Minimum Expense Research Articles

Lineages of Fractal Genera Comprise the 88-Million-Year Steel Evolutionary Spine of the Ecosphere.

Fractal evolution is apparently effective in selectively preserving environmentally resilient traits for more than 80 million years in Streptotrichaceae (Bryophyta). An analysis simulated maximum destruction of ancestral traits in that large lineage. The constraints enforced were the preservation of newest ancestral traits, and all immediate descendant species obtained different new traits. Maximum character state changes in ancestral traits were 16 percent of all possible traits in any one sub-lineage, or 73 percent total of the entire lineage. Results showed, however, that only four ancestral traits were permanently eliminated in any one lineage or sub-lineage. A lineage maintains maximum biodiversity of temporally and regionally survival-effective traits at minimum expense to resilience across a geologic time of 88 million years for the group studied. Similar processes generating an extant punctuated equilibrium as bursts of about four descendants per genus and one genus per 1-2 epochs are possible in other living groups given similar emergent processes. The mechanism is considered complexity-related, the lineage being a self-organized emergent phenomenon strongly maintained in the ecosphere by natural selection on fractal genera.

Crowd‐sourced and incentive driven UAV system to assist with network slices

AbstractOwing to their flexibility, fast deployment, increasing affordability, and numerous application opportunities, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) became an undisputed target of studies and research to discover and exploit the immense opportunities they provide. Moreover, network slicing is a critical enabler for 5G and beyond. Network slices guarantee certain network user expectations such as data rate and latency thresh‐holds. There is no doubt that crowd‐sourced and incentive driven solutions are on the rise. Crowd‐sourcing allowed companies and organizations both small and large to gather data and perform other large‐scale tasks with minimum expenses and maintenance. Indeed, the major concerns for 5G and network slicing are guaranteeing high throughput, reliability, and latency. With data rates being the most important attribute for common regular users, that is, mobile devices, video streaming, navigation, and content consumption. As a result, the focus of this work is to utilize crowd‐sourced UAVs in an incentive driven network slice assistance system to extend coverage and provide mobile users with the high throughput they require. This work presents some basic 5G cellular radio access technologies and network slicing background and proposes a novel system, namely UAV slice assistance (UAVSA), and its hybrid alternative version: UAV hybrid slice assistance (UAVHSA). The hybrid mode combines benefits from the proposed UAVSA system and the traditional base station (BS) system. The proposed algorithms address the issue of coverage and guaranteeing high data rate slices for users. The proposed systems maximize satisfaction rate of network slice users. Moreover, all systems are extensively tested and compared in various scenarios to determine their performance and provide a coherent study. Finally, future works and opportunities are highlighted in conclusion.

Fast intensive validation on blockchain with scale-out dispute resolution

Blockchain heralds the dawn of decentralized applications that coordinate proper computations without requiring prior trust. Existing blockchain solutions, however, are incapable of dealing with intensive validation. Duplicated execution results in limited throughput and unacceptably high costs. Furthermore, the absence of secure incentive mechanisms derives undesired dilemmas among rational verifiers.In this work, we present Lever-FS, a practical blockchain validation framework that makes intensive validation cost-efficient and incentive-compatible among rational verifiers. It is faster than previous constructions since full-fledged scalability is achieved over optimistic execution, dispute resolution, and backbone confirmation of every potential workload. Lever-FS first curtails the scale of each validation to a single node and introduces novel challenge-response games between potential adversaries and rational participants, optimistically optimizing validation redundancy according to the practical adversarial capability confronted. When there is a rich and stubborn adversary, the backstop protocol is then activated to resolve intricate disputes via a threshold voting supported by concurrent redundant executions. Throughout the game, compelling incentive design efficiently transfers the adversary’s budget to proliferated task rewards for subsequent executions, therefore allowing the user to lever sufficient endorsements for the correct verdict with minimum expense. In addition, fair incentive distribution mechanisms are designed to circumvent the well-known Verifier’s Dilemma. Finally, we accelerate Lever-FS with sharding to enable scale-out backbone confirmation, seamless workload balancing, and optimized unanimous assertion across multiple independent validation instances.Experiments reveal that Lever-FS significantly improves the throughput while lowering expenses of intensive validation with a slight tradeoff in latency. Compared to state-of-the-art alternatives, it removes their brittle reliance on altruism, dense interactions, or massive computational power. It is also robust to conceivable attacks on validation and performs distinguishable ability to purify Byzantine participants.

