Mindfulness Research Articles

Naturalizing normativity: neopragmatist reflections on mental disorder

This paper argues that a neopragmatist approach can allow for normativity to be integrated into a thoroughly naturalist account of mental disorder. A recognition of the malleability of norm-governed social practices reveals language, rationality, and mind to be open-ended, fluid processes that resist characterization in terms of fixed mechanistic structures. This, we will argue, foregrounds the import of vocabularies in determining the structure and content of mindedness. Specifically, the broader role that our discursive practices play in generating minds means that the conditions contemporary psychiatric practice seeks to treat are themselves partly constituted by the vocabularies of treatment adopted. We then offer some positive proposals about how mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may be enhanced once we replace representational approaches to mind with a vocabulary that explicitly articulates the inherent fluidity of self. To do this we draw on insights from mindfulness’s contextual home, namely Buddhism, and elaborate on the significance this tradition places on the doctrine of “not-self” (anātman) as a necessary framework for successful mindfulness practice– a framework that neatly slots into the neopragmatist understanding of mind and self as dynamic and socially constituted.

Tell me why: The impact of mindful sharenting explanations by momfluencers: An experimental study with mothers

Given the number of identified risks associated with influencer sharenting, momfluencers are increasingly adopting a more mindful approach to sharing information about their children online. Prior qualitative research suggests that followers respond positively towards these mindful sharenting practices, especially when motives are communicated. However, there is a lack of experimental exploration into this finding and its potential explanations. Therefore, drawing upon theoretical insights regarding self-disclosure and self-determination theory, this experimental study with 176 mothers seeks to investigate the impact of momfluencers providing an explanation regarding mindful sharenting practices, proposing the need for relatedness and empathy as mediators. The findings reveal that when momfluencers disclose their motives, this significantly enhances follower engagement, admiration, and evaluation of the momfluencer. This effect is fully explained by empathy, and partly by the need for relatedness. This study emphasizes the importance of transparency and provides momfluencers strategies to balance privacy protection and the benefits of influencer sharenting.

Mindfulness Matters: The Experience of Mindfulness Activity Facilitation by Faculty

Background: Faculty and students have experienced increased stress and challenges over the past years. Mindfulness is a strategy that has been used in classrooms to help manage those challenges; however, there is limited research on the faculty experience of leading mindfulness activities in the classroom. Aim: This research aimed to explore how university faculty perceive the experience of using brief mindfulness activities in the classroom. Methods: This pilot study examined use of brief instructor-led mindfulness activities in the classroom. A descriptive qualitative design was used to examine faculty perceptions associated with leading mindfulness activities. Eight faculty teaching undergraduate and graduate students at a private midwestern research-intensive university, from four different schools, participated. Results: Faculty perceived the brief mindfulness activities they led as encouraging students’ well-being and mental health, helping students to transition into the classroom, fostering connection and community among faculty and students, demonstrating care and support of students, and helping faculty support their own self-development and well-being. Conclusions: Leading brief mindfulness activities in the classroom provides benefits for faculty. Faculty perceive those practices to also be beneficial for students. More qualitative research is recommended to better understand the comprehensive effects and experiences associated with mindfulness practice in the classroom.

From strain to strength: a yearlong study on the transformative influence of inner engineering online program on mental well-being

