Macro Minerals Research Articles

Fecal Excretion and Whole-Body Retention of Macro and Micro Minerals in Atlantic Salmon Fed Torula Yeast Grown on Sugar Kelp Hydrolysate.

Simple SummaryCultivation of seaweed for various purposes has gained more focus in Europe during the last decades. Our study demonstrates the potential of seaweed as a substrate for yeast production, uptake of seaweed minerals into the yeast, and the bioavailability of minerals from this yeast in Atlantic salmon. We show that several minerals, especially the microminerals that are normally supplemented to commercial salmon diets, can be provided by yeast produced on seaweed hydrolysate.Yeast is a microbial feed ingredient that can be produced from non-food biomasses. Brown seaweed contains high levels of complex carbohydrates that are not digested to any extent by monogastric animals but can be used as carbon sources for yeast production. The objective of this study was to investigate how minerals originating from brown macroalgae (Saccharina latissima) are incorporated in Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast and to assess the bioavailability of these different minerals as well as their accumulation into different organs of Atlantic salmon. The yeast C. jadinii was produced on a seaweed hydrolysate mixed with a sugar-rich wood hydrolysate in a 9:1 volume ratio and fed to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in two different experiments: a digestibility experiment with 30% dietary inclusion of yeast and a retention experiment with increasing inclusion of yeast (5, 10, and 20%). Seaweed minerals such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co) were incorporated to a high degree in the yeast. The apparent fecal excretion of minerals was similar in both experiments, in general, with low excretion of, I, bromine (Br), and arsenic (As) (ranging from 18.0% to 63.5%) and high excretion of iron (Fe), Cu, Mn, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) (ranging from 56.9% to <100%), despite the different fish size and fecal sampling method. High levels of Cu, I, Br, and Co in the yeast resulted in a linear decrease (p < 0.05) in retention of these minerals in salmon fed increasing levels of yeast. Despite increasing amounts of these minerals in the feed, whole-body levels of Cu and Mn remained stable, whereas whole-body levels of Co, somewhat unexpectedly, decreased with increased dietary yeast inclusion. The Cd from the yeast had low bioavailability but was concentrated more in the kidney (0.038 mg kg−1) and liver (0.025 mg kg−1) than in muscle (0.0009 mg kg−1). The given Cd level in fish strengthens the indication that it is safe to feed salmon with up to 20% inclusion of seaweed yeast without exceeding the maximum limit for Cd of 0.05 mg kg−1 w.w. in fish meat. The level and retention (p < 0.05) of As were lower in the yeast compared to fishmeal. The high level of iodine in S. latissima (3900 mg kg−1) was partly transferred to the yeast, and salmon fed increasing levels of yeast displayed a linear increase in whole-body I content (p < 0.05). There is, however, a need for a growth experiment with larger fish to draw any firm conclusions regarding food safety. Overall, this study shows that yeast grown on hydrolyzed seaweed can be a suitable mineral source for Atlantic salmon, especially when diets are low in fishmeal.

​Mineral Analysis in the Amniotic Fluid of Gaddi Sheep during Different Stages of Gestation

Background: Amniotic fluid surrounds the fetus and is considered as an important source of certain trace elements essential for fetal tissue growth and metabolism. The concentration of these trace elements in amniotic fluid changes with the progression of gestation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the concentration of some micro and macro minerals in the amniotic fluid of Gaddi sheep and their relation to fetal age and weight. Methods: Amniotic fluid was collected from fifty normal gravid uteri for mineral analysis. The foetii were weighed and their crown rump length was measured and then they were divided into four groups i.e. group I (31-60 days), group II (61-90 days), group III (91-120 days) and group IV (121-till term) on the basis of their gestational age. Result: The mean concentration of sodium and potassium showed a declining trend with the progression of gestation. The level of chloride decreased and that of phosphorus increased significantly from group III to IV. Statistical analysis revealed no significant variation in the concentration of copper among different age groups. Significant correlation was observed between the concentration of minerals and fetal age and fetal weight. Based on the changes in the concentration of minerals in the amniotic fluid, it may be possible to detect the early deviations in the metabolism and thereby appropriate farm management practices could be adopted.

