Minimum Supply Research Articles

Efeito da lei do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar na qualidade nutricional dos cardápios escolares

Avaliar o efeito da implementação do artigo 14 da Lei Federal 11.947/09 na qualidade nutricional dos cardápios do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. Trata-se de estudo transversal, com base na tríade de avaliação Estrutura – Processo – Resultado e elaboração de matriz avaliativa, conduzido no ano de 2013. Trinta e oito municípios do estado de São Paulo foram divididos em dois grupos: os que adquirem gêneros da agricultura familiar e os que não adquirem. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio dos cardápios escolares e de um questionário estruturado com nutricionistas. Os alimentos dos cardápios foram analisados segundo critérios da Nova e a qualidade nutricional foi avaliada conforme os parâmetros da legislação vigente. Foram utilizadas estatística descritiva e teste exato de Fischer para análise de associação. Vinte e cinco municípios adquiriam alimentos da agricultura familiar e 18 não implementaram as compras. Os municípios que compraram alimentos dos agricultores familiares tiveram maior prevalência de cozinheiros escolares em número suficiente e realizaram ações de apoio com os agricultores familiares da região (p >0,05). A maioria das cidades atenderam a legislação vigente quanto a oferta mínima de frutas ou hortaliças e máxima de doces, embora a participação média de alimentos ultraprocessados seja elevada em ambos os grupos. O marco legal apresenta lacunas quanto a definição dos alimentos que devem compor os cardápios escolares, sendo permissivo quanto ao uso de alimentos de maior nível de processamento. As fragilidades da legislação para a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar devem ser exploradas para promover cardápios escolares de melhor qualidade nutricional.

A 1-nW Ultra-Low Voltage Subthreshold CMOS Voltage Reference With 0.0154%/V Line Sensitivity

This brief presents a CMOS voltage reference for Internet-of-Things applications, which requires ultra-low power and high insensitivity to voltage variation from ambient energy harvesting. This brief proposed a novel self-regulating circuit to significantly diminish the line sensitivity (LS) of reference voltage to supply voltage without using any amplifiers or passive components. All the transistors in this design work in subthreshold region for low voltage and low power operation. The proposed design is fabricated in a standard 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process. The measurement results show that, the proposed circuit could provide an average reference voltage of 151 mV with a variation coefficient of 0.84 %. It achieves a LS of 0.0154 %/V when the supply voltage varies from 0.5 V to 1.8 V. The measured power supply ripple rejections at 10 Hz, 1 kHz, 100 kHz, and 1 MHz are −73.0 dB, −49.4 dB, −49.6 dB, and −49.8 dB, respectively. The average temperature coefficient is measured as 89.83 ppm/°C with a standard deviation of 12.19 ppm/°C in a temperature range from −40 °C to +125 °C. The consumed power of this design is 1 nW with a minimum supply voltage of 0.4 V at room temperature, and the active area is 0.005 mm2.

Design of Class F Power Amplifier for 2.4ghz using Third Harmonics

Historically, travelling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) has been a common type of Microwave amplifier used commonly in terrestrial and space application due to their high efficiency and power handling capacity. However due to their bulky nature and also being very expensive, it is difficult to use them commercially in a large scale. Inspired by the advantage such as very less development cost, minimum supply voltage, gradual degradation and numerous commercial applications, Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) has been the replacement to vacuum tube Technology. The efficiency of the amplifier is one of the most important task in the microwave engineering research. An important figure of merit, power-added efficiency (PAE), is the main focus. Hence in this paper, class F Power amplifier is designed for 2.4GHz frequency. Class F Amplifier is also called as wave shaping amplifier since the harmonics generated helps the amplification process. The class f PA is biased nearer to the class B amplifier (close cut-off area) so the transistor can move back and forth rapidly to produce the harmonics. The efficiency of class F amplifier depends on how many harmonics are used for the amplification process. Here, the amplification process is performed up to the third harmonics which provides 41.606 dBm output power with 27dBm input power. Also a gain of more than 20.277dBm is achieved when the input given is 27dBm. Several other results like reflection Coefficient and transmission coefficient simulations has also been provided with the power added efficiency (PAE) of 75.402 achieved has also been simulated.

