Minimum Energy Loss Research Articles

Impact of OLTC equipped transformer operation on PV installation in urban distribution network

Presented paper addresses the problem of proper large-scale integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in urban area distribution network (DN). A methodology for minimization of annual energy losses in DN by optimal placement of PV systems, which simultaneously considers rooftop PV potential and time dependent network operation, is presented. Optimal reactive power generation of PV systems and optimal setting of on-load tap changer (OLTC) equipped transformer in secondary substation are determined as well. Furthermore, proposed methodology enables evaluation of the impact of OLTC equipped transformer on the share of PV installation that urban DN can accommodate. Proposed methodology is based on the optimization tool called differential evolution, with the objective function set to minimize network’s annual energy losses, while preventing the voltage violations and thermal overloading of lines. Results of the case study performed on a real urban low voltage distribution network, with consideration of different scenarios of OLTC operation are presented. The results indicate that simultaneous consideration of chosen variables yields greater benefits to DN operation in terms of reduction of annual energy losses and greater PV penetration.

Spray characteristics of a self-aspirating ethanol ejector for high-efficiency combustion-based thermoelectric micropower generators

Low energy conversion efficiencies of combustion-based micropower generators due to parasitic losses continue to be a persistent challenge that limits their practical applications. This work puts forward a new strategy of liquid fuel delivery to a microcombustor with improved atomization and minimum parasitic energy losses. In the present work, a self-aspirating spray ejector is developed, providing continuous ethanol fuel delivery in the form of micron-sized droplets to a microcombustor of ∼ 1.0 kW thermal input capacity. The ejector base- setup works on the principle of generating a low-pressure zone through gas expansion, leading to the self-aspiration of ethanol fuel. The emerging annular ethanol film manifests a shear instability at the liquid–gas interface and subsequently breaks up into ligaments and fine micron-sized droplets. It was observed that the hydrostatic pressure of gas and aerodynamic Weber number (We) significantly affect the ethanol ejection rate, Sauter mean diameter (SMD), droplet distribution, and entrainment ratio of the spray ejector. The spray characteristics, such as mean droplet velocity and spray angle, are mainly governed by a single parameter, i.e., aerodynamic Weber number (We). The maximum power consumption for the spray ejector during the steady-state operation is ∼ 0.1 % of thermal input. The present investigation suggests that the self-aspirating spray ejector generates a fine and fully developed spray with ultra-low energy input requirement and, thus, can be a potential candidate for the development of high-efficiency combustion-based thermoelectric micropower generators.

Optimal Configuration and Planning of Distributed Energy Systems Considering Renewable Energy Resources

With increasing electricity demand, conventional centralized power generation systems encounter numerous challenges, including transmission and distribution losses, limited capacity, and high operational costs. In response, distributed energy systems have emerged as a promising solution by enabling electricity generation in close proximity to consumption points. These systems leverage renewable energy sources and minimize energy losses during transmission, presenting a more sustainable and efficient alternative. By utilizing diverse energy sources such as solar thermal panels, photovoltaic systems, geothermal energy, distributed energy systems enhance overall efficiency, and reduce power losses during transmission as well as greenhouse gas emissions. This research endeavor presents a novel approach employing mixed-integer linear programming to optimize distributed energy systems. The proposed model facilitates the determination of optimal dimensions of technologies, including combined heat and power systems, boilers, electric chillers, and absorption chillers, while simultaneously minimizing total costs and greenhouse gas emissions and adhering to real-world constraints. The findings of this study are validated through a real-world numerical example, confirming the model’s efficiency in configuring and planning distributed energy systems optimally, thereby enhancing their operational performance.

Profile of Inner Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines to Minimize Energy Loss Under MA/Cm Lineal Current Density for High-Current Pulsed-Power Accelerators

Profile of Inner Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines to Minimize Energy Loss Under MA/Cm Lineal Current Density for High-Current Pulsed-Power Accelerators

Electrochemical system of nitrogen-doped TiO2, Fe-N-C, and copper hexacyanoferrate electrodes for photo-assisted energy conversion in acidic wastewater treatment.

