Minimum Length Research Articles

Effect of photoperiod and chemical retardants on growth and flowering of pot mums (<i>Dendranthema grandiflora</i> Ramat)

Potted plants of chrysanthemum varieties namely Arun Kumar and Sweta Singar, were exposed to 8 h light and 16 h darkness and natural photoperiod, and spayed with maleic hydrazide (1000 and 2000 ppm), cycocel (1500 and 3000 ppm) and control (distilled water) in factorial complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that controlled photoperiod of 8 h light and 16 h darkness was found significantly superior over natural photoperiod with regard to minimum internodal length (2.85 cm), days to floral bud initiation (98.88), maximum flowering duration (23.14 days), flowers plant-1 (189.50), flower diameter (2.72 cm), fresh weight of flower (1.16 g) and vase life (14.86 days). Among growth retardants, maleic hydrazide (2000 ppm) significantly recorded minimum plant height, maximum branches plant-1 (18.85), flowering duration (25.25 days), flower diameter (2.95 cm), flowers per plant-1 (194.90) and weight of flower (1.20 g), while, maleic hydrazide (1000 ppm) recorded minimum internodal length (2.65 cm) and maximum vase life (18.00 days). The cv. Arun Kumar under controlled photoperiod recorded minimum internodal length (2.38 cm) and early floral bud initiation (91.04 days), however, maleic hydrazide (2000 ppm) recorded maximum flower diameter (4.05 cm), fresh weight of flower (1.53 g) and vase life (18.50 days). cv. Arun Kumar under controlled photoperiod treated with CCC-3000 ppm showed the best performance in recording the maximum number of flowers plants-1 (138.00) during first fortnight of flowering.

Алгоритм планирования маршрута БПЛА в условиях недостатка визуальных ориентиров

Today, unmanned aircraft is used to solve a variety of tasks. One of the problems that arise when using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is the problem of navigation, in particular, determining their exact location in space. Today, there are various methods to solve this problem. A promising way to solve it in conditions where it is impossible to use a satellite navigation system is video navigation systems that use visual landmarks to determine location. In this paper, an overview of the existing types of UAV video navigation systems was carried out. The peculiarities of the operation of video navigation systems using the comparison of visual landmarks with satellite maps were also highlighted. The task was set to find a route in conditions of a lack of visual landmarks, in which the problem of losing reference points may arise. The graph data format used is described, which stores the values of the metric of the diversity of the underlying surface, which characterizes the magnitude of the probability of the problem of losing reference points. The existing algorithms for finding a path in a graph are considered and the need to develop a new algorithm is justified. A theoretical description of the algorithm was proposed, in which the path search process is divided into two stages: first, a solution option is searched for with the maximum value of the metric of diversity of the underlying surface, and then a route with the minimum length is selected. Several options of the implementation of the proposed algorithm were also presented and their asymptotic complexity was estimated. Based on the theoretical description, a software implementation of the proposed algorithm was developed and an experimental verification of the correctness of its operation on a test card with various flight tasks was performed. According to the test results, the proposed algorithm has shown its effectiveness by constructing routes correctly in all test examples. In the future, this algorithm can be used as part of the UAV video navigation system. The main advantages and disadvantages of the proposed algorithm were also described and ways for its further improvement were proposed.

Improved scheduling model for a multistage biopharmaceutical process in a multiproduct facility

This study critically evaluates deterministic and stochastic/evolutionary strategies for long-term scheduling of multiproduct facilities in batch and continuous biopharmaceutical manufacturing, as reported in existing literature using discrete-time and continuous-time models. It identifies key limitations in literature model/algorithm, including (i) real-time storage violation, (ii) real-time violation of shelf-life due to its calculation over a single event, (iii) minimum campaign length calculated over single events leading to suboptimal use of resources, and (iv) early product deliveries. To overcome these limitations, a deterministic mathematical model is proposed extending the existing unit-specific event-based model(s) with additional features including (i) modified material balances, (ii) new minimum campaign length constraints captured over multiple events, (iii) new shelf-life constraints captured over multiple events, (iv) new setup constraints based on product sequencing, (v) updated tightening constraints, (vi) updated sales and penalty constraints for late deliveries, (vii) updated bounds, and (viii) updated objective function. These improved features lead to better modeling in terms of handling intermediate and final product storage without real-time violations of storage and shelf-life, handling of initial setup in production tasks, and timely delivery of final products. The proposed improved model yields up to 36 % increase in profit when applied on four literature examples.