A 0.7-V 28-nW CMOS Subthreshold Voltage and Current Reference in One Simple Circuit

This paper presents a low-power and high-precision voltage and current reference (VCR) in one simple circuit. The voltage reference is derived from the threshold voltage difference between an I/O (i.e., 3.3-V NMOS) and standard (i.e., 1.8-V NMOS) transistors with temperature-independent bias current, and the current reference is the voltage reference divided by a temperature-insensitive resistor. The resistor is made up by series connection of a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) NWELL resistor and a complementary-to-absolute-temperature (CTAT) high-resistance poly resistor in series. Implemented in a standard 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process, the proposed VCR circuit takes an active area of only 0.055 mm2. The measured voltage and current references ( $\text{V}_{\mathrm {ref}}$ and $\text{I}_{\mathrm {ref}}$ ) at room temperature are 368 mV and 9.77 nA, respectively. The measured average temperature coefficient (TC) of $\text{V}_{\mathrm {ref}}$ and $\text{I}_{\mathrm {ref}}$ are 43.1 ppm/°C and 149.8 ppm/°C over a temperature range of −40~125°C with one-time trimming and the variation coefficients are 0.35% and 1.6%, respectively. The measured voltage and current line sensitivities are 0.027%/V and 0.6%/V, respectively. The minimum supply voltage is 0.7 V with a total power consumption of 28 nW. The measured power supply ripple rejection (PSRR) of $\text{V}_{\mathrm {ref}}$ is −65 dB @DC and −39.4 dB at frequencies higher than 1 Hz.

MODEL ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ) DAN MODEL OPTIMISASI ROBUST DALAM PENENTUAN PERSEDIAAN ALAT SUNTIK (SPUIT)

The purpose of this research is to determine and analyze the minimum order quantities and the supply cost through Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model without Stock Out, EOQ Model with Buffer Stock, and Robust Optimization. EOQ model without Stock Out is an inventory model with a fixed number of requests and a fixed period of demand so the goods are considered always available or there is no stock out. Whereas EOQ Model with Buffer Stock is an inventory model with uncertainty demand during the lead time that described with a uniform density function. Another model is Robust Optimization Model that is used for cases with uncertainty demand. The results showed that the minimum order quantities through EOQ Model without Stock Out and EOQ Model with Buffer Stock was almost the same value but the cost was more minimum with the EOQ Model with Buffer Stock. Whereas, through the Robust Optimization Model there are different minimum order quantities for each period with a minimum supply cost compared to the two previous models. This occurs in both types of Spuit, namely Spuit Terumo 3 mL and Spuit Terumo 5 mL.

A 8.2-pW 2.4-pA Current Reference Operating at 0.5 V With No Amplifiers or Resistors

This brief presents an ultra-low-power (ULP) current reference circuit based on $V_{th}$ (threshold voltage), which consumes pico-watt of power under 0.5V supply voltage. Compared to traditional current references based on threshold voltage, this design uses no amplifier, thus friendly scaling and simple structure are achieved simultaneously. In order to save area, the huge resistor is replaced by a gate-leakage MOS transistor. The proposed circuit is designed in a 40nm CMOS process. The minimum supply voltage is 0.5V. Post simulation results show that the power consumption is only 8.2pW at 0.5V $V_{DD}$ at room temperature. According to our knowledge, this is the smallest power consumption compared to prior works, thanks to its simple structure. Under process + mismatch Monte-Carlo simulations, the temperature coefficient after trimming is 18.6ppm/°C over 0°C to 85°C. The core area is only 0.00025mm2 in layout. Apart from the 40nm process, this circuit is also designed in a 130nm process to demonstrate the robustness under different processes.

