Mindfulness Exercises Research Articles

To Reach Flourishing, Turn Right Sharply at the Next Corner

Modern humans are failing to attain their existential potential, expressed as flourishing. Simultaneously, megaproblems like climate change have arisen as unintended consequences of normal societal behaviors. Both failings lie at the deepest root of modern culture, the way we think we think, and consequently choose our norms and design our cultural institutions. The paper explicates a transformative model of cognition, recently developed by Iain McGilchrist, that raises the possibility of flourishing. According to the model, each brain hemisphere attends to the world differently and, thus, produces two distinctive actors. When the right is master, actions reflect the immediate external world, that is, they care for it. When the left controls, actions reflect a virtual world of facts and theories that have been abstracted from experience and stored in the left hemisphere. Its actions are instrumental and treat the real world as a resource. The ills and failings of modernity spring from an excess of left-brain domination. Flourishing, as the desired state of human and natural affairs, requires rejuvenating the right side as master. Some practical approaches, for example, mindfulness exercises, are offered. Pragmatic inquiry, importantly, should become the primary method for dealing with such large, complex problems.

Is a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention more efficacious than a self-monitoring app for social anxiety disorder? A randomized controlled trial

Despite their proliferation, limited knowledge exists regarding possible benefits of brief mindfulness ecological momentary interventions (MEMIs) for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Propositions that MEMIs could alleviate SAD symptoms and related clinical outcomes remain untested. This trial evaluated a 14-day MEMI for SAD. Participants with self-reported SAD were randomized to MEMI (n = 96) or self-monitoring app (SM; n = 95). Whereas MEMI instructed mindfulness exercises, SM prompted only self-monitoring five times daily for 14 days. Participants completed state-level self-reports of depression, anxiety, and mindfulness pre-post-mindfulness practice and SAD symptoms, worry, depression severity, repetitive negative thinking, and trait mindfulness at pre-randomization, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up (1MFU). Hierarchical linear modeling was conducted. The MEMI yielded statistically significantly larger improvements in momentary depression, anxiety, and mindfulness (Cohen's d = −0.10–0.11). Although no between-group effects emerged in alleviating SAD fear and avoidance, excessive worry, depression severity, repetitive negative thinking, and trait mindfulness (−0.13–0.15), within-group effects were significantly small-to-large from pre-post and pre-1MFU (−4.62–0.67). A significant reduction in depression severity occurred in MEMI (−0.63–−0.60) but not SM (−0.31–−0.29). Brief MEMI and SM yielded nondifferent sustained effects on SAD, comorbid symptoms, and risk factors, highlighting its potential value within stepped-care delivery settings.

Brief virtual intervention associated with increased social engagement and decreased negative affect among people aging with HIV

ABSTRACT Virtual Villages—online communities that deliver supports to promote aging in place—are proposed to mitigate isolation and support the health of aging populations. Using a community-engaged approach, we developed and pilot-tested a Virtual Village intervention tailored for people living with HIV (PLWH) aged 50+ . The intervention employed a Discord server featuring social interaction, regional and national resources, expert presentations, and mindful meditation exercises. In 2022, a sample of PLWH aged 50+ from three U.S. study sites participated in a four-week pilot. Pre- and post-intervention surveys assessed participants’ demographic characteristics; degree of loneliness, social connectedness, HIV-related stigma, and technology acceptance; mental wellbeing and physical health outcomes; and user experience. Participants (N = 20) were socioeconomically and racially/ethnically diverse, aged 51–88 years, and predominantly identified as gay or bisexual men (75%). Paired t-tests revealed a significant increase in participants’ mean social engagement scores and a significant decrease in participants’ mean negative affect scores, following the intervention. User experience scores were acceptable and participants reported a positive sense of connectedness to the Virtual Village community. Results suggest that a virtual community can be accessible to older PLWH and may enhance social engagement and improve aspects of mental wellbeing.