TINGKAT KESUKARAN DAN SEBAB-SEBAB KESUKARAN KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MELAKSANAKAN PEMBINAAN GURU SMA/MA SE- KOTA ENDE

This study aimed to know the level of, and in fact, principals' difficulty in administering teacher coaching of SMA/MA in Ende. The research type was descriptive. The questionnaire data were distributed to 12 principals as the respondent. Data were analyzed by using a descriptive quantitative approach with a cross-tabulation technique. The result shows that in administering teaching coaching of SMA/MA in Ende, every aspect listed in the difficulty level can be categorized as very difficult. The result of the data analysis of causes of adversity shows that the principles of administering teacher coaching of SMA/MA in Ende found out: 1) The aspect of class visits was the average of 21,58% caused the time limitation; 2) The aspect of the personal meeting was the average 14,64% caused the professional abilities; 3) The aspect of the teacher council meeting was the average of 27,13% caused limited execution instructions; 4) The aspect of school inter-school visits was average of 18,58%, causing a minimum of expense; 5) The aspect of the teacher work group was an average of 17,03%, causing a minimum expense and time limit. Thus, the dominant cause of adversity was the limitation of the time limit.

Risk-Averse scheduling of integrated electricity-heat systems considering multi-energy network operations for resilience enhancement against contingencies

The increasing penetration of renewable energy and the growing frequency and severity of extreme weather events pose a significant challenge to the secure and economic operation of local energy systems. This paper presents a risk-averse scheduling model of the integrated electricity and heat system (IEHS) for resilience enhancement against contingencies. A tri-level formulation is proposed to formulate the worst line outage events and identify the optimal resilience enhancement strategies. The main idea is to find the least-cost scheduling solution that meets the predefined resilience requirements. The model incorporates multi-energy network operations that integrate network reconfiguration in the PDN and mass flow rate control in the DHN. This approach provides more flexibility for load restoration in the face of uncertainties. A nonlinear thermal flow model is adopted to realistically capture thermal dynamics, and a tractable linear approximation is then proposed to balance accuracy and tractability. To solve this tri-level mixed integer program, an efficient solution method based on the nested column-and-constraint-generation algorithm is developed for the proposed IEHS scheduling model. Numerical studies indicate that the proposed model provides optimal solutions that are cost-effective to enhance the resilience of IEHS at minimum expense.

Preface to the Second Issue

I consider it my privilege to introduce the second issue of the Artificial Intelligence and Applications (AIA) Journal. I extend my warm welcome to the second issue and thank all the authors of the papers included. The highlight of the second issue is the exploration of the latest AI techniques addressing the new challenges like text segmentation from the historical documents and images, developing smart sensing technologies, studying industrial revolution readiness among industry players, precipitation prediction, human-centric functional computing, Devanagari digit recognition, and the various multi-party agent issues by the papers in this issue. These are new and emerging applications with immense scope for the understanding of the niche areas and future directions. It would also motivate the readers to find new directions to solve future challenges. I am sure the pertinent issue will draw the attention of the numerous budding researchers from various disciplines including academics and industry. Moreover, I think our journal has seized the right moment to release the second issue in resonance with the current flourishing of AI-based techniques and models which can solve more complex challenges and problems with great accuracy but with minimum expenses. For example, ChatGPT can solve problems related to natural language processing, and sometimes, it can even answer questions that do not have a solution at all. In the same way, 3D printers can be used to construct houses and buildings, etc. Therefore, one can expect an intelligent system could be able to overtake the human mind and thinking. I believe that the second issue and future issues of AIA will become a bellwether to human society. Finally, I appreciate the team led by EiC of the AIA. They have put their efforts into making AIA a successful journal and reaching society through publishing innovative technologies to meet the current demands. Thus, I wish for the whole team and the authors to be part of the great journey of AIA.

