Disorders Of Mineral Metabolism Research Articles

EVALUATION OF SOME MINERALS AND VITAMINS IN CORD BLOOD FROM RURAL AND URBAN POPULATION OF UDAIPUR REGION

Objective: Vitamins and minerals collectively referred to as micronutrients have important influence on the health of pregnant women and the growing fetus. Pregnancy is related to increase demand of all nutrients and deficiency any of these can affect pregnancy, delivery, and outcome of pregnancy. Disorders in mineral element nutrition and metabolism can lead to wide variety of malformations. Data on mineral values in newborn are very less in contrast to adult. The present study was planned to analyze some of minerals in the umbilical cord blood of rural and urban population and compare them gender wise.
 Methods: Our study group consisted of 640 healthy term newborn. The cord blood was collected immediately after a normal delivery. The blood was tested to determine calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Iron (Fe), Vitamins D3, and Vitamin B12.
 Results: The results showed that the levels of Ca, Mg, P and Fe, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin B12 were higher in urban population than rural ones. All were statistically significant. The levels of Mg, P, Fe, and Vitamin B12 were lower in female urban neonates as compared to male urban neonates. All were significant when compared sex wise. The trend was same with increased levels of Mg, P, Fe, and Vitamin B12 in females of rural population than cord blood of male rural neonates.
 Conclusions: The result showed that rural and urban population also female and male neonates have genetic variation and difference in mineral metabolism.

Effect of Eight Weeks of Aerobic Interval Training on the Serum Concentrations of Alkaline Phosphatase, Osteocalcin and Parathyroid Hormone in Middle-aged Men

Background: Osteoporosis is the most common disorder of bone and mineral metabolism. This disease is associated with decreased bone density and loss of bone microstructure, leading to increased fragility and risk of bone fractures. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic interval training on the serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone in middle-aged men. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study of 24 men, who were divided into two groups of control (n = 12) and aerobic interval training (n = 12). Training performed during eight weeks, three times a week, each session for 45 to 60 minutes. Blood samples were analyzed for the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and parathyroid hormone before and after completion of the training program. Paired samples t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were run to analyze the data (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Weight and body mass index decreased significantly, and the maximum oxygen consumption at the end of the training program increased significantly in the experimental group. Eight weeks of aerobic exercise led to a significant increase in the amounts of calcium (P = 0.001), phosphorus (P = 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.001), osteocalcin (P = 0.001), and parathyroid hormone (P = 0.001) in the experimental group. Conclusions: It can be stated that eight weeks of aerobic interval training may be effective in preventing osteoporosis by reducing body composition indices and increasing calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and serum parathyroid hormone in inactive men.

Hypercalciuria and associated mineral metabolism disorders in osteopenic/osteoporotic patients: effects of treatment with thiazide diuretics

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЗРЕЛОСТИ У ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА ОМСКА С УЧеТОМ СТОМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СТАТУСА

Subject. The child's development process takes place in stages. At the age of 4 to 6 years, children have the first growth spurt, as a result of which the trunk and limbs increase in length. This manifests itself in the appearance of the ability to perform the Philippine Test. The beginning of the change of teeth, the order and rate of teething are important indicators of biological maturation and harmonious development of the child's body. The lack of a standardized integrated approach among specialists of various profiles in determining the correspondence of the chronological age to the biological age of each examined child dictates the need to develop and apply in practice a universal test, taking into account the dental status of the patient living in a certain geographical region.
 Background. The aim is to comprehensively assess the parameters of biological maturity of preschool children (5 and 6 years old) in the city of Omsk, taking into account the dental status.
 Methodology. The study involved 5 and 6-year-old children attending the Omsk pre-school, 55 of them boys and 46 girls-a total of 101 children.
 The children were divided according to odontological characteristics into three groups. The first group ― children whose number of available teeth corresponds to the terms of eruption according to Kolesov A. A. (1985); the second group ― children who have advanced terms of teething; the third group ― children whose terms of eruption lag behind the above terms.
 Results. An interdisciplinary approach is needed, aimed at the timely diagnosis of mineral metabolism disorders in children and the appointment of an adequate set of preventive and therapeutic measures.
 Findings. The established dissonance of the studied parameters of the biological maturity of the child dictates the need for a comprehensive approach to the planned medical examination of preschool children in order to determine the biological maturity of the child, taking into account the dental status of the growing organism.