Mindfulness in a digital math learning game: Insights from two randomized controlled trials

AbstractBackgroundMindfulness practices enhance executive function skills and academic achievement, spurring interest in integrating mindfulness interventions into education. Embedding mindfulness practice into a digital math game may provide a low‐cost, scalable way to induce mindfulness and boost game‐based learning, yet this approach remains unexplored.ObjectivesWe investigated the learning benefits of integrating mindfulness exercises in a digital math learning game and examined how students' trait mindfulness might moderate the outcomes.MethodsTwo classroom studies were conducted with 404 5th and 6th grade students from six public schools in the U.S. (nStudy 1 = 227, nStudy 2 = 177). The two randomized controlled experiments assigned students to one of the three conditions: passive control (playing the digital learning game Decimal Point), story‐enriched active control, or mindfulness‐enriched condition. Trait mindfulness, learning gains, and in‐game problem‐solving (including problem‐solving duration, error count and correctness after reminder) were assessed. Study 2 included a manipulation check to better understand the effects of the mindfulness intervention.ResultsFindings showed no significant differences in learning gains, problem‐solving duration or error count among the conditions. Students' trait mindfulness did not moderate these outcomes. Mindfulness reminders in the mindfulness‐enriched game led to more correct answers after errors than jokes in the story‐enriched game. Study 2 revealed that we failed to induce higher state mindfulness through the mindfulness inductions.ConclusionsMindfulness prompts could be especially beneficial for students experiencing frustration during gameplay, warranting more exploration for digital game‐based instruction. We highlight barriers and future directions for fostering mindfulness through computer‐based instruction in classrooms.

A randomized comparison of online mindfulness-based group sex therapy vs supportive group sex education to address sexual dysfunction in breast cancer survivors.

Sexual difficulties and vaginal pain are common following treatment for breast cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate an online mindfulness-based group sex therapy vs an online supportive sex education group therapy to address these sexual difficulties. Breast cancer survivors (n= 118) were randomized to 1 of the 2 arms; 116 provided informed consent and completed the time 1 assessment. Treatment included 8 weekly 2-hour online group sessions. Those randomized to the mindfulness group completed daily mindfulness exercises, and those in the comparison arm read and completed exercises pertaining to sex education. Assessments were repeated at posttreatment and 6 months after the completion of the group. There was a main effect of treatment on primary endpoints of sexual desire, sexual distress, and vaginal pain, with all outcomes showing significant improvements, with no differential impact by treatment arm. Secondary endpoints of interoceptive awareness, mindfulness, and rumination about sex also significantly improved with both treatments, with no group-by-time interaction. Both mindfulness-based sex therapy and supportive sex education delivered in group format online are effective for improving many facets of sexual function, vaginal pain, rumination, mindfulness, and interoceptive awareness in breast cancer survivors. We used a randomized methodology. Future studies should seek to diversify participants. These findings highlight the need to offer similar treatments to more breast cancer survivors immediately after and in the years following cancer treatment as a means of improving survivorship quality of life.

(198) Harnessing the Power of Tantric Practices: A Revolutionary Path to Enhanced Sexual Well-being and Transformation