한국과 중국에서 생산된 표고버섯의 다량, 미량 미네랄 및 유해 중금속 함량 비교

Lentinula edodes, an edible mushroom, is mainly produced in Korea, China, and Southeast Asia. Thus, very few studies have reported the identification of the country origin of L. edodes samples. Herein, the macro mineral, trace mineral, and hazardous heavy metal contents of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples were analyzed and their production countries were compared. The mineral contents of 13 domestic and 17 Chinese L. edodes samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The Na, Mg, K, and Ca contents in domestic L. edodes were determined to be 161.33, 746.22, 17,676.84, and 50.50 mg/kg, respectively, whereas those in Chinese L. edodes were 310.69, 318.49, 11,182.01, and 33.36 mg/kg, respectively. The Cr and Cu contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were 2.82 and 77.13 mg/kg (Cr) and 12.955 and 101.19 mg/kg (Cu), respectively. The hazardous heavy metal contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes were determined to be within the levels recommended by the Korean Food Code. Taken together, our results reveal significant differences between Na, Mg, and K contents (p&lt;0.001) and Cr content (p&lt;0.01) in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples. Thus, Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents may serve as basic data to determine the origin of domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples; further studies on the Na, Mg, K, and Cr contents in domestic and Chinese L. edodes samples are needed for identifying the country origin of this mushroom.

Effect of Dietary Brown Seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) Additive on Meat Quality and Nutrient Composition of Fattening Pigs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary brown seaweed (Macrocystis pyrifera) additive (SWA) on meat quality and nutrient composition of commercial fattening pigs. The treatments were: Regular diet with 0% inclusion of SWA (CON); Regular diet with 2% SWA (2%-SWA); Regular diet with 4% SWA (4%-SWA). After slaughtering, five carcasses from each group were selected, and longissimus lumborum (LL) samples were taken for meat quality and chemical composition analysis. Meat quality traits (except redness intensity) were not affected (p > 0.05) by treatments. Samples from the 4%-SWA treatment showed the lowest a value than those from the 2%-SWA and CON treatments (p = 0.05). Meat samples from the 4%-SWA group contained 3.37 and 3.81 mg/100 g more of muscle cholesterol than CON and 2% SWA groups, respectively (p < 0.05). The SWA treatments affected (p ≤ 0.05) the content of ash, Mn, Fe, and Cu. The LL samples from 4%-SWA had the highest content of ash; however, they showed 0.13, 0.45, and 0.23 less mg/100 g of Mn, Fe, and Zn, respectively, compared to samples from CON (p ≤ 0.05). Fatty acids composition and macro minerals content (Na, Mg, and K) did not show variation due to the SWA treatments. Further studies are needed to understand the biological effects of these components on adipogenesis, cholesterol metabolism, and mineral deposition in muscle.

Influence of macro- and micro-fertilizers on biometry, performance and qualitaty of sunflower hybrids