Diagnostic Values of Intraoperative (1-84) Parathyroid Hormone Levels are Superior to Intact Parathyroid Hormone for Successful Parathyroidectomy in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

ObjectivePersistent secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) may occur because of residual cervicothoracic parathyroids in parathyroidectomy (PTX) patients with chronic kidney disease. We prospectively compared the predictive values of intraoperative plasma (1-84) parathyroid hormone (PTH) and intact PTH (iPTH) levels to improve the safety and efficacy of PTX. MethodsWe included 100 healthy controls, 162 stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients without SHPT, and 214 patients who underwent PTX because of SHPT. Plasma iPTH and (1-84) PTH levels were measured before incision (io-iPTH0 and io-[1-84]PTH0, respectively) and 10 minutes (io-iPTH10 and io-[1-84]PTH10, respectively) and 20 minutes (io-iPTH20 and io-[1-84]PTH20, respectively) after removing all parathyroids. The percentage reduction of iPTH and (1-84) PTH at 10 minutes (io-iPTH10% and io-[1-84]PTH10%, respectively) and 20 minutes (io-iPTH20%, and io-[1-84]PTH20%, respectively) was calculated. iPTH and (1-84) PTH were measured using second- and third-generation PTH assays, respectively. ResultsCompared with the controls and non-PTX patients, the PTX group had more obvious mineral metabolism disorders. There were 187 successful PTXs, 19 patients with persistent SHPT, and 8 patients lost to follow-up. The receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that io-(1-84)PTH10% >86.6% and io-(1-84)PTH20% >87.5% suggested successful PTX. The sensitivity of io-iPTH20% and io-(1-84)PTH20% were higher than those at the timepoint of 10 minutes. Moreover, the specificity and sensitivity of the (1-84) PTH reduction percentage were superior to that of iPTH. ConclusionIntraoperative reduction percentages of plasma (1-84) PTH levels are superior to iPTH for accurately predicting successful PTX, especially at 20 minutes after all cervicothoracic parathyroids had been resected.

Clinical and experimental studies of the effect of chronic fluoride intoxication on the hormonal status of the body and morphological changes in the thyroid gland

Introduction. The systemic violation of the body's homeostasis under the conditions of the negative impact of production factors scientists determine by the mismatch of neurohumoral mechanisms of regulation of metabolic processes. There are endocrinopathies. They occur with disorganization of the metabolism and violation of the thyroid gland's functional activity with disorganization of the metabolism, infringement of the thyroid gland's available action. The study aimed to learn the nature of endocrine dysfunction, histological changes of the thyroid gland associated with the dynamics of chronic fluoride intoxication of the body. Materials and methods. We analyzed the state of bone tissue and assessed the degree of articular syndrome during the large-scale structural reconstruction of the skeleton in aluminum production workers. The scientists examined the workers using double photon densitometry. The researchers studied the metabolic parameters based on a range of biochemical and instrumental methods. The experiment involved sexually mature male white laboratory rats with a bodyweight of up to 300 grams. We analyzed hormonal status disorders with an assessment of the degree of morphological changes in the thyroid gland. Results. The researchers analyzed the severity of disorders of individual endocrine mechanisms of homeostasis regulation and thyroid morph structure in hyperfluorosis. We treat fluorosis as a polyfunctional pathology. A high proportion of endocrinopathies is a clinical syndrome. It increases the pathological course of chronic fluoride intoxication in workers. We confirm the study with experimental data on metabolic disorders with a persistent toxic effect. We revealed hyperfunction of the thyroid gland against the background of a decrease in glucocorticoid activity, stable electrolyte, and mineral shifts. The researchers conducted an experiment on the late stages of fluoride intoxication. Conclusions. Clinical studies of individuals with chronic fluoride intoxication and concomitant endocrinopathy revealed a significant increase in the number of workers with abdominal obesity, musculoskeletal disorders, mineral metabolism disorders. Also, with deforming osteoarthritis of the joints, osteoalgia against the background of thyroid insufficiency. Experimental data confirm this. The fluorine accumulation in the body causes multidirectional disorders of the hormonal mechanisms of regulation of metabolic processes, alternation of hypo- and hyperfunction changes in the thyroid gland associated with fluoride duration intoxication.

