Miniaturization Capabilities Research Articles

Design of a CPW-based SSPP band-pass filter with reflectionless notch

Abstract This work proposes a band-pass filter (BPF) with a reflectionless notch based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs), utilizing interdigital coupling structures and novel transmission line unit cells. This filter efficiently transmits signals within the 0.67 GHz −4.06 GHz frequency range. By analyzing the equivalent LC circuit of the novel transmission line unit cell, its dispersion relation is derived using microwave network theory, with a cutoff frequency of 4.11 GHz. By comparing its dispersion relation with that of the conventional transmission line unit cell, the miniaturization capability of the proposed unit cell can be verified. In the BPF, loading a zigzag groove onto the central transmission line can be equivalently represented as an interdigital coupling structure, generating a stopband in the low-frequency range near 0 GHz. By deriving and analyzing its S-parameters, it is shown that the bandwidth of the low-frequency stopband can be flexibly adjusted by modifying the geometric dimensions of the zigzag groove. Additionally, loading another set of interdigital coupling structures onto the transmission line generates a notch at its resonant frequency of 3.4 GHz. It is noteworthy that in this configuration, the interdigital coupling structures along with the central transmission line can be represented equivalently as a set of CPW antennas. At the resonant frequency, the atructure radiates signals into free space, forming a reflectionless notch. Based on the simulations, a physical filter was fabricated and tested, showing excellent agreement between simulations and measurements.

Integrated mid-infrared sensing and ultrashort lasers based on wafer-level Td-WTe2 Weyl semimetal

There is an urgent need for infrared (IR) detection systems with high-level miniaturization and room-temperature operation capability. The rising star of two-dimensional (2D) semimetals with extraordinary optoelectronic properties can fulfill these criteria. However, the formidable challenges with regard to large-scale patterning and substrate-selective requirements limit material deposition options for device fabrication. Here, we report a convenient and straightforward eutectic-tellurization transformation method for the wafer-level synthesis of 2D type-II Weyl semimetal WTe2. The non-cryogenic WTe2/Si Schottky junction device displays an ultrawide detection range covering 10.6 μm with a high detectivity of ∼109 Jones in the mid-infrared (MIR) region and a short response time of 1.3 μs. The detection performance has surpassed most reported IR sensors. On top of that, on-chip device arrays based on Schottky junction display an outstanding MIR imaging capability without cryogenic cooling, and 2D WTe2 Weyl semimetal can serve as a saturable absorber for stable Q-switched and mode-locked laser operation applications. Our work offers a viable route for wafer-scale vdW preparation of 2D semimetals, showcasing their intriguing potential in on-chip integrated MIR detection systems and ultrafast laser photonics.

Ultracompact all-fiber self-transceiving ultrasonic probe with an enhanced working distance.

All-optical ultrasonic probes exhibit notable benefits in ultrasonic detection and imaging. Typically, two separate optical fibers are used for excitation and detection, yet limited research has explored the integration of both functionalities within a single fiber. In this Letter, to our knowledge, a new method for fabricating an all-fiber self-transceiving ultrasonic probe is proposed with a lateral dimension of less than 500 µm. Double cladding fiber (DCF) is spliced with a short segment of thin-diameter single-mode fiber (TDSMF), which is then embedded into a fiber bubble to form a Fabry-Perot cavity, and the bubble surface is coated with a composite material layer. The pulsed laser propagates through the inner cladding of DCF and leaks from the splicing point of DCF-TDSMF, inducing the material excitation for efficient ultrasound generation. The core-guided detection laser is directed to the TDSMF end, entering the bubble microcavity and inducing an optical interference for weak echo detection. The emitting functionality produces an ultrasound with a -6 dB bandwidth of 17.5 MHz and a peak frequency of 6.29 MHz, which is well-matched with the fiber microcavity's response frequency of 3.29 MHz. Through self-transceiving experiments, low-noise pulse-echo signals are captured at varying working distances of up to 3.78 cm. The proposed probe exhibits great potential in biomedical and industrial fields due to its all-fiber miniaturization and enhanced-distance detection capability.