Improved Control of Radiator Heating Systems with Thermostatic Radiator Valves without Pre-Setting Function

Low-temperature district heating will play an important role in a future free of fossil fuels. This will only be able to be realized through the low-temperature operation of heating systems in existing buildings. Existing radiator systems can operate with low temperatures for most of the year because they are designed for extremely cold days, but errors have to be corrected and the control of the radiator systems needs to be improved. In this paper, we present a strategy to achieve low-temperature operation from the radiator system of a multi-family building in Denmark without a pre-setting function in the thermostatic radiator valves. The strategy is based on operating the system with a combination of a minimum supply temperature and small temperature differences over the radiators. The operation of the system is analyzed through a thermal-hydraulic model. A minimum supply temperature weather compensation curve was calculated and implemented in the central supply temperature control. Return temperature measurements in the substation, the risers, and several critical radiators were performed before and after the implementation of the strategy. The measurements confirm that a lower supply temperature results in a reduction of the return temperature. However, the system operator needs to be supported by a tool package to correctly maintain the system’s operation.

PARAMETERS OF COEFFICIENTS OF THE RAIL FOUR-POLE OF THE JOIN THE JOINTLESS RAIL CIRCUI TLESS RAIL CIRCUIT ACCORDING T CCORDING TO LOCOMOTIVE RECEIVER

In article questions of a conclusion of the coefficients of the equations of a rail four-polar of a jointless rail circuit are considered, taking into account uncertainty of borders where the travelling receiver which is applied now on a railway transportation is used. Mathematical modeling of four-pole coefficients by locomotive receiver is given. Analytical expressions and coefficients for calculation of the locomotive current flowing under the receiving coils and transfer resistance are derived. The scheme of a jointless rail circuit in the presence of moving units and mutual influence on each other is given. The influence of the carrier information from the traffic light in front, where it is necessary to take into account the factor of the signal level from the outgoing train, so that the information of the neighboring rail circuit would not be perceived, since there are no insulating joints. A scheme with five four poles has been developed and coefficients of these four poles have been obtained to calculate the current of the locomotive flowing under the receiving coils. Analytical expressions are obtained for determining the current for receiving by the receiving coils of a locomotive, the minimum supply voltage of an unbroken rail circuit and the transmission resistance of a rail circuit in normal operation for a locomotive receiver.

Self-Timed Pulsed Latch for Low-Voltage Operation With Reduced Hold Time

A self-timed pulsed latch (STPL) is proposed for low $V_{\mathrm {DD}}$ operation. By comparing input and output, the transparency window is adaptively generated in STPL, which resolves the hold time problem of the conventional pulsed latch. The measurement results from the test chip fabricated in the 65-nm technology proves that the hold time is reduced by 77% and the minimum operating supply voltage is lowered by 300 mV compared with the conventional pulsed latch. In addition, the measurement results show that the STPL can reduce the sequential overhead, because the STPL is free from setup time issue from which the conventional master–slave-based flip-flop (MSFF) suffers. The simulation results show that the input-to-output delay of STPL, which also determines the sequential overhead, is smaller by 45% in 0.6 V compared with that of the MSFF structure.

An Investigation into the Limitations of Low Temperature District Heating on Traditional Tenement Buildings in Scotland

Domestic heating accounts for 64% of domestic energy usage in the UK, yet there are currently very few viable options for low carbon residential heating. The government’s carbon plan commits to improving the uptake of district heating connections in new build dwellings, but the greatest carbon saving can be made through targeting traditional housing stock. This paper aims to quantify the potential carbon and energy savings that can be made by connecting a traditional tenement building to a district heating scheme. The study uses a transient system simulation tool (TRNSYS) model to simulate the radiator system in a tenement block and shows that a significant benefit can be achieved by reducing the supply temperature; however, the minimum supply temperature is drastically limited by the building condition. Therefore, the study also critically compares the benefits of a lower supply temperature against minor refurbishments. It was found that improving building conditions alone could offer a 30% reduction in space heating energy consumption, while building improvements and integration of a river source heat pump could offer almost a 70% reduction. It is the recommendation of this study that a dwelling be improved as much as economically possible to achieve the greatest carbon and energetic savings.

