to explore the impact of MUP on traumatic brain injury in Scotland. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using routinely collected national data collated by the Scottish Trauma Audit Group. Data were requested for all TBI incidents from 1st May to 31st December for both 2017 and 2018. Primary outcome was alcohol-related TBI. Secondary outcomes were injury mechanism, injury severity, clinical course, and short-term mortality. Analysis was conducted using multiple regression models adjusted for age, sex, season, and deprivation. Results: A total of 1166 patients (66% male, and 46% in the 60–79-year bracket) were identified. Alcohol-related TBI was evident in 184 of 509 (36%) patients before MUP and in 239 of 657 (36%) patients injured after its implementation (p = 0.638). Further, there was no change in injury mechanism, injury severity, hospital course and short-term mortality of TBI after MUP. Conclusions: MUP has not resulted in a change in alcohol-related TBI nor in the mechanism and severity of TBI. Limitations in two-point analysis mean that findings should be interpreted with caution and further studies investigating the clinical outcomes of MUP must be conducted.

Minimum unit pricing for alcohol targets harms experienced by people in lower socioeconomic groups in Scotland

Minimum unit pricing for alcohol targets harms experienced by people in lower socioeconomic groups in Scotland

Evaluating the impact of alcohol minimum unit pricing on deaths and hospitalisations in Scotland: a controlled interrupted time series study

Since May 1, 2018, every alcoholic drink sold in Scotland has had minimum unit pricing (MUP) of £0·50 per unit. Previous studies have indicated that the introduction of this policy reduced alcohol sales by 3%. We aimed to assess whether this has led to reductions in alcohol-attributable deaths and hospitalisations. Study outcomes, wholly attributable to alcohol consumption, were defined using routinely collected data on deaths and hospitalisations. Controlled interrupted time series regression was used to assess the legislation's impact in Scotland, and any effect modification across demographic and socioeconomic deprivation groups. The pre-intervention time series ran from Jan 1, 2012, to April 30, 2018, and for 32 months after the policy was implemented (until Dec 31, 2020). Data from England, a part of the UK where the intervention was not implemented, were used to form a control group. MUP in Scotland was associated with a significant 13·4% reduction (95% CI -18·4 to -8·3; p=0·0004) in deaths wholly attributable to alcohol consumption. Hospitalisations wholly attributable to alcohol consumption decreased by 4·1% (-8·3 to 0·3; p=0·064). Effects were driven by significant improvements in chronic outcomes, particularly alcoholic liver disease. Furthermore, MUP legislation was associated with a reduction in deaths and hospitalisations wholly attributable to alcohol consumption in the four most socioeconomically deprived deciles in Scotland. The implementation of MUP legislation was associated with significant reductions in deaths, and reductions in hospitalisations, wholly attributable to alcohol consumption. The greatest improvements were in the four most socioeconomically deprived deciles, indicating that the policy is positively tackling deprivation-based inequalities in alcohol-attributable health harm. Scottish Government.

RNNCon: Contribution Coverage Testing for Stacked Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are applied in safety-critical fields such as autonomous driving, aircraft collision detection, and smart credit. They are highly susceptible to input perturbations, but little research on RNN-oriented testing techniques has been conducted, leaving a threat to a large number of sequential application domains. To address these gaps, improve the test adequacy of RNNs, find more defects, and improve the performance of RNNs models and their robustness to input perturbations. We aim to propose a test coverage metric for the underlying structure of RNNs, which is used to guide the generation of test inputs to test RNNs. Although coverage metrics have been proposed for RNNs, such as the hidden state coverage in RNN-Test, they ignore the fact that the underlying structure of RNNs is still a fully connected neural network but with an additional "delayer" that records the network state at the time of data input. We use the contributions, i.e., the combination of the outputs of neurons and the weights they emit, as the minimum computational unit of RNNs to explore the finer-grained logical structure inside the recurrent cells. Compared to existing coverage metrics, our research covers the decision mechanism of RNNs in more detail and is more likely to generate more adversarial samples and discover more flaws in the model. In this paper, we redefine the contribution coverage metric applicable to Stacked LSTMs and Stacked GRUs by considering the joint effect of neurons and weights in the underlying structure of the neural network. We propose a new coverage metric, RNNCon, which can be used to guide the generation of adversarial test inputs. And we design and implement a test framework prototype RNNCon-Test. 2 datasets, 4 LSTM models, and 4 GRU models are used to verify the effectiveness of RNNCon-Test. Compared to the current state-of-the-art study RNN-Test, RNNCon can cover a deeper decision logic of RNNs. RNNCon-Test is not only effective in identifying defects in Deep Learning (DL) systems but also in improving the performance of the model if the adversarial inputs generated by RNNCon-Test are filtered and added to the training set to retrain the model. In the case where the accuracy of the model is already high, RNNCon-Test is still able to improve the accuracy of the model by up to 0.45%.