IntroductionHealth is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing physical, mental, and social well-being, all of which are deeply interconnected. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of mental and social health, as rates of loneliness, depression, and anxiety surged. Mindfulness practices, such as Shambhavi Mahamudra Kriya (SMK), have gained attention for their potential to enhance well-being by integrating breath regulation, meditation, and cognitive reframing techniques. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Inner Engineering Completion Online (IECO) program was created to effectively teach SMK with global travel restrictions in effect. This study examines the long-term effects of SMK, taught through the IECO, on various measures of well-being over a one-year follow-up period.MethodsParticipants were recruited from the January 2020 IECO course. Participants completed surveys at consent, post-IECO, and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1-year post-IECO. The surveys consisted of 4 validated neuropsychological scales: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Positive Emotion/Relationship/Engagement Scale (PERMA) Profiler, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Survey data was analyzed using linear mixed effect modeling. Two-sided p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsHundred and eighty-eight participants were enrolled. Hundred and sixty-four participants completed baseline measurements, and 41 participants completed surveys at all timepoints. The baseline median [IQR] PSS score in participants was 13 [8, 18]; post-IECO median [IQR] PSS was 11 [8, 16] and 6-week median [IQR] PSS was 7 [4, 12], suggesting that consistent practice of Shambhavi Mahamudra Kriya resulted in reduced stress. This score was sustained up to a year post-IECO with a median [IQR] of 7 [3, 12]. The mean mindfulness scale (MAAS) score increased by 0.97 (95% C.I. 0.7–1.2 p < 0.01, η2p = 0.30) at the 1-year timepoint compared to baseline. The global PSQI score reduced at the week 6 timepoint by 1.3 (95% C.I. 0.49–2.0, p < 0.01) with medium effect size and was sustained until 1 year.DiscussionWithin 6 weeks of participating in IECO, regular practice of SMK significantly reduced stress, improved sleep quality, and boosted mindfulness. These benefits were sustained for at least a year with continued practice, suggesting that this practice is an effective path to maintaining general well-being.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, trial identification number NCT04189146.

The effect of mindfulness meditation on psychological well-being and mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional and quasi-experimental approach

The effect of mindfulness meditation on psychological well-being and mental health outcomes: a cross-sectional and quasi-experimental approach

Mindful bridge: Brief mindfulness practices alter negative emotion transmission and cooperative performance in parent-adolescent dynamics.

Parent-adolescent emotion transmission is crucial for adolescents' psychological development. Parental negative emotions could impair parent-adolescent interaction and relationships. Brief mindfulness practices (BMPs) are effective for improving emotional regulation and reducing negative emotions. However, few studies explored the effects of BMP on parent-adolescent negative emotion transmission. This study used the hyperscanning technique to examine the differences in the change of emotional states, cooperative performance, and interbrain synchrony (IBS) between the BMP group (20 parent-adolescent dyads) and the control rest (CR) group (20 parent-adolescent dyads) under induced parental negative emotions in cooperation interaction tasks. Results showed (1) decreases in negative emotions, hostility, and state anxiety in the BMP group after BMP, but only negative emotions decreased in the CR group after rest; (2) an increase in the success rate in the BMP group after BMP, but no change in the CR group after rest; and (3) decreases in IBS in the delta and theta bands in success feedback and increases in IBS in failure feedback in the BMP group after BMP, but no change in the CR group after rest. These findings suggest that BMP may mitigate parental negative emotion transmission to adolescents and promote their focused attitude toward cooperation.

Brief Mindfulness-Based CognitiveTherapy in Women WithMyocardialInfarction: Results of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

Elevated perceived stress is associated with adverse outcomes following myocardial infarction (MI) and may account for poorer recovery among women vs men. This randomized controlled trial tested effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on stress levels among women with MI. Women with elevated stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-4]≥6) at least 2months after MI were enrolled from 12 hospitals in the United States and Canada and via community advertising. Participants were randomized to a remotely delivered mindfulness intervention (MBCT-Brief) or heart disease education, both 8weeks long. Follow-up was 6months. Changes in stress (PSS-10; primary outcome) and secondary outcomes (depressive symptoms, anxiety, quality of life, disease-specific health status, actigraphy-assessed sleep) were compared between groups. The sample included 130 women with MI (mean age 59.8±12.8years, 34% racial/ethnic minorities). In intention-to-treat analysis, PSS-10 scores declined in the MBCT-Brief arm (-0.52 [95% CI: -0.77 to -0.28]) but not the heart disease education arm (-0.19 [95% CI: -0.45 to 0.06]; group×time interaction P=0.070). The effect was stronger in per-protocol analysis of participants who completed≥4 intervention sessions (P=0.049). There were no significant differences in secondary outcomes in intention-to-treat or per-protocol analyses. Within the MBCT-Brief arm, more frequent mindfulness practice was associated with greater reductions in stress (P=0.007), depressive symptoms (P=0.017), and anxiety (P=0.036). MBCT-Brief was associated with greater 6-month reductions in stress than an active control among adherent participants. More frequent mindfulness practice was associated with greater improvements in psychological outcomes. Strategies to engage women with MI in mindfulness training and support regular home practice may enhance these effects.