The importance of incorporating intertemporal and spatial log market dynamics in projections of residue-based biomass supply for liquid biofuel production in western Oregon and Washington, USA

New methods of fiber pre-processing and cellulosic fermentation may allow production of isoparaffinic kerosene, a bio-based jet fuel, from abundant post-logging biomass residues in western Oregon and Washington, USA. Since production of these residues is characterized by complex spatial patterns that can shift markedly over time, and since residues may comprise roughly one-fifth of annual refinery operating costs, careful evaluation of residue supply (quantity/price) behavior is warranted. We examine potential residue supply characteristics at two likely refinery sites (Longview, WA and Springfield, OR) using a projection model of the regional log market that explicitly recognizes: (i) spatial locations of harvesting activities, (ii) the transportation network and residue haul costs, and (iii) the underlying conditions of the forest resource that determine harvesting methods and residue collection costs. We find that delivered residue prices in the range of $US64–75/bone dry metric tonne (BDMT) would be required to provide the 771,100 BDMT per year needed by a minimum commercial-sized refinery operation. Timber ownership and spatial harvesting patterns could give the Longview location nearly a $US12/BDMT wood cost advantage over Springfield at this minimum supply level, and operation of the Longview site would limit Springfield's ability to meet the minimum supply volume. Scenario analyses of lower residue collection costs indicate that a 1% reduction in costs could yield 0.6–0.9% increases in delivered supply at both refinery sites in the neighborhood of the minimum scale of commercial operation. Simulations of tripled residue output from federal lands, assuming RIN eligibility, suggest 15–30% increases in delivered residue supply at Springfield but only 0–10% increases at Longview, reflecting greater area and closer proximity of federal lands at Springfield.

Balancing costs, safety and CO2 emissions in the design of hydrogen supply chains

This work presents a strategy for the design of a hydrogen supply chain network for minimum daily supply costs, minimum mitigation costs of CO2, and maximum network safety. The aim is to identify the best hydrogen infrastructure pathways while taking into account local factors such as the location of the hydrogen supply and demand, and distribution between the hydrogen production location and hydrogen demand points. The proposed model is a mixed integer linear program that is solved with AIMMS. The model is solved as a multi-criterion decision making problem, where three objectives (costs, safety, and environmental impact) are balanced. A three dimensional Pareto front is created using the epsilon constraint method. Utopia point analysis is used to make trade-off decisions in the Pareto front. Compared to the current internal combustion vehicle fuel with an average cost of 0.0645 $ per km, the hydrogen cost, of 0.0762 $ per km, proofs the potential for a hydrogen economy. Implementation of decentralized hydrogen production plant based on water electrolysis may compete with coal-based dominant technology.

Ultralow power voltage reference circuit for implantable devices in standard CMOS technology

SummaryAn ultralow power CMOS voltage reference for body implantable devices is presented in this paper. The circuit core consists of only regular threshold voltage PMOS transistors, thus leading to a very reduced output voltage dispersion, defined as σ/μ, and extremely low power consumption. A mathematical model of the generated reference voltage was obtained by solving circuit equations, and its numerical solution has been validated by extensive electrical simulations using a commercial circuit simulator. The proposed solution incorporates a passive RC low‐pass filter, to enhance power supply rejection (PSR) over a wide frequency range, and a speed‐up section, to accelerate the switching‐on of the circuit. The prototype was implemented in 0.18 μm standard CMOS technology and is able to operate with supply voltages ranging from 0.7 to 1.8 V providing a measured output voltage value of 584.2 mV at the target temperature of 36° C. The measured σ/μ dispersion of the reference voltage generated is 0.65% without the need of trimming. At the minimum supply of 0.7 V, the experimental power consumption is 64.5 pW, while the measured PSR is kept below –60 dB from DC up to the MHz frequency range.