A smart and flexible approach for aggregation of adjacent polygons to meet a minimum target area or attribute value

Many geospatial analyses require flexible aggregation of adjacent units to meet a minimum target area or attribute value. This is usually accomplished using several non-automated and complex GIS tasks. We developed an integrated user-friendly approach and algorithm implemented in the ‘GHS-SmartDissolve’ tool, which addresses minimum mapping unit or attribute value requirements, layers resolution mismatch, spatial uncertainty or modifiable areal unit problem in GIScience. This method automatically dissolves adjacent features updating fields’ values to reach a minimum target area or attribute value, using a flexible settings framework to meet user requirements. Also provided as a toolbox for ArcGIS (Esri), the approach is demonstrated by (i) estimating the mean particulate matter concentrations for all municipalities in Italy in 2011 by combining a coarse grid of global PM2.5 concentrations with fine administrative units; (ii) estimating boundaries of Metropolitan areas in Portugal as aggregation of municipalities, by matching their total population.

Three years of minimum unit pricing in the Northern Territory, what does the evidence say?

Three years of minimum unit pricing in the Northern Territory, what does the evidence say?

Stakeholder Engagement in the Development of Public Health Economic Models: An Application to Modelling of Minimum Unit Pricing of Alcohol in South Africa.

Health economic models aim to provide decision makers with information that is contextually relevant, understandable and credible. This requires ongoing engagement throughout the research project between the modeller and end-users. We aim to reflect on how a public health economic model of minimum unit pricing of alcohol in South Africa benefited from, and was shaped by, stakeholders. We outline how engagement activities were used during the development, validation and communication phases of the research with input gathered at each stage to inform future priorities. A stakeholder mapping exercise was completed to identify stakeholders with the required knowledge, for example academics with expertise in modelling alcohol harm in South Africa, members of civil society organisations with lived experience of informal alcohol outlets, and policy professionals working at the forefront of alcohol policy development in South Africa. The stakeholder engagement consisted of four phases: developing a detailed understanding of the local policy context; co-producing model focus and structure; scrutinising model development and communication planning; and communicating research evidence to end-users. The first phase utilised 12 individual semi-structured interviews. Phases two to four centred around face-to-face workshops (two online) with both individual and group-based exercises employed to achieve required outputs. Phase one provided key learning on policy context and initiated working relationships. Phases two to four provided a conceptualisation of the problem of alcohol harm in South Africa and the choice of policy to model. Stakeholders chose population subgroups of interest and advised on both economic and health outcomes. They provided input on critical assumptions, data sources, priorities for future work, and communication strategies. The final workshop provided a platform to communicate the results of the model to a largely policy audience. These activities led to the production of highly contextualised research methods and findings that were able to be communicated widely beyond academia. Our programme of stakeholder engagement was fully integrated into the research programme. It resulted in a number of benefits including creating positive working relationships, guiding modelling decisions, tailoring the research to the context, and providing ongoing opportunities for communication.

Which alcohol products might be affected by the introduction of a minimum unit price in Western Australia? Findings from a survey of alcohol retail prices.

Minimum unit price (MUP) policies establish a retail floor price below which alcohol may not be sold, and have been shown to reduce harmful alcohol use. We aimed to collect retail price data to estimate the proportion of alcohol products that would potentially be impacted by a MUP policy in Western Australia. We purposively sampled the four largest off-premises alcohol retail chains, a further random sample of other off-premise alcohol outlets (n=16) and on-premise inner-city outlets (n=11). Using website data from May to June 2021, we estimated the proportion of products across four beverage categories priced ≤A$1.30, ≤A$1.50 and ≤A$1.75 per standard drink (10g alcohol). Of 27,797 off-premise products identified, 5.7% were available at ≤$1.30 per standard drink, 7.6% at ≤$1.50 and 10.4% at ≤$1.75. The proportion of products available at ≤$1.30 per standard drink varied by beverage category: 7.8% wine, 2.9% beer and cider, <0.1% spirits, 0.0% ready-to-drink spirits. Cask-packaged wines represented only 1.9% of off-premise wine products and 98.9% of this cask wine was priced ≤$1.30 per standard drink. No on-premise products were priced ≤$1.75 per standard drink. A comprehensive survey of alcohol prices in Western Australia found only a small proportion of products would potentially be affected by a MUP of $1.30 to $1.75 per standard drink. A MUP policy has potential to target the small proportion of alcohol products available at very low prices (i.e., off-premise cask wine), with negligible impact on other off-premise beverage categories, and no impact on on-premises products.

Commentary on Brennan et al.: Pros and cons of minimum unit price for alcohol.

Commentary on Brennan et al.: Pros and cons of minimum unit price for alcohol.