Photoacoustic Imaging Sensors Based on Integrated Photonics: Challenges and Trends

AbstractUltrasound and photoacoustic imaging are important imaging modalities with significant applications in clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. However, current capacitive and piezoelectric ultrasound detectors face challenges related to sensitivity and bandwidth, particularly at higher frequencies. These challenges can hinder their ability to achieve high spatial resolution and deep penetration for imaging purposes. Optical ultrasound sensors offer high sensitivity and show great potential for developing ultrasound/photoacoustic imaging systems. Among all methods of optical ultrasound detection, integrated photonics, with its superior advantages in miniaturization, sensitivity, and integration capability with electronics, could be next‐generation photoacoustic/ultrasound imaging technology. This review explores the device structure designs and applications of ultrasound/photoacoustic sensing based on integrated photonics, analyzes their performance metrics as ultrasound detectors, and discusses some perspectives on future developments and trends in this field.

Feature engineering and machine learning for electrochemical detection of rabies virus in graphene-based biosensors

Electrochemical biosensors are small analytical devices that convert a biological response into a processable signal with high sensitivity, ease of operation, cost-effectiveness, and miniaturization capability. The current study proposes enhancing the reliability of the electrochemical detection of enveloped viruses, such as the rabies virus using feature engineering and machine learning. Portable detection was achieved using a graphene-based microfluidic sensor and the current was recorded from electrochemical experiments using a portable potentiostat. After data mining and feature engineering, a dataset obtained from staircase cyclic voltammetry was used in different machine learning models. The features from the voltammogram were extracted following theoretic aspects to build a dataset with uncovering patterns and valuable information. Correlation-based and recursive feature elimination algorithms were used for feature engineering. Our analysis showed that the best F-measure score a model trained was obtained through a support vector machine with 0.9830 for the diagnostic tasks following the proposed feature engineering pipeline. On the other hand, the preprocessing pipeline which is commonly used in many studies obtained a score of 0.9394 using a decision tree model. In addition, the proposed method generates features with higher interpretability and lower model complexity than conventional feature reduction methods such as PCA. Our study shows the potential of machine learning models in the field of electrochemical biosensor development with a focus on feature engineering based on electroanalytical analysis, which can be extended to develop new tools for disease diagnosis in the future.

Promises and technological prospects of two-dimensional Rashba materials

The Rashba spin–orbit coupling effect, primarily arising from structural-inversion asymmetry in periodic crystals, has garnered considerable attention due to its tunability and potential applications in spintronics. Its capability to manipulate electron spin without an external magnetic field opens new avenues for spintronic device design, particularly in semiconductor technology. Within this framework, 2D Rashba materials hold special interest due to their inherent characteristics, which facilitate miniaturization and engineering capabilities. In this Perspective article, we provide an overview of recent advancements in the research of 2D Rashba materials, aiming to offer a comprehensive understanding of the diverse manifestations and multifaceted implications of the Rashba effect in material science. Rather than merely presenting a list of materials, our approach involves synthesizing various viewpoints, assessing current trends, and addressing challenges within the field. Our objective is to bridge the gap between fundamental research and practical applications by correlating each material with the necessary advancements required to translate theoretical concepts into tangible technologies. Furthermore, we highlight promising avenues for future research and development, drawing from insights gleaned from the current state of the field.

Highly sensitive and label-free detection of naproxen using mixed metal oxide-based field effect transistor as a biosensor for in-vitro analysis of urine

Naproxen (Nap) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely prescribed for treating fever, inflammation, and pain due to its easy absorption. Considering the side effects of long-term use of Nap and the risk of environmental pollution as a precursor, it is necessary to measure its concentration. ISFET-based sensors are very attractive tools for monitoring small amounts of analytes in biological samples. On the other hand, stabilizing nanocomposites with Nap oxidation capability provides an electrochemical signal for quantification. In this study, ISFET was used for comparative analysis of Nap concentration employing CeO2/CuO/MnO, CeO2/CuO/NiO multi-metal oxides, and La-doped CoFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as sensing layers for the first time. The detection limits of the mentioned layers were 14.08 μM, 11.15 μM, and 19.11 μM, respectively, and the method was used to detect Nap in urine with a linear range of 0–400 μM. Compared to other methods, the proposed ISFET-based sensor for Nap detection has the capability of miniaturization, low sample amount, real-time measurement, low electrical power requirement, reusability, and high stability.