Mindfulness Meditation for Sleep Disturbances Among Individuals with Cognitive Impairment: A Scoping Review

Background: This scoping review investigates the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation in alleviating sleep disturbances among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). With the rising prevalence of dementia and its profound impact on cognitive function and quality of life, this review aims to synthesize existing research and identify gaps in the literature. Methods: We systematically searched six electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus) from 2004 to 2024, yielding 462 potentially relevant articles. Screening was conducted using ASReview, an AI ranking tool, which facilitated the selection of studies. Ultimately, seven studies that met our stringent eligibility criteria were included in the review. We adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines for reporting. Results: Our findings indicate that mindfulness meditation significantly improves sleep quality, reduces insomnia severity, and enhances overall well-being in this at-risk population. Notably, interventions that combine structured, face-to-face sessions with at-home practice emerged as the most effective. Conclusions: Despite these positive outcomes, methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and reliance on self-reported measures, underscore the need for more rigorous long-term studies. This review highlights the potential of mindfulness meditation as a low-cost, scalable intervention to improve sleep and cognitive health in older adults, paving the way for future research and clinical applications.

From Confound to Clinical Tool: Mindfulness and the Observer Effect in Research and Therapy.

The observer effect (OE), the idea that observing a phenomenon changes it, has important implications across scientific disciplines involving measurement and observation. While often viewed as a confounding variable to control for, this paper argues that the OE should be seriously accounted for, explored and systematically leveraged in research and clinical settings. Specifically, mindfulness practices that cultivate present-moment, non-judgmental awareness are proposed as a platform to account for, explore and intentionally harness the OE. In research contexts, mindfulness training may allow participants to provide more precise self-reports by minimizing reactive biases that perturb the observed phenomena. Empirical evidence suggests mindfulness enhances interoceptive awareness and reduces automatic judgment, potentially increasing measurement sensitivity, specificity and validity. Clinically, psychotherapies often aim to make unconscious patterns explicitly observable to the client, capitalizing on the transformative potential of observation. Mindfulness directly cultivates this capacity for meta-awareness, allowing individuals to "de-center" from rigid cognitive-emotional patterns fueling psychopathology. Rather than avoiding unpleasant experiences like cravings or anxiety, mindfulness guides individuals to simply observe these phenomena, reducing identification and reactivity. Mindfulness practices may leverage components of the OE, facilitating lasting psychological change. To further study the OE, developing an "Observer Effect Index" to code observer influence is proposed. Overall, this paper highlights the ubiquity of the OE and advocates developing methods to intentionally account for and apply observer influences across research and therapeutic contexts.

Trait mindfulness in adolescents with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are proposed to cultivate trait mindfulness through mindfulness practice, which may in turn to lead improved clinical outcomes. Individuals who report lower levels of this trait may be promising candidates for MBIs because they present with the opportunity for growth in this area. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has been associated with low trait mindfulness, though facets of trait mindfulness and ADHD features beyond core symptoms have not been examined among youth with the disorder. The goal of this study was to examine trait mindfulness-including facets of trait mindfulness-in adolescents with and without ADHD in relation to ADHD symptoms and related ADHD characteristics. Adolescents (29 ADHD, 30 non-ADHD) and their caregivers completed measures of ADHD symptoms and related characteristics. Adolescents completed a trait mindfulness measure. The ADHD group scored significantly lower than the non-ADHD group in trait mindfulness. ADHD symptoms and multiple related characteristics were also inversely associated with trait mindfulness. A series of regressions controlling for sex and age indicated that trait mindfulness-particularly acting with awareness-is inversely associated with ADHD symptoms, cognitive disengagement syndrome symptoms, executive functioning, and sleep. Trait mindfulness, particularly acting with awareness, is lower among adolescents with ADHD and is inversely associated with ADHD and related characteristics. Because mindfulness is thought to be particularly therapeutic for those low in trait mindfulness, findings indicate the need to develop MBIs for adolescents with ADHD.

