Highly sensitive and label-free detection of naproxen using mixed metal oxide-based field effect transistor as a biosensor for in-vitro analysis of urine

Abstract

Naproxen (Nap) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely prescribed for treating fever, inflammation, and pain due to its easy absorption. Considering the side effects of long-term use of Nap and the risk of environmental pollution as a precursor, it is necessary to measure its concentration. ISFET-based sensors are very attractive tools for monitoring small amounts of analytes in biological samples. On the other hand, stabilizing nanocomposites with Nap oxidation capability provides an electrochemical signal for quantification. In this study, ISFET was used for comparative analysis of Nap concentration employing CeO2/CuO/MnO, CeO2/CuO/NiO multi-metal oxides, and La-doped CoFe layered double hydroxide (LDH) as sensing layers for the first time. The detection limits of the mentioned layers were 14.08 μM, 11.15 μM, and 19.11 μM, respectively, and the method was used to detect Nap in urine with a linear range of 0–400 μM. Compared to other methods, the proposed ISFET-based sensor for Nap detection has the capability of miniaturization, low sample amount, real-time measurement, low electrical power requirement, reusability, and high stability.