Paricalcitol in management of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder

Mineral and bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism due to CKD manifested by either one or a combination of the following: abnormalities of calcium, phosphorus, PTH, or vitamin D metabolism (secondary hyperparathyroidism); abnormalities in bone turnover, mineralization, volume, linear growth, or strength; or vascular or other soft tissue calcification. Decreasing 1,25(OH)2D (calcitriol) and rising parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels occur on early stages of CKD. Secondary hyperparathyroidism contributes to the high morbidity and mortality noted in this population. Long-term decompensation of secondary hyperparathyroidism in patients with impaired renal function leads to irreversible changes in multiple organ systems, resistance to conservative treatment and the requirement for surgical intervention. Suppress of renal CYP27B1 and the calcitriol deficiency play a major role in the development of mineral and bone disorders in CKD, thus VDR activators are widely used for management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. These medications are effective in suppression of PTH and demonstrate the positive effects on bone metabolism. There is evidence of pleiotropic effects of VDR activators that are crucial for the prevention of renal fibrosis and extraskeletal calcification. This review focuses on the involvement of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of mineral and bone disorders and the role of paricalcitol in their correction. The efficacy of paricalcitol in patients with various stages of CKD has been evaluated in a large number of observational and randomized clinical trials, the comparative effectiveness of paricalcitol therapy has been summarized in several metanalyses.

Potential Combination of Bittern Water with Vitamin B Complex for Mineral Deficiency Therapy in Cattle: A Literature Study

Bittern water is a byproduct of the crystallization process from the manufacture of salt which have high concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium and other trace minerals Bittern water is known to treat osteoporosis, postprandial hyperlipidemia, oral infections and increase salivary secretion. The mineral content in bittern water is not only beneficial for humans but also for animal health. Cows are one of the animals that are prone to various health problems such as mineral balance and metabolism disorders in the body, especially during pregnancy and after giving birth. In addition to minerals, vitamin B complex is often used to improve the health quality of cows. However, until now, the use of bittern water and the combination with vitamin B complex for animal treatment is still very rare. The formulation of multivitamin-mineral preparations is quite complex to do so that there are several things that need to be considered in order to obtain a good and quality formula. This review article was created to gather information regarding the benefits of the mineral content contained in bittern water and vitamin B complex as a treatment to treat various health problems for cattle, as well as what important factors should be considered in multivitamin-mineral preparations. Based on literature search, it was found that the combination of bittern water and vitamin B complex has the potential to overcome health problems in cows, where the main minerals in bittern water are proven to improve magnesium status in the blood, increase calcium intake and reduce the incidence of milk fever, increase milk production and components, and improve immune status. While vitamin B complex is widely used as a supplement to increase metabolism, energy status in cows balances rumen pH, maintains microbiota balance in riumen and helps increase milk production. The combination of bittern water and vitamin B complex can synergistically improve mineral status, energy, and immune response, as well as improve disease symptoms. There are also important factors that must be considered in multivitamin-mineral dosage formulations for animals, namely bioavailability, stability, and dosage form.

Correction of Mineral Metabolism Disorders in Young Camels

This article examines the effectiveness of the treatment of rickets in young camels bred in the Republic of Kalmykia with tricalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate with granuvite E. To determine the biogeochemical features of the Justinsky and Yashkulsky districts of the Republic of Kalmykia, we carried out an analysis of diets for nutritional value and balance, and a study of the soil, water, feed, and macronutrient content of camels’ blood. The article presents data from the clinical examination, and the clinical, hematological and biochemical blood tests carried out before, during and after therapy. To enrich the body of experimental camels with missing macrocells (calcium, phosphorus) and vitamins (tocopherol), an experiment was carried out using tricalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate with granuvite E. From an economic point of view, it is more appropriate to use tricalcium phosphate (17.82 rubles) than tricalcium phosphate with granuvite E (15.54 rubles). However, as confirmed by laboratory studies (hematological and biochemical parameters), from a therapeutic point of view, the use of tricalcium phosphate for one month does not completely restore calcium-phosphorus imbalance, unlike when tricalcium phosphate is used with granuvite E. The use of tricalcium phosphate and granuvite E for therapeutic purposes once a month for young camels of 120 g and 2 g, respectively, has high therapeutic efficacy in treating osteodystrophy and normalizes the calcium-phosphorus ratio.
 Keywords: young camels, therapy, mineral metabolism, tricalcium phosphate

Bone Mineral Disease After Kidney Transplantation.