Abstract Introduction In recent years, the integration of holistic practices in the field of sexual medicine has gained significant attention. Among these practices, tantra stands out as a revolutionary approach that emphasizes mindfulness, energy cultivation, and connection. This article explores the profound impact of tantric practices on sexual well-being, drawing from a qualitative study involving six individuals who have experienced transformative changes in their lives through the practice of tantra. Their stories provide compelling evidence of the effectiveness of tantra in reducing anxiety, cultivating meaningful relationships, and enhancing overall sexual health. Objective This study aimed to assess the therapeutic benefits of tantra as an intervention for emotional regulation, specifically targeting symptoms of anxiety and depression while promoting relaxation and emotional connection. Through qualitative interviews with diverse tantra educators and practitioners, the study sought to understand the observed changes in their personal lives and relationships resulting from tantra mindfulness exercises. Methods This qualitative study employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore the lived experiences of six tantra educators and practitioners. Interviews were conducted using a structured set of questions to ensure consistency. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed to understand the changes observed in participants' lives and relationships as a result of practicing tantra mindfulness exercises. The study also referred to previous research on meditation and neuroplasticity to explore potential neurological changes associated with tantra practices. Results The findings of this qualitative study underscore the importance of embracing a multidimensional approach to sexual medicine. By integrating tantric philosophy and techniques into existing frameworks, professionals in the field can provide a holistic and sustainable approach to enhancing sexual well-being. Tantra offers a rich tapestry of practices that go beyond addressing physical symptoms, recognizing the interconnectedness of mind, body, and spirit in the pursuit of sexual health and fulfillment. Conclusions The conclusion summarizes the key research findings, emphasizing the transformative power of tantric practices in enhancing sexual well-being and fostering meaningful relationships. It highlights the potential of tantra to revolutionize the understanding and treatment of sexual concerns in the field of sexual medicine. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of a multidimensional approach to sexual medicine and encourages the incorporation of tantra for a more holistic approach to sexual well-being. Disclosure No.

Mindfulness Practice Is Associated With Improved Well-Being and Reduced Injury Risk in Female NCAA Division I Athletes.

Injury in sport is an inherent risk to participation, and it can have devastating consequences for the athlete, both mentally and physically. Previous research has found that impairments in well-being can increase the risk of injury, and that various forms of mindfulness training and practice can improve well-being and mental health in various populations. Mindfulness would be associated with greater well-being and lower risk of injury. Cohort study. Level 3. A total of 21 female Division I athletes underwent a formal 6-week mindfulness training program and were encouraged to continue mindfulness exercises. The athletes completed daily surveys on their smartphones in relation to mood, muscle readiness (soreness), readiness to train, energy level, daily training load, and whether they had participated in mindfulness training that day. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate well-being variables and mindfulness state, and separate mixed effects logistics regression models were used to evaluate injury incidence and wellness variables. On days with mindfulness practice, athletes reported higher mood (19.6 [18.8-20.3] vs 19.4 [18.6-20.1, P = 0.03), muscle readiness (18.9 [17.8-20.0] vs 18.6 [17.5-19.6], P = 0.03), readiness to train (78.7 [75.9-81.5] vs 77.4 [74.7-80.2], P < 0.01), and energy level (19.3 [18.6-20.1] vs 18.8 [18.1-19.5, P < 0.01) than on the days when they did not participate in mindfulness training. Mindfulness practice was associated with significantly reduced likelihood of suffering an acute injury the following day (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.42-0.43; P < 0.01). On an individual level, participation in mindfulness by female collegiate athletes was associated with a dramatic reduction in injury risk the following day. In addition, mindfulness was associated with significantly improved mood, muscle readiness, readiness to train, and energy level. These findings suggest that mindfulness training in athletes may improve well-being and reduce the risk of injury among high-level athletes.

Efficacy of Mindfulness Exercises for Primary Osteoporosis Pain and Balance: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis.

Mindfulness exercise has shown great benefits for patients with osteoporosis. However, there are various types of mindfulness exercises and no studies have compared their efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of mindfulness exercises on pain and balance in patients with primary osteoporosis. Articles published in 10 English and three Chinese language databases from January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2022, were systematically searched. Twenty-two studies (N =1,603) of five types of mindfulness exercises (Pilates, Ba Duan Jin, Wu Qin Xi, Tai Chi, and Yi Jin Jing) were eligible for this meta-analysis. Evidence from this review indicated that all five of the mindfulness exercises included in this study effectively reduced pain and improved balance for patients with primary osteoporosis. Pilates had the highest value of surface under the cumulative ranking as the best intervention. Future studies could consider developing a standard guideline for mindfulness exercise to be incorporated into osteoporosis rehabilitation.