Sunflower is a crop requiring intensive mineral nutrition, therefore, its cultivation demands reserves of nutrients in the soil, which can be replenished by applying mineral fertilizers.&#x0D; Purpose. Our purpose was to study the effects of fertilizers on the growth, development and yield of sunflower hybrids of different ripeness groups (bred at the Institute of Oil Crops) in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.&#x0D; Material and methods. The study was conducted at Poltava State Agricultural Research Station named after N.I. Vavilov in 2019–2020&#x0D; The study object was processes of the growth and development of sunflower plants and formation of sunflower seeds depending on farming techniques.&#x0D; The study subject was sunflower hybrids Ahronomichnyi, Ahent and Serpanok. The following fertilizers were applied: 1) no fertilizers (control); 2) N32Р32К32; 3) N32Р32К32 + foliar fertilization of plants with urea (10 kg/ha) in the phase of 5–6 pairs of leaves; 4) N32Р32К32 + foliar fertilization of plants with microfertilizer Novalon Foliar (1 kg/ha) in the phase of 2–3 pairs of leaves; 5) N32P32K32 + foliar fertilization of plants with microfertilizer Novalon Foliar (1 kg/ha) in the phase of 5–6 pairs of leaves.&#x0D; Results and discussion. The results show that mineral macro- and microfertilizers contributed to more intensive growth and development of plants. Thus, the tallest plants, the largest leaves and calathidiums, and the highest 1000-seed weight were recorded hybrids Ahronomichnyi, Ahent and Serpanok with basic mineral fertilizers at a dose of N32Р32К32 + foliar fertilization with carbamide (10 kg/ha) or with microfertilizer Novalon Foliar (1 kg/ha).&#x0D; The maximum yields from hybrids Ahronomichnyi, Ahent and Serpanok were achieved with basic mineral fertilizers N32Р32К32 + foliar fertilization with microfertilizer Novalon Foliar (1 kg/ha) – 3.35 t/ha, 3.41 t/ha and 3.15 t/ha respectively. The gain to the control (no fertilizers) was 0.33 t/ha, 0.32 t/ha and 0.22 t/ha, respectively.&#x0D; Fertilization also affected the oil content in seeds. Mineral fertilizers N32Р32К32 decreased the oil content in the hybrid seeds by 1.1–1.7% compared to the ‘no fertilizers’ experiment. However, fertilization of plants during the growing period with urea or microfertilizer Novalon Foliar in combination with basic mineral fertilizers N32Р32К32 significantly increased the oil content in seeds.&#x0D; With the best yields, the highest output of oil from the hybrids was 1,406 kg/ha, 1,446 kg/ha and 1,356 kg/ha, respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions. Our results mainly confirm the results of other studies. Mineral fertilizers and microfertilizers promote more intensive growth and development of plants and increase the yields of sunflower seeds. However, there are some discrepancies in the oil content in seeds. Some researchers reported that mineral fertilization increased the oil content in seeds compared to the control (no fertilizers). We found that application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N32P32K32 caused a decrease in the oil content in seeds, and only supplementary foliar fertilization with urea or microfertilizers increased this indicator

Proximate composition, minerals, vitamins, phytochemical constituents and anti-nutrient profile of Beilschmiedia mannii seeds and Combretum racemosum leaves for soup preparation.

Several vegetables are used in food preparation to improve the aroma, taste, appearance with less attention on the nutrient and anti-nutrient content. This study investigated the proximate, vitamins, minerals and anti-nutrients profile of Beilschmiedia manni seed and Combretum racemosum leaf. Proximate composition, vitamins, mineral analysis and anti-nutrient profile were determined using standard procedures. The proximate analysis revealed that C. racemosum contained high crude protein (19.18%), crude fat (22.20%) and energy value (449.11kJ) but low carbohydrate (43.15%) compared to B. mannii with the high carbohydrate (64.25%) content. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of active phytochemicals in both samples. Thiamine, riboflavin and niacin were significantly (p < 0.05) high in B. mannii compared to C. racemosum. The level of macro minerals in B. mannii seeds and C. racemosum leaves was in the order of K > Ph > Na > Mg > Ca. Beilschmiedia mannii seeds and C. racemosum leaves respectively contained 45.00mg/100g and 163.00mg/100g oxalate, 70.00mg/100g and 113.00mg/100g phytate, 58.00mg/100g and 209.00mg/100g of tannin. This study has revealed that B. mannii seeds and C. racemosum leaves are potential sources of essential nutrients, phytochemicals and could play important role in food enrichment, formulation of dietary supplements and in disease managements.