Solution of maximum scatter traveling salesman problem through evolutionary approaches

This paper is concerned with a variant of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) called the maximum scatter traveling salesman problem (MSTSP). The goal of MSTSP is to find a Hamiltonian cycle that maximizes the minimum length edge of the cycle. This problem has real-world applications in domains such as manufacturing and medical imaging. Both symmetric and asymmetric versions of the problem are considered in this paper. To address this problem, we have developed two evolutionary approaches. Our first approach is based on a genetic algorithm, whereas the second approach is based on a differential evolution algorithm. Initial solution generation procedure, variation operators (crossover and mutation) used in our approaches are designed considering the characteristics of this problem. The solutions obtained through variation operators are improved further through a local search that is specially adapted for MSTSP. For benchmarking, we have compared the performance of our proposed approaches with the state-of-the-art approaches available in the literature. Our approaches obtained better quality solutions in a shorter time for both symmetric and asymmetric versions of the problem, thereby clearly demonstrating their effectiveness in solving MSTSP.

A comparative study of membrane reactor and cylindrical reactor using multi-objective optimization for methane reforming process

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) of methane reforming process has been performed for hydrogen and oxygen perm-selective membrane reactor (MR) considering three objectives, namely H2 yield maximization, CO2 minimization and reactor length minimization. The performance of the MR has been compared with that of the cylindrical reactor (CR) using the same objective functions. Four MOO problems have been formulated and solved in this work. Among these, three problems consist of 2-objectives, while one has 3-objectives. Comparative results and discussions of the two reactors are presented based on the multi-objective pareto curve analysis and the trends of decision variables. The results in this work indicate that MR performs better than CR in all the four multi-objective scenarios. We further optimize the reactor with the above mentioned all the three objectives to produce syngas with different (H2/CO) ratios in the product stream. This is especially useful for producing the syngas targeting a specific end application.

Explainable finite mixture of mixtures of bounded asymmetric generalized Gaussian and Uniform distributions learning for energy demand management

We introduce a mixture of mixtures of bounded asymmetric generalized Gaussian and uniform distributions. Based on this framework, we propose model-based classification and model-based clustering algorithms. We develop an objective function for the minimum message length (MML) model selection criterion to discover the optimal number of clusters for the unsupervised approach of our proposed model. Given the crucial attention received by Explainable AI (XAI) in recent years, we introduce a method to interpret the predictions obtained from the proposed model in both learning settings by defining their boundaries in terms of the crucial features. Integrating Explainability within our proposed algorithm increases the credibility of the algorithm’s predictions since it would be explainable to the user’s perspective through simple If-Then statements using a small binary decision tree. In this paper, the proposed algorithm proves its reliability and superiority to several state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms within the following real-world applications: fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) in chillers, occupancy estimation and categorization of residential energy consumers.

Change-point analysis for binomial autoregressive model with application to price stability counts

The first-order binomial autoregressive (BAR(1)) model is the most frequently used tool to analyze the bounded count time series. The BAR(1) model is stationary and assumes process parameters to remain constant throughout the time period, which may be incompatible with the non-stationary real data, which indicates piecewise stationary characteristic. To better analyze the non-stationary bounded count time series, this article introduces the BAR(1) process with multiple change-points, which contains the BAR(1) model as a special case. Our primary goals are not only to detect the change-points, but also to give a solution to estimate the number and locations of the change-points. For this, the cumulative sum (CUSUM) test and minimum description length (MDL) principle are employed to deal with the testing and estimation problems. The proposed approaches are also applied to analysis of the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices of the European Union.

Contemporary Concepts of Adhesive Cementation of Glass-Fiber Posts: A Narrative Review.