Reducing Anxiety and Enhancing Mindfulness in College Students during COVID-19 through WeActive and WeMindful Interventions

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the immediate and short-term, sustained effects of two virtual interventions, WeActive, an aerobic and resistance training program, and WeMindful, a mindful exercise, in reducing anxiety and improving mindfulness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were 60 students from a large Midwestern university who were randomly assigned to either the WeActive group (n = 36) or the WeMindful group (n = 24). The WeActive group participated in two virtual 30 min aerobic and resistance training sessions per week (WeActive) and the WeMindful group participated in two virtual 30 min mindful exercise sessions per week for eight weeks. All participants completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire through Qualtrics at three time points: one week prior to (pre-test), one week after (post-test), and six weeks after (follow-up) the intervention. Results: A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time on anxiety (F = 7.51, η2 = 0.036, p = 0.001) in both groups. WeActive significantly decreased anxiety scores between the pre-test and follow-up (t = 2.7, p = 0.027) and post-test and follow-up (t = 3.1, p = 0.007), and WeMindful significantly decreased anxiety scores between the post-test and follow-up (t = 0.641, p = 0.028). For mindfulness, there was a significant main effect of time in both groups (F = 3.91, η2 = 0.009, p = 0.025), where only WeMindful significantly increased mindfulness from the pre-test to follow-up (t = −2.7, p = 0.025). Conclusions: Anxiety decreased significantly in both the WeActive and WeMindful groups and mindfulness increased significantly in the WeMindful group. Furthermore, the decrease in anxiety was sustained in a short-term period following the end of the intervention.

Adaptive coping strategies among individuals living with long-term chikungunya disease: a qualitative study in Curaçao

ObjectiveLong-term chikungunya disease is characterised by persistent rheumatic symptoms following chikungunya virus infection. As there is no specific treatment available, affected individuals need strategies to adapt. However, research on these...

Recent Advances and Updates in Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review

Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is a complex clinical syndrome marked by the breakdown of skeletal muscle cells, with historical recognition dating back to biblical times and modern understanding evolving since World War II. This comprehensive review explores the diverse landscape of RML, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. As a result of trauma or non-traumatic muscle injuries, pathogenesis involves the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream. Epidemiologically, RML exhibits demographic nuances, emphasizing the importance of recognizing risk factors for prevention. Clinical manifestations range from the classic triad of muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine to diverse presentations. Diagnosis involves evaluating elevated creatine kinase levels and myoglobinuria, with management strategies focusing on fluid balance, AKI prevention, and addressing underlying causes. The prognosis is diverse, influenced by complications such as AKI, with various scoring systems aiding risk assessment. Prevention and treatment strategies include a multifaceted approach, integrating tailored warm-ups, mindful exercise, education, and dietary modifications. Overall, the prognosis for RML remains favorable, underscoring the significance of meticulous management. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of RML, bridging historical insights with contemporary medical strategies and guiding ongoing research and advancements in patient care for this intricate condition. RML serves as a paradigm for integrating nuanced historical perspectives and modern medical approaches, highlighting the intricate balance required for effective management in clinical practice.