Macro and Micro Minerals Composition of Indian Scad (Decapterus russelli) From Mollucas Waters

Minerals have a very important role for the human body, fulfillment of mineral needs in humans is obtained by consuming food. One source of animal minerals is Indian scad. Indian scad has a mineral composition that the body needs. This study aims to determine the macro and micro minerals composition of Indian scad. Samples are grouped by body weight, then prepared and tested for macro minerals (Ca, K, Mg and Na) and micro minerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn). The results of grouping the Indian scad based on the average weight obtained by 3 (three) groups, namely group A (72.8 g), B (136.1 g) and C (222.2 g). Proportion of Indian scad has a 69% flesh, 18% head and bones, 13% viscera and gills, 1% blood and water. Macro mineral measurements in each group of fish obtained results: Calcium 40.353 mg/g (A), 37.559 mg/g (B) and 71.334 mg/g (C), Potassium 69.350 mg/g (A), 55.834 mg/g (B) and 67.146 mg/g (C), Magnesium 10.701 mg/g (A), 7.985 mg/g (B) and 11.550 mg/g (C) and Sodium 29.525 mg/g (A), 28.942 mg/g (B) and 29.072 mg/g (C). Micro minerals measurement results: Copper 0.119 mg/g (A), 0.046 mg/g (B) and 0.068 mg/g (C); Iron 0.363 mg/g (A), 0.204 mg/g (B) and 0.324 mg/g (C); Manganese 0.013 mg/g (A), 0.011 mg/g (B) and 0.014 mg/g (C); Selenium 0.464 mg/g (A), 1.007 mg/g (B) and 2.847 mg/g (C); Zinc 0.262 mg/g (A), 0.227 mg/g (B) and 0.431 mg/g (C). Indian scad flesh has a macro and micro minerals composition that varies depending on the body weight of the fish.

Gathering Nutritious Edible Wild Plants Based on Societies Indigenous Knowledge from Sempolan, Jember Regency

Indonesia, as a mega biodiversity country, has various types of wild plants. Sempolan Village, part of Jember Regency, has fertile land to support the growth of a wild plant. This research investigates wild plants used as food sources by indigenous peoples in Plalangan, Sempolan Village. This study also conducts data on how wild plants were cooked, served, and enriched by nutrition notice. The method is qualitative descriptive analysis obtained from observation, interview, documentation, and literature study. So, research results found 26 species and grouped them into 19 families. In addition, the locality of these species is in yards, fields, and roadsides. The habitus identified is an herb (77%), tree (11%), shrub (8%), and liana (4%). Those foods categorize into 1) carbohydrates sources, 2) vegetables, and 3) fresh fruits. The carbohydrate sources mostly served as a side dish, compote, and flour by stewing and frying. The vegetables include 18 species served as complements of the main menu, which cooked for soup, curry, stir fry, ointment, and pothok. Fresh fruits comprise of 4 species were directly consume or make a salad. Furthermore, all food resources contain essential nutrients like vitamins, macro and micro minerals, and phytochemicals that are important for society's growth and healthy lives. Finally, Information on wild plants as a food source will increase food diversification as well as dishes.