This study explores the electrochemical behavior of nitrogen-doped TiO2 (TiO2-yNy), iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe-N-C), and copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) electrodes for energy conversion during acidic solution neutralization under visible light. The materials were characterized for particle size, morphology, and structural properties. Time and frequency domain models were applied to determine kinetic parameters and propose reaction mechanisms. Fe-N-C electrodes demonstrated catalytic activity through both direct 4-electron reduction and hydrogen peroxide formation during the oxygen reduction reaction in acidic solution. Nitrogen doping extended the absorption range of TiO2 to visible light, enabling photoelectrooxidation at low potentials and improving energy conversion efficiency. The CuHCF electrode demonstrated low charge transfer resistance associated with sodium ion insertion/deinsertion, with sufficient ionic mobility to ensure minimal energy loss. This characteristic is essential for the integration of half-reactions in full cells operating in acidic and neutral electrolytes. Under the employed experimental conditions, 62.9 kJ per mole of protons produced or consumed was captured after the first cycle. These findings emphasize the potential of these materials for enhanced, sustainable energy harvesting in acid wastewater treatment.

Quinoxaline-based Y-type acceptors for organic solar cells

This perspective summarizes the advances in quinoxaline-based acceptors for organic solar cells and suggests several potential directions for further research.

Optimization of switching charge and recoverable energy density mediated by structural transformation in Sr-substituted BaNiO3 perovskites.

Because of their distinctive characteristics, ferroelectric perovskites are considered among the most potent and auspicious candidates for energy storage and pulsed power devices. But their energy storage properties and switching capabilities need to be further enhanced which can be done by substitutions of appropriate cations. Hence, a series of lead-free Ba1-xSrxNiO3 (x = 0.00, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.00) ceramics was fabricated using a sol-gel auto combustion technique. Rietveld's refinement of X-ray diffraction plots verified the complete development of the required hexagonal perovskite structure. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed a gradual increase in average grain sizes and agglomeration with the increase in Sr-content. Moreover, the existence of all the constituent elements exactly in proportion to their stoichiometric ratios was verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The characteristic parameters of ferroelectric materials such as ferroelectric response, electrical conductivity, and switching charge density were also determined. The P-E loops indicated that with the increase in Sr-content, the coercive field, remanent polarization, and maximum polarization all decreased gradually, but the recoverable energy density (Wrec) increased as the loops became slimmer. The maximum value of Wrec was found in the Ba0.33Sr0.67NiO3 sample. Moreover, SrNiO3 exhibited minimum energy loss with the highest efficiency of ∼47.21%. The existence of a current barrier in all the samples was proved from the low leakage current values (∼10-7 A). In addition, the pure SrNiO3 showed a low electrical conductivity and minimum value of switching charge density. All these findings make SrNiO3 a promising candidate for fast switching and energy storage applications.

Modified African Buffalo for Optimal Accommodation of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) for Annual Energy Loss Minimization in Active Distribution Systems

Abstract. The paper is acquainted with a new optimization technique. Modified African Buffalo optimization (MABO), to solve optimal Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) accommodation problem formulated for annual energy loss minimization esteeming multiple distributed generations and shunt capacitors contemporaneously. To demonstrate the proposed MABO, primitively, the optimal endowment of DERs is obtained for power loss minimization of benchmark 33 – bus test active distribution system (ADN) and simulation resultants are compared with well - established optimization techniques. The optimal DER allocation is also predetermined for depreciation of annual energy loss in conjuration with node voltage deviation over three different load levels. The simulation results obtained are further compared with some of the existing optimization methods. The two-level comparability of optimization methods shows that the Modified African Buffalo method has better searching potency to determine optimal solutions for optimal DERs allocation problems of ADN.

On the Importance of the Volcano Slope and Mechanistic Pathways to Comprehend Activity and Selectivity Trends in Electrocatalysis