How to create a mindful community of practice: exploring the social functions of group-based mindfulness practices facilitated via Zoom during COVID-19

This exploratory qualitative study was conducted to investigate the experiences of individuals who have been participating in online mindfulness sessions with an online mindfulness community since the beginning of COVID-19, i.e., during a period of heightened uncertainty and social isolation. The study’s purpose was to better understand the social functions of regularly practicing mindfulness in this online community of practice. Analyses from semi-structured interviews reveal how shared mindfulness practice may foster several pillars of connection and interbeing in this community of practice. These include improved mind–body awareness, coupled with a unique sense of trust and connection, which may have helped cultivate collective alignment and a sense of common humanity among research participants. Findings are discussed through the lens of interdependence theory, resulting in several exploratory propositions on how to create a mindful community of practice. The study concludes with a call for more research in this understudied research domain and invites mindfulness researchers and practitioners to test these propositions further. Its overall aim is to stimulate debate among individuals and groups intent on creating a mindful community in their workplace, educational setting, or neighborhood.

Addressing Music Performance Anxiety in College Musicians With Mindfulness, Entrainment, and Non-Sleep Deep Rest: A Literature Review

The increasing percentage of college musicians living with mental illness and anxiety, specifically music performance anxiety (MPA), suggests the need for an anxiety reduction program to be instilled within university programs. Using entrainment as a grounding framework, the purpose of this literature review was to synthesize research on mindfulness, entrainment, and non-sleep deep rest (NSDR) to propose that such protocols could offer potential benefits for increasing focus and reducing MPA in college music students. I concluded with proposing that there may be potential for studying the effects of mindfulness, entrainment, and NSDR practices simultaneously.

Mindfulness Intervention for Health Information Avoidance in Older Adults: Mixed Methods Study.

The global aging population and rapid development of digital technology have made health management among older adults an urgent public health issue. The complexity of online health information often leads to psychological challenges, such as cyberchondria, exacerbating health information avoidance behaviors. These behaviors hinder effective health management; yet, little research examines their mechanisms or intervention strategies. This study investigates the mechanisms influencing health information avoidance among older adults, emphasizing the mediating role of cyberchondria. In addition, it evaluates the effectiveness of mindfulness meditation as an intervention strategy to mitigate these behaviors. A mixed methods approach was used, combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Substudy 1 developed a theoretical model based on self-determination theory to explore internal (positive metacognition and health self-efficacy) and external (subjective norms and health information similarity) factors influencing health information avoidance, with cyberchondria as a mediator. A cross-sectional survey (N=236) was conducted to test the proposed model. Substudy 2 involved a 4-week mindfulness meditation intervention (N=94) to assess its impact on reducing health information avoidance behaviors. Study 1 showed that positive metacognition (β=.26, P=.002), health self-efficacy (β=.25, P<.001), and health information similarity (β=.29, P<.001) significantly predicted health information avoidance among older adults. Cyberchondria mediated these effects: positive metacognition (effect=0.106, 95% CI 0.035-0.189), health self-efficacy (effect=0.103, 95% CI 0.043-0.185), and health information similarity (effect=0.120, 95% CI 0.063-0.191). Subjective norms did not significantly predict health information avoidance (β=‒.11, P=.13), and cyberchondria did not mediate this relationship (effect=‒0.045, 95% CI ‒0.102 to 0.016). Study 2 found that after the 4-week mindfulness intervention, the intervention group (group 1: n=46) exhibited significantly higher mindfulness levels than the control group (group 2: n=48; Mgroup1=4.122, Mgroup2=3.606, P<.001) and higher levels compared with preintervention (Mt2=4.122, Mt1=3.502, P<.001, where t1=preintervention and t2=postintervention). However, cyberchondria levels did not change significantly (Mt1=2.848, Mt2=2.685, P=.18). Nevertheless, the results revealed a significant interaction effect between mindfulness and cyberchondria on health information avoidance (effect=‒0.357, P=.002, 95% CI ‒0.580 to ‒0.131), suggesting that mindfulness intervention effectively inhibited the transformation of cyberchondria into health information avoidance behavior. This study reveals the role of cyberchondria in health information avoidance and validates mindfulness meditation as an effective intervention for mitigating such behaviors. Findings offer practical recommendations for improving digital health information delivery and health management strategies for older adults.