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) after kidney transplantation is a mix of pre-existing disorders and new alterations. The final consequences are reflected fundamentally as abnormal mineral metabolism (hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia) and bone alterations [high or low bone turnover disease (as fibrous osteitis or adynamic bone disease), an eventual compromise of bone mineralization, decrease bone mineral density and bone fractures]. The major cause of post-transplantation hypercalcemia is the persistence of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, and treatment options include calcimimetics or parathyroidectomy. On turn, hypophosphatemia is caused by both the persistence of high blood levels of PTH and/or high blood levels of FGF23, with its correction being very difficult to achieve. The most frequent bone morphology alteration is low bone turnover disease, while high-turnover osteopathy decreases in frequency after transplantation. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of these abnormalities have not been fully clarified, the available evidence suggests that there are a number of factors that play a very important role, such as immunosuppressive treatment, persistently high levels of PTH, vitamin D deficiency and hypophosphatemia. Fracture risk is four-fold higher in transplanted patients compared to general population. The most relevant risk factors for fracture in the kidney transplant population are diabetes mellitus, female sex, advanced age (especially > 65years), dialysis vintage, high PTH levels and low phosphate levels, osteoporosis, pre-transplant stress fracture and high doses or prolonged steroids therapy. Treatment alternatives for CKD-MBD after transplantation include minimization of corticosteroids, use of calcium and vitamin D supplements, antiresorptives (bisphosphonates or Denosumab) and osteoformers (synthetic parathyroid hormone). As both mineral metabolism and bone disorders lead to increased morbidity and mortality, the presence of these changes after transplantation has to be prevented (if possible), minimized, diagnosed, and treated as soon as possible.

РОЛЬ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ТЕЧЕНИИ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ

Trace elements take part in the implementation of the most important metabolic processes of the body. Violation of trace element homeostasis during pregnancy leads to the formation of various pathologies. Deficiency of zinc, manganese, selenium and cobalt, high or low copper content in the blood of a pregnant woman increases the risk of developing preeclampsia, anemia and miscarriages. А low boron content is observed with gestational diabetes mellitus and chronic arterial hypertension in pregnant women. Cobalt deficiency is associated with an increased risk of premature birth, the development of iron deficiency anemia, and arterial hypertension during gestation. A sufficient amount of molybdenum is necessary for the onset of pregnancy, its lack leads to a change in carbohydrate metabolism, the formation of xanthine stones, the occurrence of nausea, anemia and caries in pregnant women. Nickel deficiency leads to the development of iron deficiency anemia and impairment of reproductive function, and its excess can contribute to the formation of gestational diabetes mellitus. The addition of trivalent chromium to the diet of women with polycystic ovary syndrome increases the likelihood of pregnancy, and an excess of its hexavalent form positively correlates with the risk of developing preeclampsia and premature rupture of membranes. The increased consumption of Ni, Cr6+ and F has an adverse effect on the health of the pregnant woman. To fully understand the role of trace elements in ensuring maternal health and the proper development of the fetus, further studies of their concentrations and control values in amniotic fluid, maternal serum and umbilical cord blood during pregnancy are needed to determine the optimal level of supplementation and to quickly diagnose maternal and embryonic mineral metabolic disorders.