Electrochemical processes for energy storage or conversion require efficient electrocatalysts to enhance intrinsic activity as well as to minimize energy losses in terms of applied overpotential. Since the initial works of Nørskov and coworkers, it is believed that the understanding of correlations between materials in a homologous series contributes to the rational design of electrocatalysts [1]. In this context, volcano plots have been largely used to capture the trends of electrocatalytic processes, thereby relying on scaling relations and thermodynamic considerations at the equilibrium potential by connecting the thermodynamics to the kinetics via the Sabatier principle and Brønsted−Evans−Polanyi (BEP) relation [2].The thermodynamic theory of volcano plots identifies the limiting reaction step in the thermodynamic picture, which is reconciled with the activity descriptor U L (limiting potential) and denoted as the potential-determining step (PDS) [3]. In recent years, several works reported that the concept of the PDS is too simplistic to determine the trends of electrocatalytic processes correctly. To overcome this shortcoming, the author has introduced the notion of the free-energy span model in terms of the descriptor G max(η), which allows for a dedicated analysis of the elementary steps to comprehend activity and selectivity trends of proton-coupled electron processes at electrified solid-liquid interfaces [4,5].In my lecture, I am going to focus on the construction of volcano plots by the descriptor G max(η) for the oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, corresponding to the bottleneck in electrolyzers and fuel cells, respectively. In this context, I will highlight important factors that, hitherto, were overlooked in trend studies in thata) the volcano slope is prone to change even at the leg of the volcano whereas, so far, it was considered to be altered at the volcano apex only [6,7];b) the importance of various mechanistic pathways for volcano analyses is stressed, demonstrating that the consideration of traditional mechanisms only is insufficient for a proper description of highly active catalyst [8].The derived methodology for the construction of volcano plots by the activity measure G max(η) is of universal nature [9], and its application even goes beyond the oxygen electrocatalysis, indicating that it may also contribute to the identification of next-generation battery materials [10].

Study of Nb2O5 High-k Dielectric Material Deposited By Atomic Layer Deposition for Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitor

Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) capacitors are important components in many electronic devices, including memory devices, filters, and oscillators. The performance of these devices depends strongly on the electrical properties of the dielectric layer. The application of new high-k materials can improve the properties of modern capacitors such as leakage current and capacitance density. However, it is necessary to understand the deposition conditions of both electrode and dielectric materials in order to master the dielectric properties in future MIM capacitors.One potentially interesting high-k material is niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) with a wide band gap (3.6 eV) and high refractive index (n=2.3 @633 nm) deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using niobium (V) ethoxide as niobium precursor at 180°C and H2O as reaction agent and oxygen source. Nb2O5 films were deposited directly on a silicon (Si 100) substrate or on a 10nm of titanium nitride (deposited by ALD on Si substrate, n=1.4@633 nm). The Nb2O5 films were deposited with a good film thickness uniformity on the 6-inches of the wafers with a thickness ranging from 20 to 60 nm on each sample. The deposition was done under a suitable ALD temperature of 200-300 °C. In order to investigate the film growth, structure, morphology and optical properties, the samples were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The as-deposited films were then annealed in a furnace at temperature ranging from 500 to 650°C under N2 atmosphere.Subsequently, a MIM structure (Al/Nb2O5/TiN) was produced by adding a second aluminum layer deposited at 250°C on a Nb2O5/TiN/Si stack by the sputtering method. The surface of the second electrodes was aimed to have 0.1-1.0 mm2 to confirm the surface dependency of the capacitance value. The electrical properties of Nb2O5 dielectric layer such as dielectric constant, breakdown voltage and leakage current at possible user voltage were measured on this last structure. The low leakage current density is desirable for MIM capacitors as it helps to minimize energy loss and increase the energy storage capabilities of the capacitors. The obtained J-E curve was compared to some electrical conduction mechanisms to identify its electrical conduction behaviors. The barrier height of the F-N tunneling mechanism was determined by fitting the experimental data to the F-N equation. These measurements indicate that the electrical properties of the Nb2O5 material produced by ALD with specific settings are promising for the application in capacitors. These results provide new insight into our understanding of the application of Nb2O5 realized by ALD for the MIM capacitor.