Retail Chains in Russia: Some Aspects of State Regulation

The objective of this paper is to substantiate some proposals for improving state regulation of the retail network in Russia. In some regions of Russia, there is a lack of retail supply for the population, which requires government support for retail network development. State regulation of the trading network in Russia is carried out via establishing by the authorities of Russia’s administrative regions and local authorities of the minimum standards for public provision of trading floor space. However, only 3% of municipalities in Russia develop these standards; it reflects a low practical significance of the established indicators. The authors made a hypothesis that the indicators of retail floor space per thousand inhabitants, used as standards for the minimum public retail supply in Russia, need to be replaced due to the market development of trade. To test the hypothesis, the papers by authoritative authors on similar issues were studied, which revealed the use of population indicators based on the number of enterprises as a standard in countries with developed markets. A study of the current methodology for standardizing indicators in Russia was also conducted, which showed its insufficient academic rationalizing. According to the results of the study, it was proposed to change the indicator of the minimum public retail supply standard and use the norm of the number of trade organizations per capita, differentiated by the forms of trade. The recommendations of this paper provide the basis for improving the current legal acts on the regulation of norming retail chains in Russia. This study may be interesting for countries with similar conditions for the development of the retail network (a sparsely populated large part of the country, inaccessibility of some settlements, low state stimulation of retail within unprofitable territories).

The episodic rise, net growing rate and kinematics of radial faults of the Salinas de Oro diapir using paleoseismological techniques (NE Spain). Salt upwelling versus karstic subsidence

This paper explores the use of trenching and paleoseismological techniques to determine salt flow rates into a salt diapir for the first time in the literature. The Salinas de Oro diapir, located in the northern Spanish Pyrenees, is an oval-shaped Triassic-salt stock that extends vertically for ≫7 km down to the Paleozoic basement. Salt dissolution subsidence and diapir growth are coeval active processes. Karstification is responsible for the development of large sinkholes, a thick caprock and the monocline folding and ring faulting of the Cretaceous and Early Tertiary limestone rim. The evaporite karstic aquifer discharges high-concentration water of up to 137 g/l of total dissolved solids and a conductivity over 200 mS/cm into the Salado Creek, which drains the diapir top. The salinity monitoring of this drainage provides a maximum karstic surface lowering rate of around 2.8 mm/yr. Salt upwelling has caused the 150 m uplift of the annular limestone escarpment and the development of ≫3000 m long radial grabens with up to 90 m of vertical offset that disrupt drainages, displace Quaternary deposits and overprint concentric faults. The 260 cm drag folding of lacustrine facies exposed in a 42 m long and 6.5 m deep trench due to the creep motion of the western radial fault of Azanza Graben yielded a minimum short-term uplift slip rate of 1.75 mm/yr for the last 1485 years and provides a minimum salt supply rate of over 5 mm/yr considering karstification lowering. This value that is several hundred times higher than average, evidence the discontinuous growth of Salinas de Oro diapir.

A Novel 0.5 V MCML D-Flip-Flop Topology Exploiting Forward Body Bias Threshold Lowering

This brief presents ultra low-voltage CML D-latch and D-Flip-Flop (DFF) topologies in deeply scaled CMOS technologies, able to operate at a supply voltage as low as 0.5 V (no other CML DFFs are able to operate at such a low supply voltage). The topology is based on a modified version of the Folded D-Latch, recently proposed by the authors. In this brief a detailed analysis on the minimum supply voltage allowed by the proposed topologies and a comparison with the one of the other low voltage topologies is also included. Post layout Simulations referring to a commercial 28 nm CMOS process and schematic level simulations adopting 14 nm predictive technology models are provided. They show the heavy advantages of the improved Folded DFF with respect to the state of the art.

A compact four quadrant CMOS analog multiplier

The design of a very compact four quadrant CMOS analog multiplier is presented. The circuit has a very simple design, consisting of only four transistors and ten resistors, enabling a very small silicon area consumption. Furthermore, the multiplier can work in both subthreshold and saturation region, allowing it to operate over a wide range of frequencies. Subthreshold biasing sets the multiplier into a low-frequency low-power mode, while saturation biasing sets the multiplier to a high-frequency high-power mode. These two modes can be implemented for a very low voltage power supply. Finally, the proposed multiplier uses a minimum amount of nodes, allowing it to operate at high frequencies. Simulations show a maximum operating frequency of 300 kHz @ CL=30pF, a THD of ≈1% for an input sine wave of 100 mV and DC = 800 mV, and a minimum power supply of (VDD-VSS)≈0.5V when operating in the sub threshold region. In order to validate theory and simulations, a prototype of the proposed multiplier was fabricated using ON SEMI 0.5 μm technology, showing its feasibility.