(1) Background: Cementation of glass fiber posts to root canals has been associated with various failures, especially debonding. This narrative review aims to present the contemporary concepts concerning the adhesive cementation of glass fiber post and to discuss the optimal management of these factors. (2) Methods: Electronic search was performed in MEDLINE/Pub Med and Google Scholar using selected keywords examining the parameters post length, surface treatment of glass fiber posts, post space preparation and dentin pretreatment, resin cement selection, adhesive systems and hybrid layer formation, and clinical techniques. (3) Results: The search led to the selection of 44 articles. Epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers are recommended and the use of temporary cement in the root canal should be avoided. The minimum length of a glass fiber post adhesively cemented to a root canal is 5 mm. Irrigating the root canals with chlorhexidine, MTAD, or EDTA (alone or in combination with NaOCl) after post space preparation seems to enhance the bond strength. Silane application on the surface of the post seems to be beneficial. Concerning resin cements and adhesive systems, the results were rather inconclusive. Finally, resin cement should be applied inside the root canal with an elongation tip and photoactivation should be delayed. (4) Conclusions: Contemporary concepts of adhesive cementation of glass fiber posts can indeed improve the bond between glass fiber posts, resin cement, and root canal dentin, however, evidence coming from long-term randomized prospective clinical trials is needed in order to obtain safer conclusions.

ANALISIS STABILITAS TIMBUNAN TANAH DENGAN PERKUATAN GEOTEXTILE MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWAREPLAXIS (Studi Kasus Pembangunan Jalur Ganda Antara Solo Balapan – Kadipiro - Kalioso)

This research aims to determine the stability of embankments without reinforcement and with reinforcement and the amount of settlement that occurs in accordance with the SNI geotechnical standard 8460 of 2017. The research location is in KM. 96 + 400 to 104 + 900 between Solo Balapan – Kadipiro – Kalioso. The analysis was carried out using Plaxis 2D Software version 8.6 without reinforcement, a safety factor value of 1.2 was obtained, where the result was below 1.5, which did not comply with the requirements of SNI 8460:2017 article 7.5.5. as well as a 30 day decline of 1,707 cm, a 100 day decline of 1.6 41cm and a 365 day decline of 1,691 cm. So it can be concluded that the embankment at that location is unstable. For this reason, additional geotextiles are added as reinforcement, after adding geotextiles. In the analysis of the embankment at KM 98 + 550 with the addition of embankment reinforced with geotextile, manual calculation results were obtained with a total of 5 layers of geotextile. The minimum geotextile length is 2.338 m and the stability of the bearing capacity is SF = 4.37 > 1.5. For embankment analysis at KM 98 + 550 after adding geotextile reinforcement. After adding alternative geotextile reinforcement, it was found that the safety factor value increased to 1.7, where this value was greater than 1.5 as indicated by SNI 8460: 2017 article 7.5.5, while the decrease at 30 days was 1,056 cm, the decrease at 100 days was 1,056 cm, and the decline in 365 days was 1,056 cm, so it can be concluded that the embankment at that location is considered stable.

On the diameter of semigroups of transformations and partitions

AbstractFor a semigroup whose universal right congruence is finitely generated (or, equivalently, a semigroup satisfying the homological finiteness property of being type right‐), the right diameter of is a parameter that expresses how ‘far apart’ elements of can be from each other, in a certain sense. To be more precise, for each finite generating set for the universal right congruence on , we have a metric space where is the minimum length of derivations for as a consequence of pairs in ; the right diameter of with respect to is the diameter of this metric space. The right diameter of is then the minimum of the set of all right diameters with respect to finite generating sets. We develop a theoretical framework for establishing whether a semigroup of transformations or partitions on an arbitrary infinite set has a finitely generated universal right/left congruence, and, if it does, determining its right/left diameter. We apply this to prove results such as the following. Each of the monoids of all binary relations on , of all partial transformations on , and of all full transformations on , as well as the partition and partial Brauer monoids on , have right diameter 1 and left diameter 1. The symmetric inverse monoid on has right diameter 2 and left diameter 2. The monoid of all injective mappings on has right diameter 4, and its minimal ideal (called the Baer–Levi semigroup on ) has right diameter 3, but neither of these two semigroups has a finitely generated universal left congruence. On the other hand, the semigroup of all surjective mappings on has left diameter 4, and its minimal ideal has left diameter 2, but neither of these semigroups has a finitely generated universal right congruence.