Breaking Barriers to a Sustainable Future: Enhancing CO2 Reduction through Advanced Voltage Diagnosis

Electrochemical conversion of CO2 is a promising technology that uses renewable electricity to produce valuable chemicals with lower emissions than traditional methods. However, to make this technology commercially viable, it is crucial to run CO2RR at current densities higher than 200 mA/cm2, as determined by techno-economic analysis. This enables the amortization of electrolyzer capital costs over the typical operating lifetime of a potential commercial CO2RR facility. While the field has made progress in meeting this reaction rate target for many products of interest, reducing the operating voltage of CO2 electrolyzers remains a significant challenge. Addressing this challenge could pave the way for more efficient and cost-effective CO2RR technologies.The economic viability of CO2 electrolyzers heavily relies on their operating voltage, which is a crucial performance metric as it defines the energy efficiency of electrolyzers. Despite the importance of this metric, there is insufficient information on the distribution of voltage losses, especially in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzers as it is challenging to place a reference electrode in these configurations. Current research efforts focus on improving the performance of CO2 electrolyzers. Achieving industrially relevant current densities with high energy efficiency (EE) remains a challenge because full cell performance is impacted by several factors under the operating conditions. There is a need for cell diagnostics applicable to standard cell configurations that analyze each cell component (i.e., cathode, anode, and membrane) running under relevant conditions. In this study we aim to optimize the performance of the MEA systems and reduce operational voltage to enhance energy efficiency, which can address the high full-cell voltages of conventional CO2 electrolyzers and make them commercially viable and sustainable.In this study, we developed an analytical cell to measure voltage losses in a zero-gap MEA electrolyzer. This cell design incorporates reference electrodes on each side of the membrane, enabling it to measure both cathodic and anodic overpotentials. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was also conducted to analyze the ohmic overpotential across the electrolyte. In the next step, the diagnostic platform was utilized to assess the performance of major CO2/COR approaches, including conventional Neutral CO2R in MEA and emerging high single pass aproaches COR, Acidic CO2R cell and CO2 Reactive capture system cell. In our analysis, we evaluated each system and identified the specific overpotentials associated with each cell component in each system. The voltage distribution plot highlights the key energy losses in each cell, indicating excess voltages required for each component. It reveals that CO2R in acidic media incurs significant voltage losses, primarily at the cathode/membrane interface. This finding emphasizes the need for optimization of this interface to reduce the overall energy loss and improve CO2RR efficiency. Additionally, we found that further optimization of the cathode and anode is essential to reduce the full cell voltage in CO2 reactive capture approach. Our analysis also demonstrates that COR approach is a very promising approach as it exhibits the lowest cathode and anode overpotentials.In conclusion, our study highlights the significance of minimizing energy losses in CO2RR for enhanced efficiency and feasibility. The voltage distribution plot can serve as a useful tool for identifying and addressing critical energy losses in each cell component. Figure 1

Extensive design and aerodynamic performance investigation of diffuser augmented wind turbine (DAWT) guided by generalized actuator disc theory

Shrouding a turbine boosts power, lowers cut-in speed, but raises installation costs, and limits adaptability to wind shifts. A compact, wide-angle DAWT with competitive capacity is crucial for practical installations. Small turbines, often in fluctuating wind sites, necessitate thorough off-design performance analysis. A relatively short, wide-angle GOE431 diffuser is optimized by an efficient response surface method. Inverse blade element method, combined with actuator disc DAWT CFD considering wake swirl, shapes 90 cm-diameter rotor blade with minimal iterations. Implications of Generalized Actuator Disc Theory on DAWT design and performance are addressed with three-dimensional CFD for the first time. This approach unveiled substantial room for improving DAWT efficiency and uncovered key factors causing deviations from ideal performance. Tip leakage and diffuser losses constituted 9.5% of overall energy losses, with wake rotation, blade efficiency, and blade drag at 9.2%. Tip-hub losses, finite blade number, rotor-diffuser interaction, suboptimal rotor, and turbulence contributed to 12.1% in three-bladed DAWT, reaching CP,max = 0.746, with tip losses about one-third of bare turbine. Six-bladed DAWT raised CP by 93%, from 0.417 to 0.805, achieving 75% of ideal DAWT. Finite blade number led to reduced attack angles, higher tip losses, and limited flow expansion, contributing significantly to energy losses. As blade number and design tip-speed-ratio increased, blade Reynolds number decreased, suggesting an optimal combination to minimize energy losses. At off-design, a strong connection existed between thrust coefficient, diffuser efficiency, and Cp increase in wide-angle diffuser DAWTs. Maintaining CT near CT,opt (0.786) at high tip-speed-ratio led to significant Cp rise.

Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle While Moving with dual input Sources

This project presents a novel localization method for electric vehicles (EVs) charging through wireless power transmission (WPT) and solar based charging. With the proposed technique, the wireless charging system can self-determine the most efficient coil to transmit power at the EV’s position based on the proximity sensors activated by its wheels. To ensure optimal charging, our approach involves measurement of the transfer efficiency of individual transmission coil to determine the most efficient one to be used. This not only improves the charging performance, but also minimizes energy losses by autonomously activating only the coils with the highest transfer efficiencies. The results show that with the proposed system it is possible to detect the coil with maximum transmitting efficiency without the use of actual power transmission and comparison of the measured efficiency. This project also proves that with the proposed charger set-up, the position of the receiver coil can be detected almost instantly and get charge while moving in the road. This indeed saves energy and boosts the charging time. Here we also introduce the solar panel in the top of the EV which indeed saves energy and boosts the charging time in day time. The vehicle battery voltage and current data can be monitoring continuously and updated in online.

Optimal operation mode of wind turbines in distribution grid to minimize energy loss considering power generation probability

Optimal operation mode of wind turbines in distribution grid to minimize energy loss considering power generation probability

Analysis of Reactive Power in Electrical Networks Supplying Nonlinear Fast-Varying Loads

This study concerns problems related to the assessment of reactive power in power networks with nonlinear fast-varying loads, such as electric arc furnaces, rolling mill drives, etc. The operation of this type of load is characterized by the introduction of interharmonic currents (including higher harmonics) into the power supply network and a relatively low power factor. Rapid changes in the RMS value of the current also cause voltage fluctuations and the related phenomenon of light-flickering. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the power selection of compensating devices, taking into account the random nature of load changes and the distortion of current and voltage waveforms, in particular, interharmonic components, the impact of which has not been fully investigated so far. To analyze the random nature of load changes, autocorrelation functions were used, which allowed for the estimation of the expected values of the arc furnace current distortion coefficient (based on the recorded waveforms). In order to determine the parameters of reactive power compensating devices, and in particular capacitor banks, an autocorrelation function in the exponential-cosine-sine form was used, which meets the conditions of differentiation. This study contains comparative results of the reactive power of capacitor banks determined using different methods. The criterion for selecting capacitor bank parameters was the minimization of energy losses in the power supply network. The calculations presented in this study show that by taking into account higher harmonics and interharmonics in the voltage and currents of fast-varying loads, the installed power of the capacitor bank can be reduced by approximately 7%, and energy losses in the power grid can be reduced by 3–5%.

Interconnecting industrial multi-microgrids using bidirectional hybrid energy links

Sharing and exchange energy among nearby industrial microgrids are crucial, especially with high energy requirements for their production targets and costly energy storage systems that may be oversized for their operations. Facilitating energy exchange can provide an economic advantage for industrial production by utilizing cheaper energy sources and reducing production costs. This manuscript presents an efficient approach for transferring large energy packets with minimal energy losses using high-voltage direct current (HVDC) energy transmission. The manuscript methodology focuses on implementing an industrial multi-microgrid using a modular multilevel converter. This converter utilizes two power link channels: a three-phase AC and an HVDC link, creating a hybrid energy transmission between microgrids. When a substantial amount of energy to transfer, the HVDC method enhances overall efficiency by reducing copper losses and mitigating issues associated with the AC link, such as harmonics and skin effects. The modular multilevel converter topology offers high flexibility and the use of fewer converters. Additionally, the HVDC link eliminates distance restrictions for energy transfer between industrial microgrids. A case study illustrates the functionality of this topology, demonstrating optimized power transfer and decreased energy losses. This methodology allows industrial microgrids to enhance energy efficiency and productivity while minimizing operational costs.

Distributed Generation Allocation in Distribution Network for Energy Losses Reduction

Abstract This paper presents a method for distributed generation (DG) allocation in medium voltage (MV) distribution system based on energy loss minimization. The main objective of the research is to design, implement and test a DG allocation (siting and sizing) method and to investigate how optimal DG allocation influence the operational parameters of the system from the Distribution System Operator (DSO) perspective. The problem is formulated as a single objective optimization problem solved by using both genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization techniques. Model of a realistic Electric Power Distribution System (EPDS) and IEEE 37-bus EPDS are used as test systems. The results confirm that proposed algorithms can be used for practical DG allocation. The research presented contributes to the field as it provides a DG allocation method for energy loss reduction performed on a EPDS which can be applied in realistic planning and regulatory situations using open-source software.