PMS36 IMPACT OF COLCHICINE PRICE INCREASE AND MARKET EXCLUSIVITY ON COLCHICINE ADHERENCE AND GOUT-RELATED HEALTHCARE RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND COSTS IN PATIENTS WITH GOUT

Following FDA enforcement (September, 2010) to remove all unapproved colchicine from the market, 2011 onwards only one brand of FDA approved colchicine was available and at a much higher price. The objective of this analysis is to evaluate the effect of the price increase of colchicine on prophylactic colchicine adherence and gout-related healthcare resource utilization and prescription costs. This retrospective cohort study used data from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplemental databases (2009-2012). New users of prophylactic colchicine were identified pre and post January 1st, 2011. To be eligible, new users had to have a minimum supply of 25 days for their index colchicine prescription, be ≥ 18 years, and continuously enrolled for six months before and after the index colchicine order. 6-month adherence, measured using a threshold of 80% of the proportion of days covered (PDC), was compared between two cohorts using logistic regression. Aggregated 6-month gout-related resource utilization (inpatient, outpatient and emergency department) and prescription costs (2017 USD) were also compared. All models adjusted for baseline patient characteristics. 22,080 and 20,154 patients met the eligibility criteria in the pre and post cohorts. Compared with the pre cohort, a non-significant decrease in 6-month adherence was observed in the post cohort (Adjusted OR: 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90, 1.01)). Post cohort patients were more likely to have gout-related resource utilization than pre cohort patients (adjusted OR outpatient: 1.39 (95% CI: 1.32, 1.44); adjusted OR inpatient: 1.13 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.34); adjusted OR emergency: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.38)). Among gout specific prescriptions, the post-cohort was associated with higher total 6-month colchicine costs (Adjusted difference: $573, p< 0.0001) and higher costs to patients (Adjusted difference: $100, p< 0.0001). Colchicine’s price increase did not significantly impact adherence. However, gout related resource use increased following the policy.

Avoiding Conflicts between Future Freshwater Algae Production and Water Scarcity in the United States at the Energy-Water Nexus

Sustainable production of algae will depend on understanding trade-offs at the energy-water nexus. Algal biofuels promise to improve the environmental sustainability profile of renewable energy along most dimensions. In this assessment of potential US freshwater production, we assumed sustainable production along the carbon dimension by simulating placement of open ponds away from high-carbon-stock lands (forest, grassland, and wetland) and near sources of waste CO 2 . Along the water dimension, we quantified trade-offs between water scarcity and production for an ‘upstream’ indicator (measuring minimum water supply) and a ‘downstream’ indicator (measuring impacts on rivers). For the upstream indicator, we developed a visualization tool to evaluate algae production for different thresholds for water surplus. We hypothesized that maintaining a minimum seasonal water surplus would also protect river habitat for aquatic biota. Our study confirmed that ensuring surplus water also reduced the duration of low-flow events, but only above a threshold. We also observed a trade-off between algal production and the duration of low-flow events in streams. These results can help to guide the choice of basin-specific sustainability targets to avoid conflicts with competing water users at this energy-water nexus. Where conflicts emerge, alternative water sources or enclosed photobioreactors may be needed for algae cultivation.

Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability

Drinking water supply is at the core of both, humanitarian action in times of crisis, as well as national policies for regular and emergency supply. In countries with a continuous water supply, the population mostly relies ingenuously on the permanent availability of tap water due to high supply standards. In case of a disruption in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards become important for emergency management during disasters. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably fewer disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water provision standards in case of a disaster. Acknowledging that these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high supply standards. Based on a comprehensive literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper flags potential improvements for emergency water supply planning and identifies future fields of research.