Magnetic metal-organic frameworks as sensitive aptasensors for coronavirus spike protein

Electrochemical biosensors, known for their low cost, sensitivity, selectivity, and miniaturization capabilities, are ideal for point-of-care devices. The magnetic metal-organic framework (MMOF), synthesized using the in-situ growth method, consists of ferric salt, magnetic nanoparticles, histidine, and benzene tetracarboxylic acid. MMOF was sequentially modified with aptamer-biotin and streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, serving as a detector for spike protein and a transducer converting electrochemical signals using H2O2-hydroquinone on a screen-printed electrode. MMOF facilitates easy washing and homogeneous deposition on the working electrode with a magnet, enhancing sensitivity and reducing noise. The physical and electrochemical properties of the modified MMOFs were thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques. The aptasensors' performance achieved a detection limit of 6 pM for voltammetry and 5.12 pM for impedance spectroscopy in human serum samples. This cost-effective, portable MMOF platform is suitable for rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.

Rapid Near-Patient Impedimetric Sensing Platform for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis.

With the global escalation of concerns surrounding prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, reliance on the serologic prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test remains the primary approach. However, the imperative for early PCa diagnosis necessitates more effective, accurate, and rapid diagnostic point-of-care (POC) devices to enhance the result reliability and minimize disease-related complications. Among POC approaches, electrochemical biosensors, known for their amenability and miniaturization capabilities, have emerged as promising candidates. In this study, we developed an impedimetric sensing platform to detect urinary zinc (UZn) in both artificial and clinical urine samples. Our approach lies in integrating label-free impedimetric sensing and the introduction of porosity through surface modification techniques. Leveraging a cellulose acetate/reduced graphene oxide composite, our sensor's recognition layer is engineered to exhibit enhanced porosity, critical for improving the sensitivity, capture, and interaction with UZn. The sensitivity is further amplified by incorporating zincon as an external dopant, establishing highly effective recognition sites. Our sensor demonstrates a limit of detection of 7.33 ng/mL in the 0.1-1000 ng/mL dynamic range, which aligns with the reference benchmark samples from clinical biochemistry. Our sensor results are comparable with the results of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) where a notable correlation of 0.991 is achieved. To validate our sensor in a real-life scenario, tests were performed on human urine samples from patients being investigated for prostate cancer. Testing clinical urine samples using our sensing platform and ICP-MS produced highly comparable results. A linear correlation with R2 = 0.964 with no significant difference between two groups (p-value = 0.936) was found, thus confirming the reliability of our sensing platform.

Reactive Aerosol Jet Printing of 2D and 3D Ag Patterns

Printed electronics is a rapidly growing field that involves the use of printing technologies to create electronic devices such as sensors, displays, and solar cells 1. Unlike traditional electronics, which rely on rigid and bulky components, printed electronics can be obtained on flexible and lightweight substrates such as plastic and paper, allowing the development of novel applications such as wearable electronics, smart packaging, and medical sensors. Printing technologies uniquely feature miniaturization and patterning capability at low-cost and high-throughput production. Among them, screen-printing, inkjet printing (IJP) and aerosol jet printing (AJP) are the most employed to fabricate conductive metallic patterns of Ag, Au, Cu and other metal nanoparticles (NPs). These printing techniques typically requires concentrated ink of metal NPs. However, specially in the case of IJP and AJP the synthesis of very small NPs (d < 100 nm) as well as proper ink formulation and long-time stability are major limitations to printing conductive metallic patterns 2.In this work, we propose an innovative method to produce 2D and 3D patterns and structures of Ag NPs by reactive Aerosol Jet Printing (r-AJP) on different substrates, using a custom-built aerosol jet printer. Ag NPs were in-situ reduced coupling two aerosol streams carrying the Ag precursor and a reducing agent, respectively. The process is fast, scalable and cheap. The electrical properties, in terms of both linear and areal electrical conductivity, of the r-AJP silver structures metallization patterns were investigated. Furthermore, the effect of both process parameters and precursor solution physical properties on printed Ag structure and morphology was assessed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to define the optimized condition for high definition 2d and 3D patterns by r-AJP. Bibliography P. Martins et al., Advanced Functional Materials, 33, 2213744 (2023).Y. Sui and C. A. Zorman, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 037571 (2020).