A Hybrid Technique for Optimal Placement of Fast‐Charging Stations of Electric Vehicles for the Reliability of Distribution Network

Proper planning for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, as well as the necessary network development, is critical for the continued growth of EVs and conventional loads. This article proposes a hybrid method for the allocation of fast‐charging stations (FCSs) and photovoltaic (PV) with battery energy storage (BES) and scheduling. The proposed hybrid technique is the wrapper of golden jackal optimization (GJO) and random forest algorithms (RFA), commonly named the GJO–RFA technique. Using the GJO approach, the allocation and EV assignment problems are resolved. RFA is used to address EV, traffic flow, and PV‐related uncertainties. The objective of the proposed approach is to minimize the loss of energy, investments, index of voltage deviation, and operation and maintenance costs of FCS, PV, and BES. The associated important factors are also assessed, including the number of charging ports, FCS capacity, and EV flow caught using a FCS. As a test example, a 33‐node radial distribution network with the appropriate traffic network is used. For the final problem, the proposed approach to minimal energy loss is 2622.7270 kWh. By then, the performance of the proposed approach is executed in MATLAB, and it is contrasted with other existing techniques. The result shows that the proposed method‐related energy loss is less than existing approaches.

An aldehyde-group-containing energetic ZIF with unprecedented “negative” catalytic properties for seven different energetic materials

Energetic materials possessing high energy content, exceptional heat resistance, and insensitivity have long been recognized as a significant and prominent subject of academic debate. In this study, the necessity for high-energy explosives in both military and civilian domains prompted the introduction of the concept of an “energetic negative-burning rate catalyst” in heat-resistant and insensitive energetic materials. Therefore, a typical and effective catalyst (ZIF-90) was discovered. ZIF-90, which can be easily synthesized and features a large specific surface area and regular pore structure, contributes to molecular-scale changes in the pyrolysis process of energetic materials. Additionally, the presence of surface aldehyde groups facilitates the partial absorption of heat, thereby collectively contributing to the augmentation of pyrolysis peak temperatures for seven distinct energetic materials (RDX, HMX, CL-20, LLM-105, LLM-126, AlH3, and DAP-4). Specifically, the pyrolysis peak temperatures were elevated by 6.6 ​°C, 1.7 ​°C, 1.6 ​°C, 6.4 ​°C, 1.4 ​°C, 13.1 ​°C, and 7.0 ​°C, respectively. Moreover, the highly stable ZIF-90, functioning as an intrinsically insensitive Energetic Metal-Organic Framework (EMOF), not only effectively mitigates the sensitivity of energetic materials but also ensures minimal energy loss. Notably, the incorporation of a mere 5 ​wt% of ZIF-90 resulted in a significant enhancement of over one-fold in the heat resistance of LLM-105-based explosive cylinders, thereby validating the practical applicability of ZIF-90 in energetic materials. Moreover, the efficacy of ZIF-90 in solid propellant formulations was corroborated through flame experiments conducted on solid propellants. The development of such a pragmatic and universally applicable energetic negative-burning rate catalyst presents a promising strategy for the future advancement of high-performance, heat-resistant, and insensitive energetic materials.

To Enhance the Efficiency of PV Solar Panel by Integrating Materials such as Copper or Aluminium behind Solar Panel

Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels play a pivotal role in the global transition to sustainable and clean energy sources. To maximize the potential of solar energy generation, it is imperative to enhance the efficiency of these panels. This study focuses on the integration of materials such as copper and aluminum behind the solar panel, aiming to boost its overall performance. The research presents a novel approach to improving the efficiency of PV solar panels by introducing copper and aluminum backsheets. The incorporation of these metallic materials offers several advantages, including enhanced heat dissipation, reduced electrical losses, and increased mechanical strength. Copper and aluminum's exceptional thermal conductivity helps dissipate excess heat more efficiently, reducing the risk of hotspots and improving overall panel reliability. Additionally, the lower electrical resistivity of these materials minimizes energy losses during the transmission of generated electricity.