Mindfulness and consumer behavior: a bibliometric analysis of themes and trends over 20 years

Mindlessness, or lack of awareness, is deeply rooted in society and reinforced by the constant stimuli from marketing practices, leading to unhealthy and unsustainable consequences for individuals, society, and the environment. In consumer behavior, this manifests as impulsive or excessive purchasing, which undermines well-being and happiness rather than enhancing them. Mindfulness has emerged as a potential solution to mindless consumption that, fostering change from the inside out, not only benefits personal well-being but also contributes to the broader well-being of society. Consumer behavior and mindfulness have been studied independently in fields such as psychology and sociology for several decades. However, the joint study and application of these areas have gained prominence in recent years, driven by the expanding practice and growing academic interest in mindfulness. This paper aims to contribute to this research field by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the key elements that shape and drive research in mindfulness and consumer behavior over the past two decades. Using a bibliometric analysis of 198 articles from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, the study identifies leading authors, institutions, countries, journals, and collaborative research networks, along with core thematic areas within the field. This research can serve as a foundation for future research and guide organizations and institutions in understanding potential shifts in consumer behavior associated with mindfulness practices. By positioning mindfulness as an integral part of the transformation in consumption behaviors, organizations may support and adapt to a more harmonious and sustainable future centered on universal well-being and the prioritization of beneficial consumption practices.

APOIO MATRICIAL EM SAÚDE MENTAL A PARTIR DA IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE UM GRUPO DE MANEJO DE ANSIEDADE: RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA

This experience report describes the implementation of a psychoeducational group for anxiety management as a matrix support strategy in primary health care (APS). The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach in training teams and providing comprehensive care to users. The group was conducted in two basic health units (UBS) in the federal district, involving participants with mild to moderate anxiety symptoms who were not eligible for psychosocial care centers (CAPS). The proposal included weekly meetings, the application of techniques such as mindfulness, breathing exercises, and integrative practices, as well as playful activities that promoted emotional self-regulation and strengthened the connection with the territory. Despite challenges such as low adherence due to logistical limitations, the experience yielded positive results, with reports of improved coping strategies and a better understanding of anxiety. The group also equipped phc professionals with tools for managing mental health, reducing unnecessary referrals, and fostering greater shared responsibility in care. It is concluded that replicating this strategy in other contexts, with appropriate adjustments, can significantly contribute to the comprehensiveness and humanization of mental health care in APS.

Lifestyle-Related Factors for Improving Diet Quality

Background/Objectives: Diet quality is important for the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which are now responsible for leading causes of death worldwide. Although health professionals often recommend diet improvement for the treatment and management of many NCDs, patients continually struggle to make dietary changes and maintain them long-term. This may be due to an interplay of many factors that affect dietary quality. This paper discusses some lifestyle-related factors that may offer additional points of intervention for health professionals to use to increase diet quality. Methods: This review examines the effects of exercise, sleep, mindfulness practice, meal socialization, social media use, and tobacco and alcohol use on diet quality. Studies examining the effects of these factors on diet were found by searching PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Results: Evidence suggests that a positive relationship between exercise, adequate sleep, and all forms of mindfulness have positive effects on diet quality. Meal socialization’s effects on diet quality were nuanced. Individuals tend to eat similarly to those they share a meal with. However, food quantity intake may be affected by the physical characteristics of individuals with whom people share a meal. Social media use was found to have negative effects on diet quality in those who used it excessively and was found to promote disordered eating patterns. Both tobacco and alcohol use were found to have negative impacts on diet quality. Conclusions: Using these findings, health professionals may be able to educate people about lifestyle-related factors that can improve diet quality.