Spatiotemporal variation in phenology of the invasive brown macroalga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt and the environmental parameters relationships along four different sites on the Atlantic coast of Morocco

The alien brown seaweed Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt is currently observed along the coasts of Morocco. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of physicochemical parameters on the distribution of S. muticum at four sites on the Atlantic coast of Morocco harvested between 2019 and 2020. This study showed that the highest biomass, thalli length, and fertility values were recorded in sampling sites characterized by optimal physicochemical (temperature, pH, and salinity) and nutrient H₃PO₄ during summer. The highest biomass values were recorded in August for Sidi Bouzid and Moulay Abdellah sites, conversely, in Saada and Jorf Lasfar sites the highest values were observed in February and March respectively. The thallus length was slightly larger in Moulay Abdellah site with 77.30 ± 14.09 cm compared with the three other sites during the summer/spring periods. Minimum thalli length was recorded in September for all studied sites. The thalli of S. muticum were fertile earlier in Sidi Bouzid and Saada during spring and peaked during the summer season for all studied sites showing a positive correlation with increasing temperature.Finally, the collected data shows that indeed physicochemical parameters influence bioecological parameters. Thus, contributed to a better understanding of the temporal variation of S. muticum phenology on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, these data provide the necessary information for coastal marine management and biomonitoring program as well as sustainable utilization of this renewable marine resource.

Evaluating Shoreline Changes at Ayvacık Reservoir (Çanakkale, Türkiye) Through Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques: A Twelve-Year Assessment

This study aims to determine the spatial and temporal changes occurring along the shoreline of the Ayvacık Reservoir in Çanakkale, Türkiye. Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS and Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite images were analyzed using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. The dataset used in the study covers the period between the completion of the dam construction in 2008 and 2019. Preprocessing of the remote sensing satellite images and digital image processing analyses were carried out using ENVI and ArcGIS software. The shoreline was determined through manual digitization. Consequently, it was found that the shoreline length was 14.994 km in 2008 and increased to 22.293 km in 2019. These values represent the observed minimum and maximum shoreline lengths, respectively. The study period revealed an increase in shoreline length. Given that this study is the first to elucidate shoreline changes occurring at the Ayvacık Reservoir, it is anticipated to provide essential insights for water resource managers by contributing significantly to the literature.

Transonic Flow Field Analysis of a Minimum Nozzle Length Rocket Engine

The aim of this paper is to develop a profile of axisymmetric minimum length nozzle giving a uniform and parallel flow at the exit section. The study is done at high temperature, lower than the dissociation threshold of the molecules. The design is made by the method of characteristics (MOC). The variation of the specific heats with the temperature is considered. The numerical results have been validated with CFD simulation Ansys-Fluent software. The second part of this study is to calculate and analyze the transonic flow field of this supersonic nozzle. The computation of the flow field characteristics at the throat is thus essential to the nozzle developed thrust value and therefore to the aircraft or rocket it propels. An investigation was conducted to analyze the effects of parameters on the position of the sonic line. These parameters include stagnation temperature T0, radius of the nozzle, types of gases, and exit Mach number ME.

Hydrodynamic Characteristics Analysis and Mooring System Optimization of an Innovative Deep-Sea Aquaculture Platform

As nearshore aquaculture spaces become saturated, the development of fisheries aquaculture for deep sea has become an inevitable trend. This paper proposes an innovative deep-sea aquaculture platform that incorporates a vessel-shaped main structure and a single-point mooring system. The potential flow theory and the Morison equation are utilized to calculate the hydrodynamic loads on the main structure and the netting and mooring systems, respectively. The deformation and force of the netting in current are simulated, and the accuracy of the analytical methods used is validated based on experimental results. The influences of the netting system on the hydrodynamic characteristics of the platform are analyzed. Optimization on the single-point mooring system is conducted under static and dynamic conditions, considering the influences of various mooring parameters, including mooring line length, buoyancy of buoys, and mass of sinkers. The patterns of changes in motion response, mooring line tension, and minimum touchdown length under different mooring parameters are calculated and analyzed. The results indicate that changes in mooring line length have minimal impact on the dynamic response of the platform and mooring system. The addition of appropriate buoys or sinkers can reduce the motion response of the platform and the tension in the mooring lines. Moreover, compared to adding buoys, incorporating sinkers more effectively enhances the overall safety and stability of the platform system.