Application of vinyl acrylic co-polymer on subgrade and sub base pavement stabilization

A typical method for improving the tensile strength, durability, and swell-shrink behavior of subgrade soil in the pavement is soil stabilization. Numerous researchers have tried a variety of techniques to stabilize the soil. The use of polymer stabilizers has increased, much like other stabilizers. The vinyl-based co-polymer is used in asphalt admixtures, concrete building, dust management, and soil stabilization for highways. Additionally, considering the challenges of the expensive and shortage of stone aggregate in many regions of the country, using locally accessible brick aggregate (i.e over burnt brick aggregate) for sub-base course can be a viable and more affordable solution. The properties of stabilized soil and soil-aggregate combinations were determined at 7 days after cure using the vinyl acrylic co-polymer (K31-APS). By dry weight of the soil and soil-aggregate combination, the vinyl acrylic co-polymer (K31-APS) was added in the ratio of 1:6 (1 part of K31 and 6 parts of water). A combination of soil and aggregate was used in various ratios: 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%. Laboratory tests such as the unconfined compressive strength and california bearing ratio tests were carried out. Also, scanning electron microscopy test was performed to study the microstructure of the samples. The results showed that adding vinyl acrylic co-polymer to the soil and soil-aggregate combination had no significant changes on maximum dry density but improved the CBR, UCS, and Mr values of the subgrade and sub-base pavement layers in comparison to the unmodified pavement layers. When compared to the unmodified sample, the strength of the soil increased by 94%, while the strength of the soil-aggregate mixture increased by 179%. In contrast, the strength improvements for mixtures of 25% soil and 75% aggregate and 75% soil and 25% aggregate were 50% and 66%, respectively. The addition of vinyl acrylic co-polymer minimizes the thickness of the pavement layers and the cost savings of treated soil-aggregate mixture were found to be 21.63%, 4.77% and 11.02% as compared to untreated sample. Without adding any cementitious material, vinyl acrylic co-polymer (K31-APS) can improve the pavement property with minimum expenses. Consequently, stabilizing the pavement layers with vinyl acrylic co-polymer (K31-APS) stabilizer may be a practical method for constructing roads in a sustainable manner.

Pelaksanaan Pekerja Alih Daya Oleh Perusahaan Alih Daya Yang Tidak Terdaftar Pada Dinas Ketenagakerjaan Berdasarkan UU Ketenagakerjaan

Every entrepreneur competes to get maximum profit or profit oriented by reducing minimum expenses. One of the strategies undertaken is to cooperate with employers where a company can take workers who will work outside the production fields or the main fields of the outsourcing company. However, the implementation of outsourcing in recent years has still experienced problems due to the lack of regulations issued by the government as a form of anticipation of inequality in the implementation of work relations between employers and workers. This raises the potential for maladministration of the company due to the lack of strict supervision from Labor Inspectors. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of the Oversight function of the Department of Manpower for outsourced companies that do not register their companies with the local Office of Manpower and Transmigration. The research method used is a normative juridical method with research specifications that are descriptive analytical in nature of the applicable laws and regulations and legal theories associated with the actual practice of the implementation of labor inspection. The results of the study state that labor inspection is still not running optimally because the number of labor inspectors is not comparable to the objects of labor inspection.