Psychological Strategies to Overcome Impostor Syndrome in Emerging Managers

Emerging managers often face impostor syndrome, a pervasive psychological pattern characterized by self-doubt and fear of being exposed as a fraud despite evident competence. This study explores psychological strategies to help these individuals overcome impostor syndrome and enhance their leadership potential. Strategies such as cognitive restructuring, mindfulness practices, mentorship, and emotional intelligence development are discussed in depth. By addressing the unique challenges of new managerial roles, this research contributes to the understanding of impostor syndrome's impact on professional growth and offers actionable solutions for fostering resilience and self-confidence in emerging leaders.

AI Meets Mindfulness: Redefining Spirituality and Meditation in the Digital Age

The combination of spirituality, meditation, and artificial intelligence (AI) has promising potential to expand people’s well-being using technology-based meditation. Proper meditation originates from Zen Buddhism and Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras and focuses on inner peace and intensified consciousness which elective personal disposition. AI, in turn, brings smarter means of delivering those practices in the form of self-improving systems that customize and make access to them easier. However, such an integration brings major philosophical and ethical issues into question, including the genuineness of experiences that are facilitated by artificial intelligence, data sharing, concerns over over-dependence on the technology that may in turn cause reduced personal responsibility and hard work. This paper aims at analysing the critical integration of AI-driven meditation following the spiritual interpretations of traditional meditation without compromising the tenets of meditation. It presents an interdisciplinary approach based on recent findings from the field of cognitive science, moral AI, and Eastern wisdom traditions to approach these problems. Therefore, by identifying the research lacunae, it provides a groundwork for voting ethically in the integration of AI in mindfulness practice and avoiding constraining human-oriented values resulting in improved existential spiritual change.

Introducing brief mindfulness practices to mitigate faculty burnout in the post-COVID era

ABSTRACT In the post-COVID era, many faculty are experiencing a variety of interlinked burnout-related emotional experiences, including classical work stress burnout, decision fatigue from frequent adaptation and change, and compassion fatigue related to the caring demands of the profession. In this manuscript, we detail a framework for understanding the individual and institutional factors contributing to faculty burnout and explore the potential for mindfulness to alleviate these states. Next, we share a workshop model for introducing brief mindfulness practices to faculty and helping them identify key moments when mindfulness practices might be most transformative for them. Next, we share a workshop model for introducing mindfulness to faculty for maximum impact. To conclude, we offer recommendations for implementation depending on facilitators’ level of prior mindfulness experience.

Trait mindfulness in early pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundMindfulness centered therapy has been shown to improve perinatal mental health outcomes. There is emerging evidence that mindfulness training (MT) can also be harnessed to improve somatic outcomes. Yet, little is known about which perinatal populations might benefit the most from mindfulness training interventions. We aimed to evaluate the association between trait mindfulness and adverse pregnancy outcomes.MethodsThis is a planned secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of nulliparous participants recruited between May 2019 and February 2022 from a single, high volume tertiary care center. Participants completed the validated Mindfulness and Attentive Awareness Scale prior to 20 weeks gestation. Trained research staff abstracted pregnancy and delivery data. The primary outcome was unplanned cesarean delivery (CD). Secondary outcomes included gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and a neonatal morbidity composite. We examined outcomes by mindfulness quartile (Q), adjusting for covariates determined a priori.ResultsOf the 281 participants with full outcome data, 47.9% experienced one or more of the adverse perinatal outcomes and the median trait mindfulness score was 4.6 (IQR 3.9–5.3). After adjusting for potential confounders, there were significantly lower rates of CD rates in those in Q2 and Q3 compared to Q4 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] Q2 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20 – 0.87, Q3 aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.10–0.51). There were no differences in rates of gestational diabetes, hypertension or composite neonatal outcomes by trait mindfulness quartile.ConclusionsIn this prospective cohort of nulliparous people, those with trait mindfulness in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles had lower rates of CD. Given prior literature suggesting active MT decreases adverse outcomes, there may be a component of the active practice of mindfulness, rather than trait mindfulness levels, associated with improved outcomes.