Level of minerals in ten leafy vegetables eaten in Enugu State Nigeria

Background: Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans and other animals as food and they provide adequate amounts of many vitamins and minerals for human Objective: To determine the levels of minerals in sun-dried different vegetables sourced locally in the South- East region of Nigeria Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, leafy vegetables; Telfairia occidentalis (Ugu), Vitex doniana (Uchakiri), Pterocapus santahnoides (Uturukpa), Ceiba pentanda (Akwukwo Akpu), Colocasia antiquorum (Mpoto ede), Curcurbita pepo (Ugbogiri), Corchorus olitorus (Ahihara), Mucuna pruriens (Agbala), Amaranthus hybridus (Inine oji) and Lecaniodiscus cupaniodes (Ukpocha) sourced locally in Enugu State, South Eastern Nigeria were sun-dried and analyzed for minerals using Varian AA240 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: In this researchF, the leafy vegetables consumed in the South -East, Nigeria were found to contain minerals in concentrations not significantly different. They are good sources of magnesium (Mg), and would fairly supply calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and phosphate (PO4) which are required for the proper functioning of the body and healthy life. The leafy vegetable also contains (Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), Cobalt (Co), Selenium (Se), and Molybdenum (Mo) required for specific biochemical functions in living organisms. However, the concentration of the microminerals in the vegetables are higher than the daily recommended limits. Only Vitex donaina and Lecaniodiscus cupaniodes vegetable diets provide Cobalt while Mo deficiency may arise in Telfairia occidentalis, Amaranthus hybridus, Corchorus olitorus, Ceiba pentanda, and Colocasia antiquorum leafy diets from this study. The result indicates that any of these vegetables would provide minerals for maintaining good health and treatment of malnutrition. Conclusion: The levels of macro minerals in the vegetable studied suggest that there may be a need for supplements to meet the required amount in the body. The vegetables contain microminerals needed at trace levels that may accumulate as toxins with detrimental health effects with time. Keywords: Mineral, Leafy vegetables, Enugu State Nigeria

Shrink, weighing accuracy, and weighing precision of mineral supplement in five commercial dairies in the Western United States.

Shrink, accuracy, and precision of ingredient weighing are critical factors of efficiency in TMR-fed dairy systems. Those factors have been evaluated for major feeds; however, we are not aware of any reports for mineral supplement. Farms commonly mix mineral supplement with other low-inclusion ingredients into a premix which is used later as a single ingredient for TMR formulation. Our objectives were to evaluate shrink, weighing accuracy, and weighing precision of mineral supplement during premix formulation, and variation in concentration of minerals in mineral supplement and TMR, in five large dairies in the Western United States. We used the automated weight-tracking system at each farm to account for all the mineral supplement loaded into the mixing-wagon and collected samples of mineral supplement and TMR from time of mineral supplement delivery at the farm until 100% of it was consumed. Mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV) for each variable were calculated with SAS 9.4. Average shrink was estimated at 2.0% for mineral supplement during storage and loading, ranging from 0.37% to 3.25%. Mineral supplement weighing deviation from the targeted amount was 1.54% on average for the five dairies with a 95% CV. Mineral composition of mineral supplements averaged 11.3%, 0.27%, and 3.16% for Ca, P, and Mg, and 215, 881, and 1533 ppm for Cu, Mn, and Zn, respectively. Mineral compositions in TMR averaged 0.84%, 0.41%, and 0.37% for Ca, P, and Mg, respectively; and 15.1, 71, and 94.5 ppm for Cu, Mn, and Zn, respectively. The CV of all minerals except Ca, were larger for mineral supplement than TMR, and with the exception of P in mineral supplement, CV of trace minerals were larger than CV values for macro minerals. Our shrink estimates for mineral supplement represent an initial approximation to this issue. Results of our weighing deviation analysis suggest some room for improvement on the precision of weighing mineral supplement at the time when premix is prepared at the farm, which could improve consistency in chemical composition of the premix and consequently reduce the variation (CV values) of mineral concentrations in TMR.

Effect of feeding Tephrosia bracteolate on the bioavailability of macro minerals in goat