Strong In-Plane Optoelectronic Anisotropy and Polarization Sensitivity in Low-Symmetry 2D Violet Phosphorus.

Anisotropic optoelectronics based on low-symmetry two-dimensional (2D) materials hold immense potential for enabling multidimensional visual perception with improved miniaturization and integration capabilities, which has attracted extensive interest in optical communication, high-gain photoswitching circuits, and polarization imaging fields. However, the reported in-plane anisotropic photocurrent and polarized dichroic ratios are limited, hindering the achievement of high-performance anisotropic optoelectronics. In this study, we introduce novel low-symmetry violet phosphorus (VP) with a unique tubular cross-linked structure into this realm, and the corresponding anisotropic optical and optoelectronic properties are investigated both experimentally and theoretically for the first time. Remarkably, our prepared VP-based van der Waals phototransistor exhibits significant optoelectronic anisotropies with a giant in-plane anisotropic photocurrent ratio exceeding 10 and a comparable polarized dichroic ratio of 2.16, which is superior to those of most reported 2D counterparts. Our findings establish VP as an exceptional candidate for anisotropic optoelectronics, paving the way for future multifunctional applications.

SR-Unet: A Super-Resolution Algorithm for Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers Based on the Deep Neural Network.

The mass spectrometer is an important tool for modern chemical analysis and detection. Especially, the emergence of miniature mass spectrometers has provided new tools for field analysis and detection. The resolution of a mass spectrometer reflects the ability of the instrument to discriminate between adjacent mass-to-charge ratio ions, and the higher the resolution, the better the discrimination of complex mixtures. Quadrupole ion traps are generally considered as a low-resolution mass spectrometry method, but they have gained wide attention and development in recent years because of their suitability for miniaturization and high qualitative capability. For an ion trap mass spectrometer, the mass sensitivity and resolution can be mutually constrained and need to be balanced by setting an appropriate scanning speed. In this study, a super-resolution U-net algorithm (SR-Unet) is proposed for ion trap mass spectrometry, which can estimate the possible ions from the overlapping ion peaks of low-resolution spectra and improve the equivalent resolution while ensuring sufficient sensitivity and analysis speed of the instrument. By determining the mass spectra of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ XL) in Turbo and Normal scan modes, the same unit mass resolution as that at a scan speed of 16,667 Da/s was successfully obtained at 125,000 Da/s. Also, the experiments demonstrated that the algorithm is capable of the mass-to-charge ratio and instrument migration. SR-Unet can be migrated and applied to a miniature mass spectrometer for cruise detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the identification of VOC species in Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) was improved from 31 to 50 species with the same monitoring and analysis speed requirement. Further, super-unit mass resolution peptide detection was achieved on a miniature mass spectrometer with the help of the SR-Unet algorithm, which reduced the full width at half-maxima (FWHM) of bradykinin divalent ions (m/z 531) from 0.35 to 0.15 Da at a scan speed of 375 Da/s and improved the equivalent resolution to 3540. The proposed method provides a new idea to enhance the field mixture detection capability of miniature ion trap mass spectrometers.

Characterization of a 3D Printed Endovascular Magnetic Catheter

Minimally invasive endovascular procedures rely heavily on catheter devices. However, traditional catheters lack active steering requiring considerable skill on the surgeon’s part to accurately position the tip. While catheter tips could be made steerable using tendon-driven and Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM) approaches, remote magnetic actuation is uniquely suited for this task due to its safety, controllability, and intrinsic miniaturization capabilities. Soft composite magnetic materials feature embedding distributed magnetic microparticles compared with attaching discrete permanent magnets proving beneficial in steerability and control. This work demonstrates the fabrication of a soft hollow magnetic tip that can be attached to a catheter to make the assembly steerable. The catheter tip is extensively characterized in terms of bending hysteresis, bending force, and dynamic response. The catheter showed average hysteresis between 5% and 10% and bending forces up to 0.8 N. It also showed a good dynamic response by changing its bending angle in &lt;200 ms under a step response.