Оцінка кальцій-фосфорного обміну та рівня вітаміну D у пацієнтів з хронічним панкреатитом та хронічним обструктивним захворюванням легень

Our attention was drawn to the comorbidity of chronic pancreatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, namely the features of clinical and pathogenetic links. The article examines metabolism of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with this comorbidity and considering exocrine insufficiency. The results of our own research in this direction are presented. The purpose of the study was to determine the nature of the exocrine pancreatic insufficiency effect on the metabolism of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Material and methods. The study included 30 patients with exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis and 50 patients with a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis in the acute stage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease aged 47-55 years (average age – 52.36±1.83 years). All patients had chronic pancreatitis for more than 10 years. Inclusion criteria was the presence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and changes of vitamin D in patients’ metabolism. Patients were hospitalized in the gastroenterology department of the Regional Clinical Hospital, Chernivtsi, Ukraine in connection with exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was in stable or unstable remission. Respondents were informed about the study and gave their consent. The control group consisted of 20 healthy individuals. Results and discussion. We revealed a complication of the clinical course in patients with chronic pancreatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the background of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. One of the manifestations was a violation of the metabolism of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Correlation analysis revealed a positive relationship between levels of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and serum vitamin D concentration (p <0.05, r = 0.71). There was a strong inverse correlation between the levels of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D (p <0.05, r = - 0.87), and the content of calcium in the serum (p <0.05, r = - 0.74). Conclusion. Comorbidity of chronic pancreatitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease causes severe disorders of mineral metabolism and metabolism of vitamin D

Familial Hyperparathyroidism.

Regulation of the serum calcium level in humans is achieved by the endocrine action of parathyroid glands working in concert with vitamin D and a set of critical target cells and tissues including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, the renal tubules, and the small intestine. The parathyroid glands, small highly vascularized endocrine organs located behind the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) into the systemic circulation as is needed to keep the serum free calcium concentration within a tight physiologic range. Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), a disorder of mineral metabolism usually associated with abnormally elevated serum calcium, results from the uncontrolled release of PTH from one or several abnormal parathyroid glands. Although in the vast majority of cases HPT is a sporadic disease, it can also present as a manifestation of a familial syndrome. Many benign and malignant sporadic parathyroid neoplasms are caused by loss-of-function mutations in tumor suppressor genes that were initially identified by the study of genomic DNA from patients who developed HPT as a manifestation of an inherited syndrome. Somatic and inherited mutations in certain proto-oncogenes can also result in the development of parathyroid tumors. The clinical and genetic investigation of familial HPT in kindreds found to lack germline variants in the already known HPT-predisposition genes represents a promising future direction for the discovery of novel genes relevant to parathyroid tumor development.

The role of therapeutic exercises in blood pressure correction, vascular wall stiffness and disorders of bone and mineral metabolism in postmenopausal hypertensive patients

To study the role of therapeutic exercises (TE) in the correction of blood pressure, stiffness of the vascular wall and disorders of bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal hypertensive patients. The study included 78 patients (mean age was 53.32±7.61 years). All patients are divided into 3 groups. The first control group is 20 women without arterial hypertension and menopause. The second group consisted of 27 patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and post-menopause who were not undergone the TE complex and the 3rd group - 31 women with AH and post-menopause who were undergone TE complex. Patients of all groups were examined in dynamics: at the starting point of the study and 12 months later, out-patient monitoring of blood pressure; sphygmography; densitometry and test for blood serum biochemistry parameters, including sex hormones, vitamin D. In the course of the study, blood pressure, vascular wall stiffness and disorder of bone mineral density were revealed significantly higher in the group 3 with significantly reduced levels of sex hormones. Multidirectional correlation relationships between the studied parameters are revealed. Treatment combined with therapeutic exercises led to permanent improvement tendency in studied parameters like blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, metabolic disorders and T-criterion. The result of the study indicates that the exercise therapy complex used in the form of regular classes, according to the scheme proposed by the exercise therapy doctor, can be recommended for implementation in clinical practice with the aim of comprehensively affecting the patient's body and developing personalized treatment tactics for postmenopausal women with hypertension.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В КРОВИ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА ПРИАЛИМЕНТАРНОЙ АНЕМИИ, ГИПОКУПРОЗЕ И В ПРОБАХ ПОЧВ ТУВЭ АЙМАКА МОНГОЛИИ И КЯХТИНСКОГО РАЙОНА РЕСПУБЛИКИ БУРЯТИЯ