An average-case efficient two-stage algorithm for enumerating all longest common substrings of minimum length between genome pairs.

A problem extension of the longest common substring (LCS) between two texts is the enumeration of all LCSs given a minimum length (ALCS- ), along with their positions in each text. In bioinformatics, an efficient solution to the ALCS- for very long texts -genomes or metagenomes- can provide useful insights to discover genetic signatures responsible for biological mechanisms. The ALCS- problem has two additional requirements compared to the LCS problem: one is the minimum length , and the other is that all common strings longer than must be reported. We present an efficient, two-stage ALCS- algorithm exploiting the spectrum of text substrings of length ( -mers). Our approach yields a worst-case time complexity loglinear in the number of -mers for the first stage, and an average-case loglinear in the number of common -mers for the second stage (several orders of magnitudes smaller than the total -mer spectrum). The space complexity is linear in the first phase (disk-based), and on average linear in the second phase (disk- and memory-based). Tests performed on genomes for different organisms (including viruses, bacteria and animal chromosomes) show that run times are consistent with our theoretical estimates; further, comparisons with MUMmer4 show an asymptotic advantage with divergent genomes.

An Enhanced Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm Formation Control Using a Novel Fractional Swarming Strategy Approach

This paper addresses the enhancement of multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarm formation control in challenging terrains through the novel fractional memetic computing approach known as fractional-order velocity-pausing particle swarm optimization (FO-VPPSO). Existing particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms often suffer from premature convergence and an imbalanced exploration–exploitation trade-off, which limits their effectiveness in complex optimization problems such as UAV swarm control in rugged terrains. To overcome these limitations, FO-VPPSO introduces an adaptive fractional order β and a velocity pausing mechanism, which collectively enhance the algorithm’s adaptability and robustness. This study leverages the advantages of a meta-heuristic computing approach; specifically, fractional-order velocity-pausing particle swarm optimization is utilized to optimize the flying path length, mitigate the mountain terrain costs, and prevent collisions within the UAV swarm. Leveraging fractional-order dynamics, the proposed hybrid algorithm exhibits accelerated convergence rates and improved solution optimality compared to traditional PSO methods. The methodology involves integrating terrain considerations and diverse UAV control parameters. Simulations under varying conditions, including complex terrains and dynamic threats, substantiate the effectiveness of the approach, resulting in superior fitness functions for multi-UAV swarms. To validate the performance and efficiency of the proposed optimizer, it was also applied to 13 benchmark functions, including uni- and multimodal functions in terms of the mean average fitness value over 100 independent trials, and furthermore, an improvement at percentages of 29.05% and 2.26% is also obtained against PSO and VPPSO in the case of the minimum flight length, as well as 16.46% and 1.60% in mountain terrain costs and 55.88% and 31.63% in collision avoidance. This study contributes valuable insights to the optimization challenges in UAV swarm-formation control, particularly in demanding terrains. The FO-VPPSO algorithm showcases potential advancements in swarm intelligence for real-world applications.