Mechanically Driven Solidly Mounted Resonator‐Based Nanoelectromechanical Systems Magnetoelectric Antennas

The miniaturization of antennas has been a significant challenge in the field of electronics and telecommunications. In recent years, mechanically driven thin‐film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) magnetoelectric (ME) antennas have emerged as a promising solution, demonstrating superior miniaturization capabilities compared to conventional state‐of‐the‐art compact antennas. While nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) FBAR ME antennas exhibit high miniaturization potential, their suspended thin‐film heterostructures render them fragile and exhibit low power handling capabilities. The findings demonstrate that solidly mounted resonator (SMR) NEMS ME antennas on a Bragg acoustic resonant reflector offer a compelling solution. With a circular resonating disk of 200 μm diameter operating at 1.75 GHz, these SMR‐based antennas display a high antenna gain of −18.8 dBi and a 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 30.4 dBm. Compared to same‐size FBAR ME antennas with a free‐standing membrane, SMR‐based antennas exhibit significantly higher structural stability and 23.3 dB stronger power handling capability, in addition to easier fabrication processes. The compatibility of the simple fabrication processes with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology, along with the dramatic miniaturization, high power handling, robust mechanical properties, and much higher antenna radiation gain, make these SMR‐based ME antennas a promising candidate for future antenna systems.

Recent advances of cellular stimulation with triboelectric nanogenerators.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are new energy collection devices that have the characteristics of high efficiency, low cost, miniaturization capability, and convenient manufacture. TENGs mainly utilize the triboelectric effect to obtain mechanical energy from organisms or the environment, and this mechanical energy is then converted into and output as electrical energy. Bioelectricity is a phenomenon that widely exists in various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, as well as adjacent cells' communication and coordination. Therefore, based on these features, TENGs can be applied in organisms to collect energy and output electrical stimulation to act on cells, changing their activities and thereby playing a role in regulating cellular function and interfering with cellular fate, which can further develop into new methods of health care and disease intervention. In this review, we first introduce the working principle of TENGs and their working modes, and then summarize the current research status of cellular function regulation and fate determination stimulated by TENGs, and also analyze their application prospects for changing various processes of cell activity. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of TENGs in the fields of life science and biomedical engineering, and propose a variety of possibilities for their potential development direction.

Three-Terminal VO2 -Based Device with Internal Read-Write Switching

Memristive devices based on correlated Mott materials have great potential for memory applications, and specifically neuromorphic computations, due to their simple structure, miniaturization capabilities, power efficiency, and operation speeds. For these reasons, many efforts are made to design improved synaptic devices based on Mott materials. This work demonstrates a nonvolatile memristive three-terminal transistor based on the correlated oxide ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$, which has a (Mott) metal-insulator transition near room temperature. An ultrathin ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ layer is incorporated in a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect geometry using alumina as the gate dielectric. A field effect is demonstrated to modify the channel's resistance in a nonvolatile and reversible fashion. However, only when the gate voltage is applied at the metallic state of the ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}$ does the resistance of the insulating state change. Thus, the metallic and insulating states, reached via heating and cooling, act as a write-read switch. Field-induced oxygen motion is the probable mechanism, and a model based on oxygen motion at the ${\mathrm{VO}}_{2}/{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ interface reproduces the observed results well. This study provides a proof of principle for the development of high-performance electronic synaptic transistors utilizing Mott materials, where the fully solid-state composition simplifies fabrication and enables integration with silicon-based architectures for future applications.

Novel low‐profile stacked edge grounded rectangular dielectric resonator antenna with compact size for UWB applications

AbstractIn this paper, a low‐profile stacked dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is proposed for ultra‐wideband applications. To improve the performance of the proposed antenna, techniques such as stacking of two dielectric materials, air gap slots, edge grounding technique, and the partial ground plane is employed. The measured impedance BW of the proposed antenna is 106% at the center frequency of 7.7 GHz (3.65–11.8 GHz). The analysis of field lines shows that the fundamental TEx111 mode is preserved at the first resonant frequency of 4.4 GHz. The maximum gain achieved over the operating frequency range is 6.38 dBi. The design is compact in its nature with a miniaturization capability of 66% of its volume. The proposed design is structurally simple, has a low weight, and has a high radiation efficiency of more than 90% in the operational range.