This paper discusses the results of laboratory tests of biochemical indices of blood serum (copper, iron, protein, albumin, urea, glucose, and alkaline reserve) of cattle of Mongolian and Kalmyk breeds with alimentary anemia and hypocuprosis; the paper also discusses the findings of the comparative study of trace element composition (copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, strontium, iron, and man-ganese) of the soils of the Töv Aimag of Mongolia and the Kyakhtinsky District of the Republic of Buryatia. The disor-ders of mineral metabolism in animals of Mongolian and Kalmyk breeds with clinical signs of alimentary anemia and hypocuprosis was accompanied by the signs of hypocu-premia and hyposideremia, i.e., insufficient content of cop-per and iron in the blood. When studying the causes of trace element deficiency in cattle, the natural geographic features of the deficiency concern areas were considered. It has been found that the endemic foci are common in light-chestnut soils and thin chestnut soils around lakes and stock watering sites in Mongolia and the Kyakhtinsky District of the Republic of Buryatia. As compared to medi-um-thick chestnut soil, light chestnut soil of the Töv Aimag of Mongolia is poor in copper by 21.9%; cobalt -by 32.4%; strontium -by 11.7%; iron –by 19.7%; manganese -by 9.9%; richer in zinc by 32.9%; molybdenum -by 7.7%. The content level differences in the medium-thick chestnut soil as compared to light chestnut soil of the Kyakhtinsky Dis-trict of the Republic of Buryatia are as following: copper -more by 25.0%; cobalt -by 40.3%; nickel -by 11.8%; mo-lybdenum -by 38.7%; strontium -by 16.3%; iron -by 53.8%.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure Attending a Tertiary Health Care Hospital- A Cross-sectional Study in Saurashtra Region of Gujarat, India

Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a known and early complication of Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) patients. Renal hyperparathyroidism leads to a host of bone and cardiovascular problems that ultimately can cause fractures, decreased quality of life, and an increased risk of death. Aim: To determine the hospital-prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in CRF patient and establish the correlation between Serum Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) level, Serum calcium and Serum phosphorus level. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted on 50 patients with CRF at Government Hospital of Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Detailed medical history and blood investigations were done as a tool for data collection. The study variables were described by using statistical parameters like proportion, mean and standard deviation. Correlation coefficient was used for analysing relationship between Serum PTH, calcium and phosphorus. Results: Mean age of the patients was 42.57 (SD 15.19) years with almost equal representation of both genders. Hypertension was the most common aetiological morbidity (62%) among the study participants followed by diabetes (20%). The hospital prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism was 86% in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Serum PTH negatively correlated with serum calcium and positively correlated with serum phosphorus with correlation coefficient value of -0.32 and 0.15, respectively. Conclusion: Parathyroid abnormalities and disorders of mineral metabolism are common among patients with CKD. Parathyroid abnormalities detected early may prevent future long term extra-renal complications.

Diagnosis of vascular calcification related to mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease.

Diagnosis of vascular calcification related to mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease.

Нарушение минерального обмена у высокопродуктивных коров в условиях интенсивного производства

This article presents the results of studies on the violation of mineral metabolism in highly productive cows in conditions of intensive milk production. The diet of highly productive cows has an excess of raw and digestible protein, crude fat, Na, Cl, Ca, P, Mg, K, Fe, Cu and a pronounced deficiency of crude fiber, starch, sugar, carotene and zinc. The carbohydrate-protein ratio was 0,64 (norm 1,0–1,2), the Ca : P ratio was 1,39 (norm 1,4–1,5). The imbalance of the diet in protein and carbohydrates caused the development of osteodystrophy in cows with excessive content of Ca and P in the diet and their almost normal ratio. The pathogenesis of mineral metabolism disorders is associated with the accumulation of ketone bodies in the body of animals caused by protein over-feeding. Ketone bodies affect the hormonal system that regulates mineral metabolism.