Sixteen West African Dwarf Goats (8 bucks and 8 does) were balanced for age, sex and weight (average of 5.79±0.60 kg), to evaluate the effect of Tephrosia bracteolata (Tb) on macro mineral utilization. To examine the effect of Tephrosia bracteolata (Tb), different levels of Tb were used (Tb20, Tb40, Tb60 and Tb80). Ca absorbed (gm) ranged from 0.64 (Tb20) to 1.57 (Tb80) and Ca retention was from 0.62 (Tb20) to 1.56 (Tb80) which was partially linear. In both absorption and retention of Ca, Tb20 and Tb80 found the lowest (P&lt;0.05) and the highest (P&lt;0.05) value respectively. Like Ca, P also followed the same trend in case of retention and absorption as well. Concerning Mg, the lowest (0.41, 0.40) and the highest (0.67, 0.65) absorbed and retained value (g/day) was observed in Tb 20 and Tb 80 respectively. Tb80 showed significantly higher Na absorption than Tb20. In case of Na retention, Tb80 showed the highest (P&lt;0.05) retention than other groups. In K absorption (g/day), increasing trends (P&lt;0.05) were observed from Tb20 (0.44) to Tb80 (1.25). In case of retention, Tb80 found the highest (P&lt;0.05) K retention than other groups. These positive balances of minerals result linearly appreciating with the increase of T. bracteolata in the diets which might be due to leguminous properties in T. bracteolata. T. bracteolata can be used as a roughage source for goats without any remarkable adverse or, side or ill effects which affect the well-being of animals feeding.&#x0D; Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2020. 49 (2): 119-127

Macromineral and heavy metal profiles of selected deep-sea fish from the Kochi coast of the Arabian Sea, India

Deep-sea fish from the Arabian Sea in the south western coast of India have been gaining attention as a new edible fish source. Mineral profile of ten selected deep-sea fish from the south west coast of India were assessed for heavy metal and macro mineral content for safety and nutritional quality assessment, respectively. Heavy metal levels were below permissible limits for most of the species studied. But in some species, the levels slightly exceeded the permissible limit of 0.3 mg/kg for Pb, a major heavy metal contaminant in fish, according to the European Union and FSSAI regulations for heavy metals in food. Interestingly, significant content of macro minerals was observed in all the species studied. In conclusion, deep-sea fish were observed to be good source of minerals and were found to be safe for human consumption; except for a couple of species which possess slightly higher Pb content, which may be because of its presence in their habitat.

Effect of total solids standardization using different methods on mineral content of yoghurt

Yoghurt is a good dietary source of macro and micro minerals. However, the mineral content of yoghurt can vary according to the technological processing used in its manufacture. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare some macro (Ca, K and Mg) and micro (As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn) mineral contents of total solids-standardized yoghurts with four different methods by following: (1) Addition of skim milk powder to milk, (2) Concentration of yoghurt milk by vacuum evaporation, (3) Concentration of yoghurt curd in a cloth bag and (4) Concentration of yoghurt curd by mechanical centrifugation. The highest content of the macro minerals was in the yoghurt produced with method 1, while the highest content of most of the micro minerals was in the yoghurt produced with method 4. The results of this study showed that the mineral content of yoghurt could be modified by the method used in the manufacture of yoghurt to standardize total solids content.

Antioxidant activity and mineral nutrient composition of Polygonum cognatum - a potential source of wild edible plant

Wild edible plants are of considerable interest to scientists, governments, and local people living in rural regions, since they are the potential source of novel nutraceuticals and may contribute to food security. Thus, they are increasingly important to understand their nutritional values. Polygonum cognatum is among the widely used wild edible plants in Turkey and worldwide. However, the available literature on the mineral contents and antioxidant properties of this plant is limited. In this study, the P. cognatum samples collected from six different areas in Erzurum, Turkey, were investigated for antioxidant activity (β-carotene Bleaching, DPPH and FRAP), total phenolic content, and presence of macro minerals (P, K, Ca Mg and Na), micro minerals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, B) and heavy metals (Ni and Pb). According to the present research results, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of P. cognatum were determined to be high, with significant differences according to sampling areas. Our results also showed that P. cognatum contained considerable amounts of magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron, manganese, zinc and low amounts of sodium, boron, nickel, and lead. Therefore, based on the current data, it could be used as a new source of nutraceutical foods and enhance the diversity in a modern functional diet