Mobile Battery Storage Modeling and Normal-Emergency Operation in Coupled Distribution-Transportation Networks

Previous research has proved that Mobile Battery Energy Storage (MBES) can play a pivotal role in achieving resiliency goals in distribution networks besides sustainability purposes. The missing links in the practical deployment of this new flexibility resource are the discontinuity between normal and emergency operating states in addition to the high computational burden. Accordingly, a new rolling-horizon operation model for a fleet of truck-mounted mobile batteries (TMMBs) employed in a joint transportation-distribution network is proposed. The model can effectively handle and switch between normal and emergency states by integrating a new schedule memory concept into the upcoming horizons. The spatial and temporal dynamics of the TMMBs, along with the transportation time and cost constraints, are modeled by a novel linear and computationally affordable formulation. The model runtime is further targeted by proposing a two-stage optimization model to detach transportation network calculations from the distribution grid. Additionally, a lexicographic multi-objective paradigm is used to ensure a maximum resiliency plan at the minimum expenses during emergencies. The model considers outage and congestion change of the road traffic beyond the forecasted values besides network uncertainties. Implementing the model on a test case proves its functionality in dealing with diverse network situations.

Evaluation and optimal designing of a two-level skip-lot sampling plan for resubmitted lots

In the quality management system, skip-lot sampling is a prominent beneficial sampling plan concerning the economic aspect since it requires minimum expenses for inspection. This study attempts to propose an innovative sampling plan by assimilating the concept of a resampling scheme in a two-level skip-lot sampling plan of type 3, that is, SkSP-2L.3, and the resultant plan is designated as SkSP-2L.3-R with a single sampling plan as the reference plan. Using Markov chain formulation, the performance measures are derived. The designing methodology is provided to determine the plan parameters of the SkSP-2L.3-R plan to minimize the average sample number by using two points on the operating characteristic curve approach. Tables are constructed to select the plan parameters under binomial distribution and Poisson distribution by considering various combinations of producer and consumer quality levels along with respective producer and consumer risks. An illustrative example is provided to depict the execution of the proposed SkSP-2L.3-R plan. The comparative study substantiates that the proposed SkSP-2L.3-R plan with a single sampling plan as the reference plan has outstanding performance than some other existing plans under binomial and Poisson distributions.

Highly Efficient Test Architecture for Low-Power AI Accelerators

Low-power artificial intelligence (AI) accelerators are being developed to support the battery-operated edge devices at a minimum expense of classification error. However, the testing of such large AI accelerators with traditional techniques is inefficient in achieving the required certifications for Autonomous Driving Assistant Systems (ISO 26262). ISO 26262 sets very stringent requirements on the testing time and fault coverage during the diagnosability of faults leading to system-level failures during in-field testing. This article proposes a test architecture for low-power AI accelerators by reusing the existing data paths for large AI accelerator arrays. As compared to the full scan-DFT, the proposed test architecture reduces the test time and peak test power, which enhances the reliability of the test responses. The proposed technique reduces 1) the switching power by 87%; 2) testing times by 72% on average for cases up to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$32\times 32$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ; and 3) the peak power by 59%. Further, there is an average reduction in the area by 10% for the accelerator.

THE ROLE OF ENDURANCE IN PREPARING ATHLETES FOR TOURISM COMPETITIONS

The article describes the peculiarities of sports tourism competitions. One of the most popular destinations is hiking. According to the competition regulations, it is planned to overcome various distances, namely: «Obstacle course», «Cross-hike», «Rescue». Overcoming such obstacles requires a tourist-athlete of different time and intensity of work. Tourist work has a special structural basis which consists in overcoming natural obstacles with the minimum expenses of forces. Achieving the expected results is possible with sufficient development of motor skills of the tourist. This primarily applies to such qualities as endurance, as well as its specific combination with other qualities. To improve physical fitness and achieve optimal results in competitions, we have proposed the use of the fitness direction CrossFit in the training process. The uniqueness of using CrossFit lies in the variability of the combination of exercises for endurance, strength, speed and coordination. Significant advantages of CrossFit are: no material costs for; possibility of application in restrictions of time and space, in field conditions; accessibility for tourists with different levels of physical fitness.