MODERN CONCEPTS OF TREATING HYPERESTHESIS OF HARD TOOTH TISSUES (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

Hyperesthesia (from the Greek hyper - increase and aisthesis - sensation) means any increase in pain sensitivity of the tooth tissues to external irritants of temperature, chemical and tactile nature. The number of the patients with hypersensitivity of the hard dental tissues has increased sharply in recent years and according to various authors’ findings it is from 60% to 90%. A wide range of prevalence fluctuations is observed in different age groups. The age of people with certain symptoms of teeth hypersensitivity is 25-50 years while the highest frequency is among the people aged 30-40 years. Starting from an earlier age women suffer more often than men. The generalized form of hyperesthesia is usually associated with such general causes as the functional state of the nervous system, endocrine diseases, disorders of mineral metabolism in the body. The localized forms of hyperesthesia are caused mainly by the defects in the hard tissues of individual teeth or periodontium. Rapid and effective treatment of hyperesthesia of the hard dental tissues is an important and urgent problem of modern practical dentistry. Therefore, a great amount of the techniques for the treatment of this pathology is constantly increasing. Now one of the most common methods is the local impact on the hard dental tissues.
 The aim of the study is to analyze the specialized medical literature that is concerned with modern methods and techniques for the treatment of hypersensitivity of the hard dental tissues.
 Materials and methods of the research. The review of the literature sources on modern concepts of the treatment of hyperesthesia of the hard dental tissues has been made and the information has been analyzed.
 Results. The problem of hypersensitivity of the tooth tissues has led to the invention of a whole class of the drugs aimed at its elimination. These medications have different chemical nature, the mechanism of the action on the tissues and even the indications for their use, but the purpose of all these medical preparations is common as they are aimed at reducing hypersensitivity of the tooth tissues.
 A wide range of the techniques is proposed to eliminate the problem of tooth sensitivity. One of the most common methods of the treatment is a local effect on the hard dental tissues which is aimed directly at the relief of the hydrodynamic mechanism. According to this theory, the stimulus which causes pain increases the flow of the fluid in the dentinal tubules that leads to the changes in osmotic pressure and increased activity of the nerve endings in its turn. Therefore, taking into account the mechanism of the action of desensitizing toothpastes they are divided into those ones that reduce the excitability of the nerve fiber and those ones that contribute to the obstruction of the dentinal tubules.
 Nowadays there have been also accumulated a sufficient number of clinical and experimental observations indicating that one of the main causes of dentin hypersensitivity is any disturbance of phosphorus-calcium metabolism of the hard dental tissues. A number of authors have shown that people with the generalized form of hyperesthesia has pronounced hypophosphatemia which is combined with the decrease in the content of inorganic phosphorus and calcium in the oral fluid. In this regard, the drugs of calcium (gluconate, chloride, glycerophosphate) and fluoride (sodium fluoride) are widespread in the treatment of dentin hyperesthesia and they are used by application and rubbing into sensitive areas, electro- and phonophoresis, in the form of varnishes and gels, as well as in toothpastes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms of dentinal pain have not been fully studied and its symptoms are nonspecific and subjective. Therefore, there is no ideal composition for the treatment of sensitive dentin. In addition, the result of the therapy occurs in many cases over a long period of time.
 Conclusion. Thus, according to modern ideas, the treatment of hypersensitivity of the hard dental tissues can be carried out in two ways: desensitization of the nerve fibers to reduce the corresponding response to irritation; obturation of the dentinal tubules to restore intra-tubular osmotic pressure. These days one hundred percent result in the treatment has not been achieved, so it is important to find and develop new techniques and methods to eliminate teeth hyperesthesia.

Peripheral Vascular Disease and Kidney Transplant Outcomes: Rethinking an Important Ongoing Complication.

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is highly prevalent in patients on the waiting list for kidney transplantation (KT) and after transplantation and is associated with impaired transplant outcomes. Multiple traditional and nontraditional risk factors, as well as uremia- and transplant-related factors, affect 2 processes that can coexist, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, leading to PVD. Some pathogenic mechanisms, such as inflammation-related endothelial dysfunction, mineral metabolism disorders, lipid alterations, or diabetic status, may contribute to the development and progression of PVD. Early detection of PVD before and after KT, better understanding of the mechanisms of vascular damage, and application of suitable therapeutic approaches could all minimize the impact of PVD on transplant outcomes. This review focuses on the following issues: (1) definition, epidemiological data, diagnosis, risk factors, and pathogenic mechanisms in KT candidates and recipients; (2) adverse clinical consequences and outcomes; and (3) classical and new therapeutic approaches.