Morphological characteristics and chemical composition of Cuttlebone (Sepia sp.) at Muara Angke fishing port, Jakarta Indonesia

Processing of cuttlefish in Indonesia for export or household needs only uses the body, including the meat to the head, on the other hand, the cuttlebone is categorized as a byproduct of processing waste. Therefore, estimates of cuttlebone resulting from this process are very abundant. This study aims to examine the physicochemical of cuttlebone (Sepia sp.) and their utilization. The results showed that morphologically, the cuttlebone was composed of 40% dorsal structure and 60% lamellar structure, and the dorsal structure consisted of phragmacone and proostracum. The cuttlebone is composed of a septum and pillars. Proximate content (dry basis) and heavy metal content of cuttlebone, namely 89,61% ash content, 0,35% lipid, 4,78% protein and 5,26% carbohydrates, heavy metal content of cadmium 0,6 mg/kg while lead and negative mercury. Macro mineral content (calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus) is 40,18%, micro minerals (manganese, iron, zinc, sodium) 0,73%. The absorption of cuttlebone functional groups identified elements of CaCO3 aragonite, β chitin in lamellar and a chitin in the dorsal structure.

NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE INVASIVE PTERYGOPLICHTHYS DISJUNCTIVUS FROM EAST KOLKATA WETLAND, INDIA

Pterygoplichthys disjuctivus, native to South America (Armbruster 2001) has spread massively as an exotic fish species in many of the open water systems in India including the East Kolkata Wetland, a Ramsar site in West Bengal, India. Such exotic species compete for food and physical resources with the native species thereby affecting habitat structure and the species diversity. In spite of being caught in very high numbers, option for its utilization has not been explored. In this context, the nutritional composition of Pterygoplichthys disjuctivusin terms of gross chemical composition, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral composition was studied to explore its potential to be used as source of fish meal. Nutritional composition analysis showed that the fish is rich in proteins (16.1%), functional amino acid leucine (15.15%) and macro minerals phosphorous (2220 mg/100 g) and potassium (1780 mg/100g).This study indicates that the fish is rich in protein and minerals and could be utilized as a source of fish meal in fish feed formulations. Key words: Invasive species, Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus, East Kolkata wetland

Alterations in Quality Parameters of Mastitic Milk

Quality milk production in modern dairy systems is facing many challenges. Salient in them is mastitis which is responsible for decline in milk production, altered milk composition and compromised udder health. The malaise consists of multiple bacterial etiologies which can be broadly classified into contagious pathogens and environmental pathogens S. aureus is being isolated invariably in all epidemiological studies, followed by E. coli. Pathogenic virulence in mastitis is often accounted due to microbial ability of producing wide array of virulence factors that enhances pathogenicity and sustainment potential in the epithelial linings of udder. Mastitis affects quality parameters of milk i.e. constitutional as well as mineral profile due to local damage and inflammatory mediators. It decreases the lactose secretion because of oxidative stress generated due to the formation of free radicals in the milk. In mastitic milk, IgG2 becomes the predominant antibody which is thought to be the main opsonin supporting neutrophil phagocytosis in the bovine mammary gland. Therefore, it plays a significant role in the battle against mastitis pathogens. Mastitis infected cow shows a notable elevated level of the sodium and chlorine and demoted level of calcium, potassium and inorganic phosphorus. In micro minerals, mastitis affects are pretty much same as in most macro minerals i.e. lower down their concentration in milk secretion. Consistent preventive strategy alongside strict surveillance and biosecurity is recommended for combating this challenge.