Structure and content of professional teaching competence of in-company teachers at industrial enterprises

Introduction.The concept of lean management, which is focused on optimising and improving manufacturing processes, can be applied to the management of in-company further professional training. Within this training, in-company teachers are more often called upon to teach enterprise employees. Thanks to this, education services are provided at short notice and their high quality is guaranteed at minimum expenses. However, this is possible only if the level of professional teaching competence of these in-company teachers is significantly high. At the moment, the structure and content of this competence are not justified didactically and are not regulated by normative documents. Given that teaching is not the primary job of in-company teachers, and most of them are not trained professionally as teachers, it should be emphasised that the problem of identifying and evaluating the most significant components of professional teaching competence for in-company teachers, the components being the goal of effective advanced education training, is highly relevant today.Theaimof this research was to present the structure and content of professional teaching competence for in-company teachers at modern industrial enterprises.Methodology and research methods. Competency-based, activity-based and qualimetric approaches have been chosen as the methodological basis of this research, as they help implement the principles of professional orientation, optimisation and advanced nature of in-company teacher training. The qualimetric approach is used as a leading approach which implies the use of the method of group expert evaluation to organise the teaching expert evaluation of the structure and content of professional teaching competence of an in-company teacher. The authors used pedagogical expertise procedures with the involvement of in-company training customers as experts: enterprise managers, trainees and training organisers. The selection of qualified experts in the field of in-company training was carried out by the methods of self-assessment and reasoning assessment.Results.The structure of professional teaching competence of an in-company teacher has been defined and includes the most significant components: gnostic, communicative, evaluative and design ones. These components specify the types and tasks of teaching activity at an enterprise and can guide the design of individual educational trajectories. The types of individual educational trajectories have been suggested to train in-company teachers (basic, technological, communication-based, and evaluation-based), which can be chosen based on their education level, professional experience and their level of motivation for teaching activity.Scientific noveltyof the study is in justifying the structure and content of professional teaching competence of in-company teachers by the expert method. These structure and content take into account the demands of employers for training such specialists at industrial enterprises, a special type of learners and the principles of lean management.Practical significance.The content of professional teaching competence components, which defines specific didactic goals concerning their development, can be taken into account when designing the training and professional development programmes for in-company teachers and planning their organisational and procedural guidance around their individual educational trajectories.

Peculiarities of using tax compliance tools at enterprises engaged in foreign economic activities

Introduction. It is established that unpredictability of the external environment, complicating the structure of operational, financial, investment processes, necessity of functioning under the sanctions regime and the growing risks of cyber fraud actualize the question of using tax compliance at enterprises, the subjects of foreign economic activities (FEA). International and national theorists and practitioners think the system of compliance control is an effective alternative to further complicating and increasing the number of regulatory and non-regulatory acts in the field of control over the activities of the organization. Purpose. The legislator makes attempts to stimulate law-abiding behavior of the participants of FEA, gives “white” companies significant advantages. Foreign trade organizations also have interest in reduction of costs, related to the interaction with public authorities. It is found that meeting the expectations of both legal entities and the state contributes to the fundamentalization of the compliance control system. Classification of FEA participants takes place considering their tax and customs reputation. It is resumed, that such classification is necessary for providing maximum customs simplifications for conscientious FEA participants (granting the status of an authorized economic operator). Results. The process of implementation of compliance control over the FEA participants is considered as a way to get gain the trust of control and supervisory authorities, ability of company to get on the ”white” lists of customs authorities, thereby increasing the efficiency of customs operations. It is summarized that constant changes in legal regulation, growing the role of reputation and significant number of cases of fraud on the part of counterparties necessitate the introduction of the compliance control system in the activities of organizations engaged in FEA. The mentioned system of control allows the FEA entites to buy significant benefits, especially in the conditions of intense competition with analogic organizations in the member states of the European Union. Conclusion. The effects for FEA participants from tax compliance have been identified as follows: implementation of customs operations in as much as possible short terms and with minimum expenses; minimization of costs for the implementation of customs operations while ensuring the rules established by customs legislation; obtaining the status of a law-abiding FEA participant; reduction of risks arising from the implementation of FEA; reducing the number of inspections by supervisory authorities; emergence of a single standard of implementation of FEA; application of electronic methods for declaring goods.