The Influence of Different Hamstrings Assemblies on the Final Graft Diameter in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Objective This study aimed to compare gracilis and semitendinosus tendon graft diameters in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using quadruple, quintuple, and sextuple assemblies. Another objective was to evaluate the percentage of patients in which each assembly type is possible, depending on the length of each free tendon. Methods Seventy-one patients underwent ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons. We measured the diameters of the quadruple, quintuple, and sextuple assemblies in all patients. We recorded tendon length and graft diameter from three assembly types. Results Assembly comparison showed a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.001). In each assembly, graft diameter increased by 1 mm, a statistically significant value ( p < 0.001). In 2.8% of patients, the only potential assembly was the quadruple assembly because the free lengths of the 2 tendons removed were lower than 24 cm. The quintuple assembly was possible in 23.9% of subjects, as only the semitendinosus had a minimum length of 24 cm. The sextuple assembly was possible in 73.2% of patients because both tendons were at least 24 cm in length. Conclusion A quintuple or sextuple assembly is possible in 97.2% of cases since the final graft length of at least 8 cm is statistically significant between comparisons.

Design of Rocket Engine Nozzle Using Method of Characteristics

Abstract: This report focuses on the design of a 2D theoretical layout of a rocket engine nozzle. Convergent and divergent are to be designed separately with the focus on divergent part for a minimum length nozzle. The divergent part is to be designed using method of characteristics with left and right running characteristics using the known (sonic) values at the throat of the convergent-divergent nozzle. These characteristics would be pressure, density, velocity and temperature. A computer code has been designed to calculate the values of these characteristics and the end characteristics at the exit. CFD analysis has also been carried out on the designed nozzle using commercial software ANSYS.

Fixed parameter tractable algorithms for watchman route related problems on line segment arrangements

In this paper, we study the parameterized complexity of some variants of the watchman route problem on line segment arrangements. We show that finding a minimum length Watchman Tree/Route on line Segment arrangements (WTS/WRS) is Fixed Parameter Tractable (FPT) with respect to the number of vertices in the tree/route as the parameter. We then prove that another variant of WTS referred to as Minimum Corridor Connection (MCC), is FPT with respect to the number of regions as the parameter. We also consider WRS with the link distance metric (LWRS) and propose an FPT algorithm for a restricted version in which each line segment in the input arrangement has a bound on the number of intersections it makes with other segments in the arrangement.

Evaluation of the cavotricuspid isthmus contractile kinetics within an interventional CMR environment

Abstract Background Cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent flutter is a common arrhythmia with recurrences following ablation up to 50%. Previous static morphological analysis have shown that CTI anatomical variability has an impact on ablation time and procedural success. However, whether the contractile kinetics of the CTI affect procedural success remains unknown to date. Purpose Assessment of the contractile kinetics of the CTI in a cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) environment for patients (pts) referred for typical flutter ablation. Method 32 consecutive pts with typical right atrial (RA) flutter from our Heart Center were included in this study. RA wall contours during a single cardiac cycle were delineated on CMR 2D-images using the Tomtec software. CTIs were divided in 5 segments for detailed motion analysis as shown in the figure 1A. CTI length and displacement were measured both in caudo-cranial and postero-anterior directions. Quantification of the CTI kinetics was performed in Python by computing the 2D-Euclidean distance (between two extreme temporal positions of CTI points). Results The mean CTI length of the study population (mean age 66±10 years, 29 males) was 32±13 mm during RA systole and 49±15 mm during RA diastole, resulting in a mean CTI change of 17±7 mm over one cardiac cycle (maximum – minimum length). Figure 1A shows representative MRI views of the CTI during RA systole and diastole. Figure 1B shows examples of hypo- and hyperkinetics CTI from 2 representative pts. Figure 2C shows a gradual increase in segment displacement postero-anteriorly (8.1±7.3 vs 17.2±8.1 mm, p&amp;lt;0.05) and caudo-cranially (1.6±0.8 vs 4.5±2.4 mm) from the Eustachian valve toward the Tricuspid valve. Figure 2D indicates that the 2D-Euclidean displacement of the 5 segments varied between 8±7.7 mm and 18±8.5 mm depending on their location. Interestingly, the overall CTI displacement was 4.5 times greater forward than upward. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the kinetics properties of the CTI in sinus rhythm of patients with typical RA flutter. The CTI showed displacements both in postero-anterior and caudo-cranial directions, with a gradual increase from the Eustachian to the Tricuspid valves. CTI displacement appeared highly variable across patients. Whether the kinetics of the CTI correlate with ablation success will be investigated shortly.