Acidity and chemical composition of high humidity sealed grains

The article presents data on acidity indicators and chemical composition of high humidity grain in hermetic storage conditions. It is established that by increasing humidity of barley grain fodder its acidity increases with increasing pH value from 5.25 to 4.13, which is explained by increasing content of lactic and acetic acids. During storage the grain did not deteriorate, because the pH value decreases to a certain level (from 5.25 to 4.13). No butyric acid was found in the examined samples and its appearance was not observed during the whole storage period. The content of other acids (lactic acid, acetic acid), as well as their percentage ratio were in optimal quantities, which corresponds to the normative requirements for feeding farm animals. Most of the acids were lactic acid, whose share was 86-93% depending on grain moisture. As the humidity of wheat grain increases, its acidity also increases with the introduction of various additives in the amount of 3% of the mass of raw materials. The number of mineral macro- and microelements in grain slightly increases in comparison with the control variant, which is caused by their higher content in additives. The main part of mineral elements was occupied by potassium, the quantity of which was from 6,53 (variant: mixture of needles and moss, 2%) to 7,93 mg (variant: nettle, 3%). In variants with the use of the studied plant additives, there is a tendency to increase the content of raw protein from 10.72% in the control without additives to 12.72% in variants with meadow grass and 12.84% in variant with pine needles.

Nutritional Analysis and Mineral Content Determination of Emilia sonchifolia DC

Now-a-days consumption of plant-based foods, including green leafy vegetables are being considered as part of a healthy diet and importance is given on this by almost all health regulatory bodies of the developed countries. The plant, Emilia sonchifolia belongs of the family, Asteraceae. Nutritional composition of the plant and presence of some essential major elements were analyzed by using standard methods. Freshly collected healthy plants were subjected to assessment for different parameters and nutritional content such as moisture, fat, ash, protein, crude fiber, carbohydrate and energy value as well as probable mineral contents. After nutritional assessment it was revealed that, the contents of total moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber and carbohydrate were 83.18%, 0.938%, 2.84%, 3.11%, 2.84% and 7.042%, respectively. The total energy content of the plant was 52.624 kcal. The results of the nutritional assessment of E. sonchifolia were near to the popular edible spinach of Amaranthus which contained moisture 81.8 - 83.9%, fat 0.3 - 0.5%, ash 2.8 - 3.6%, protein 4.1 - 4.8%, carbohydrate 4.3 - 5.2%, and energy 47 - 51 kcal. Concentration of macro minerals calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) was found to be 310, 137, 119 and 55 mg/100g, respectively whereas the concentration of micro minerals iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) was observed as 29, 0.17, 1.21, 1.52 and 0.20 mg/100g, respectively which was between the recommended limit. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(1): 54-60, 2021

Comparative Mineral Profiles and Yields of Food Grade Ash from Cow, Goat and Pig Femur Bones

Bones are by-products of abattoir and home consumption of carcases which constitute environmental pollution that attracts houseflies and birds especially vultures in large numbers. Bone dumping is of public health concern because of the health implications but can be harnessed into food grade ash for food fortification because of their high mineral content. This work quantified and compared the mineral content of food grade ash from cow, goat and pig femur bones for uses. The bone samples were procured, sun-dried cleaned, incinerated, dry ashed and analysed for their micro and macro mineral contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results showed that the femur bones of cow yielded 38.02% raw ash and 10.60% dry ash, goat yielded 40.57% raw ash and 5.86% dry ash while pig yielded 35.60% raw ash and 8.99% dry ash. Results of macro minerals revealed that calcium content range of 610.63-723.16 mg/100g, sodium 2.15-4.07mg/100g, magnesium 7.18-11.23mg/100g, phosphorus 93.11-280.62 mg/100g, while potassium ranged from 2.26 to 3.47 mg/100g. Micro mineral composition showed that copper ranged from 0.001-0.004 mg/kg, iron from 0.022 -1.93 mg/kg, zinc from 0.016-0.144 mg/kg, manganese from 0.007-0.108 mg/kg and sulphur from0.078-0.311 mg/kg. All the none essential heavy metals (toxic minerals) content of the femur bone samples were lower than and recommended safe limit for human consumption and therefore safe. Cow femur bone had the best mineral composition followed by goat and pig femur bones.