Targeting economic and environmental benefits associated with the integration of regeneration units in water systems

Water treatment is traditionally seen as an "end-of-pipe" solution to deal with contaminated water satisfying discharge regulations at a minimum expense. However, the reuse of treated water as regenerated water is a promising strategy to counteract water scarcity. This approach to transform waste into resources is motivated by the circular economy paradigm. This study presents a mathematical programming approach to target both the environmental and economic benefits of water systems by introducing additional regeneration units to close the loop. In addition to water users and authorities, the approach also considers operators and dealers, which are revealed as key stakeholders. Hence, the feasible region of the regeneration units design specifications is determined and visualized through a multi-objective optimization approach targeting the systems operating cost and freshwater consumption. Its application is demonstrated on a benchmark case study from the literature, revealing a potential economic benefit of 37.5% and a freshwater reduction of 80.9% over the case without regeneration units. Furthermore, we show that a cooperative exchange strategy leads to higher benefits compared to the solutions presented in the literature. Finally, we demonstrate how the barrier plots introduced in this work can be used by different stakeholders in the water market to support their decision-making.

A Review on EcoSan (Ecological Sanitation)

In today’s world about 2.4billion people from urban and rural areas do not have suitable access to sanitation services. In upcoming 20 years, it is estimated that a surplus of 2 billion will get migrated to urban areas, probably in developing countries, necessitating sanitation. Still greater than 90% of sewage in developing countries is discharged unprocessed polluting water bodies. Traditional sanitation ideas are neither ecofriendly nor cost-effective for developing countries. Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) is a sanitation system having a cycle of sustainable closed-loop system, which winds up the breach between sanitation and agriculture. The EcoSan technique is resource minded and characterize a universal approach towards ecofriendly and economically healthy sanitation. The primary goal is to close water and nutrient cycle with minimum expenses on energy and material to subsidize a sustainable development. Human excreta is treated as resource and are generally handled on-site and treated off-site. The nutrient contents in excreta are reutilized by using them in agriculture. EcoSan is a complete methodology. Single practices are only measures to termination and may range from near-natural wastewater treatment techniques to compost toilets, uncomplicated domestic installations to complex, mainly decentralized systems. These technologies are not ecofriendly but only in relation with witnessed environment. They are chosen from complete range of available conventional, traditional and modern techniques merging them to EcoSan system.

Gravity data as a faulting assessment tool for unconventional reservoirs regional exploration: The Sergipe–Alagoas Basin example

This paper introduces a gravity regional interpretation workflow for mapping the natural fracture system, a challenge in unconventional reservoir exploration. The workflow comprises coupling two gravity data attributes, the tilt angle and the multiscale edge detection (worming), to build a high-resolution image structural framework of a given basin’s basement. That includes a description of the fault directions and fault density, consolidated in a fault distribution map. The proposed workflow was applied to available gravity data of a representative passive-margin basin, the Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil. The source rocks of Sergipe-Alagoas are organic-rich shale deposited in the principal depocenters during the rift phase of the basin’s evolution. These shaly units are the unconventional reservoirs in the basin. These organic-rich shales are acknowledged as syn-rift unconventional reservoir analogs of all Brazilian continental margin basins and many other passive-margin basins worldwide. The workflow recognized two fault trends in the studied area. A principal NE–SW and a minor NW–SE. 3D seismic interpretation validated the proposed workflow by successfully associating the gravity faults with traditional fault attributes. One advantage of this workflow is that it can be implemented over broad regions at a minimum expense. The proposed method can be used to rank opportunities in unconventional exploration.

The Optimization Algorithm for Large-Scale In Situ Stress Field

In situ stress state is a predominant factor for the design and safe construction of geotechnical engineering. For a real construction site, the amount of calculation using a finite element method for in situ stress field increases dramatically with the increase of the calculation freedom due to large-scale uncertainties. In order to reduce the computing cost without losing the accuracy of the calculation, an optimization algorithm combined with a reduced order model, which is realized by the proper orthogonal decomposition algorithm (POD) for large-scale in situ stress field, is put forward in this paper. The POD algorithm produces a set of orthogonal bases through the extraction of the field variables, combining with the Galerkin finite element method to create a reduced order numerical model. The reduced order model is then calculated with a global optimization algorithm to inversely find the solution for the actual in situ stress field. In order to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the method, two examples are presented to simulate the inverse calculation of the in situ stress field. They showed that the computation time of the POD method could reach 1/10 of the ordinary computation time. Also, the results showed good accuracy with a minimum computational expense, which can provide a reference for inverse calculation of large-scale in situ stress field.