Dynamic analysis of refrigerated truck integrated with combined cooling and power cycle under various driving conditions

Waste heat recovery via combined cooling and power cycle (CCP-WHR) has become a promising energy-saving solution for refrigerated trucks owing to its capability for miniaturization, high efficiency, and multi-load supply. To ensure safety, stability, and efficiency under transient driving conditions, CCP-WHR needs to be adapted and coordinated with the complex and extreme fluctuations in energy conversion and transmission of the engine, which are difficult to explore in existing steady-state research. In this study, we establish a dynamic vehicle model for a refrigerated truck with CCP-WHR that can accurately track the driving cycle and adjust the operating mode. The dynamic characteristics, including vehicular operational performance (engine speed, torque, and waste heat parameters) and CCP-WHR output benefits (net work and cooling capacity), are analyzed with driving and load-carrying conditions as critical operating parameters. The comprehensive energy-saving performance of the entire vehicle is evaluated based on the proposed indicators. A refrigerated truck equipped with CCP-WHR demonstrated high adaptability to highway, suburban, and synthetic road conditions. Apart from achieving a 10.0 kW cooling capacity without requiring additional fuel consumption, CCP-WHR achieved a fuel saving of 2.8 L/100 km (6.4 %), additional power generation of 9.1 kW (5.5 %), fuel economy improvement of 8.9 g/kWh (6.3 %), and carbon emission reduction of 73.9 g/km (−6.4 %) under highway and full-load conditions. The dynamic study of the entire vehicle with CCP-WHR has guiding significance for control strategies and engineering prototypes.

Robust Ferrimagnetism and Switchable Magnetic Anisotropy in High‐Entropy Ferrite Film

AbstractFerrimagnetic insulator materials are the enabling technology for the development of next‐generation magnetic devices with low power consumption, high operation speed, and high miniaturization capability. To achieve a high‐density memory device, a combined realization of robust saturation magnetization (Ms), controllable magnetic anisotropy, and high resistivity (ρ) are highly demanded. Despite significant efforts that have been made recently, simultaneously achieving significant enhancements in these properties in a soft magnetic insulator material still remains a great challenge, severely limiting their practical application. Herein, a high‐entropy strategy in an ultra‐thin spinel ferrite (CrMnFeCoNi)3O4 film is reported that exhibits concurrently a superior saturation magnetization (MS = 1198 emu cm−3), low coercivity (HC = 90 Oe), and excellent resistivity (ρ = 1233 Ω cm), as well as switchable magnetic anisotropy. The comprehensive lattice probing and microstructure analysis studies reveal that such desirable ferromagnetic properties originate from the high‐quality structurally ordered but compositionally disordered single‐crystal epitaxial structure. The switchable magnetic anisotropy demonstrated in the high‐entropy ferrite film can be attributed to the new antiferromagnetic rock‐salt phase. This work unveils the critical benefits of the high‐entropy strategy for magnetic oxide thin films, which opens up new opportunities for the development of high‐performance magnetic materials.

Data‐Driven Navigation of Ferromagnetic Soft Continuum Robots Based on Machine Learning

Ferromagnetic soft continuum robots (FSCRs) have great potential in biomedical applications due to their miniaturization and remote control capabilities. However, to direct the FSCR accurately and effectively, it is critical to realize inverse kinematics control in navigation, which is difficult for existing mechanical models. Herein, with the path segmentation strategy, an automatic method to navigate the FSCR in different paths based on machine learning is developed. A data‐driven artificial neural network (ANN) model to guide the steering of the magnetically responsive tip is presented. Using parametric simulations as the training data, the ANN model shows good generalization performance to predict control parameters. Moreover, the basic framework of the learning model remains effective when the FSCR materials change, which shows high scalability and is important for adapting to various environments. The study presents a promising strategy for guiding FSCRs in the narrow and tortuous vasculature, which is essential for many biomedical operations.