A combustion model for multi-component fuels based on relative reactivity and molecular structure

A reliable multi-component surrogate fuel model needs to be able to represent both physical properties and chemical kinetics of a real fuel. However, enhancing the fidelity of a model with detailed description of physical and chemical behavior of all fuel components found in real fuels is limited by the prohibitive computational load to calculate the combustion chemistry of the fuel. Hence, it is desirable to achieve computational efficiency by reducing the number of chemical surrogates at the minimum expense of prediction accuracy. The objective of this work is to develop a model that can simulate the oxidation of multi-component fuels by representing the ignition characteristics of physical surrogate components with fewer chemical surrogates and achieve both computational efficiency and prediction accuracy. The main advantage of the model, called the Reactivity-Adjustment (ReAd) combustion model, is to accurately predict the reactivity of the physical surrogate components that the reaction mechanisms of which are not included in the reaction kinetics model employed in the simulation. The reactivity variation of local mixtures with different compositions is modeled by adjusting the reaction rate constants of selected control-reactions in the reaction mechanism of the representative chemical surrogates. An initial version of the model has been developed employing a single chemical surrogate to represent the combustion of diesel fuel which is modeled as multiple surrogate components to capture the physical properties of the real fuel. The model was extended to consider two more chemical surrogate components to represent the ignition characteristics of other chemical families than n-alkanes. This enabled to avoid the excessive adjustment of reaction rate constants that were necessary when a single chemical surrogate is used to represent the oxidation kinetics of entire multi-component fuels. The model was extensively tested for simulating oxidation processes of many fuels with a variety of fuel reactivity and in various combustion regimes. The results demonstrated that excellent accuracy of the ignition/combustion prediction was achieved while ensuring computational efficiency.

Mechanical Concept on Design and Development of Irrigation System to Help Rural Farmers for Their Agriculture Purpose During Unavailability of External Power

Odisha is one of the states in India, where almost 70% families depend on agriculture. Odisha is a common destination for tropical cyclones that generally initiate in the Bay of Bengal. These cyclones destroy the total agriculture system and electricity infrastructure of Odisha every year. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of any state. Economy can be boosted by the adoption of modern technology and advanced irrigation methods. Continuous irrigation is only possible by using pumps which is operated by diesel, petrol, kerosene or electric power connected with tube well. For such type of arrangement farmers generally depend on electricity, petrol or diesel. But due to continuous electric failure for number of days as a result of frequent cyclones, farmers suffer a lot. With continuous increase in the prices of petrol, diesel, kerosene or electricity, poor farmers find it difficult to bear the cost. The aim and purpose of this work is to develop an irrigation system to help farmers for irrigation purpose to obtain better yields in agriculture with minimum expenses. In the present work mechanical concepts such as Mechanical Advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio (VR), Efficiency, energy storage concepts are used. The system consists of gears, flywheel, handle, bearings and other assembly unit. This arrangement is placed on a frame which is made up of mild steel angles having dimension 40 x 40 x 5 mm. A shaft having 25 mm diameter is used with a flywheel and four numbers of bearings. Driver and driven gears having 200 and 40 number of teethes in simple gear train arrangement are taken in this work. The concept is very simple and its manufacturing process is also very easy. There will be no issue for such type of product as it is environmental friendly and the main purpose of this system is to save the environment and reduce pollution. The idea can be easily implemented because here the input materials are easily available. So by using this system there is no need of any electric supply for irrigation purpose. The work presented here is innovative in nature and has not been developed by any other researchers in the past. By using this system even weak and physically disabled persons can lift water for the purpose of agriculture without any difficulty.