Recent Advances and Updates in Rhabdomyolysis: A Comprehensive Review

Rhabdomyolysis (RML) is a complex clinical syndrome marked by the breakdown of skeletal muscle cells, with historical recognition dating back to biblical times and modern understanding evolving since World War II. This comprehensive review explores the diverse landscape of RML, encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. As a result of trauma or non-traumatic muscle injuries, pathogenesis involves the release of intracellular components into the bloodstream. Epidemiologically, RML exhibits demographic nuances, emphasizing the importance of recognizing risk factors for prevention. Clinical manifestations range from the classic triad of muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine to diverse presentations. Diagnosis involves evaluating elevated creatine kinase levels and myoglobinuria, with management strategies focusing on fluid balance, AKI prevention, and addressing underlying causes. The prognosis is diverse, influenced by complications such as AKI, with various scoring systems aiding risk assessment. Prevention and treatment strategies include a multifaceted approach, integrating tailored warm-ups, mindful exercise, education, and dietary modifications. Overall, the prognosis for RML remains favorable, underscoring the significance of meticulous management. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of RML, bridging historical insights with contemporary medical strategies and guiding ongoing research and advancements in patient care for this intricate condition. RML serves as a paradigm for integrating nuanced historical perspectives and modern medical approaches, highlighting the intricate balance required for effective management in clinical practice

Integrating mindfulness practice into everyday life after completing a course in mindfulness-based stress reduction

While the immediate positive effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) are undisputed, it is still a matter of debate whether the effects also last in the long term and on which factors this depends. The major aim of this study was to examine the extent to which former MBSR course completers continue mindfulness exercises and how this practice is related to life satisfaction, experience of stress, and mindfulness. A total of 992 non-clinical MBSR course completers were contacted via E-Mail. A total of 192 participants responded and took part in this study. Online, we administered standardized questionnaires to assess life satisfaction, stress, and mindfulness. In addition, single items were used to ask for practice related details. Participants experienced the immediate positive effects (e.g. stress reduction, increase of concentration, and well-being) of MBSR to last over several years (m = 3.79) after course completion. The majority of participants (74.2%) reported to have continued the practice over time. Continuation of mindful exercises was positively related to well-being, mindfulness, and less stress with better effects for those participants who practice more frequently. The relaxing effect of mindfulness motivated participants to practice while the lack of time was the main reason not to practice. For sustainable effects, MBSR course completers should be supported to maintain their practice. In particular, they could benefit from learning to manage scarce time resources. Further research should investigate the usefulness of respective learning contents – within an MBSR course and for aftercare programs.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Training and Powell’s Cognitive Rehabilitation on Improving the Quality of Life of Stroke Patients

Background: Stroke is a type of neurological disorder that can be attributed to a central vascular cause. Stroke can affect the patient’s performance in daily activities and quality of life (QoL). Research indicates a decrease in the quality of life in stroke patients due to cognitive and emotional damage. Objectives: The present study compared the effect of two group approaches, mindfulness training based on stress reduction and Powell’s cognitive rehabilitation, on improving the quality of life of stroke patients. Methods: This semi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a follow-up period. The sample consisted of 36 eligible stroke patients selected in a targeted and simple random manner. The patients were divided into two intervention groups and one control group. The tools used were a demographic information questionnaire and a Stroke-specific QoL (SS-QOL) scale. Data were analyzed with SPSS software (version. 26). Chi-square, repeated measures analysis of variance, and Bonferroni statistical tests were applied at a significance level of P 0.05). The mindfulness intervention had a higher effect on quality of life on average. Still, statistically, none of the interventions were effective in improving quality of life (P &gt; 0.05), and there was no significant difference between the effect of mindfulness-based methods and cognitive rehabilitation on improving quality of life (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Mindfulness training increases behavioral responses related to attention as the basis of all cognitive activities. Also, mindfulness exercises improve cognitive skills and, by affecting the cognitive system, increase the capacity and ability of the information processing system and improve the quality of life.

The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in treating mental health and addiction: a cross-sectional study

Objective: This study aimed to provide a snapshot of the current landscape, drawing upon existing research to evaluate the extent to which online mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been integrated into mainstream treatment paradigms and their observed outcomes. Methods: The initial month of the full mindfulness virtual community (F-MVC) intervention included 12 video modules focusing on students&amp;apos; known stressors and mindfulness exercises; private online forums for peer discussions; and 20-minute live video conferences led by professionals in anonymous groups. During the next four weeks of F-MVC, participants were limited to watching modules in video format. The online surveys were conducted at T1, T2, and T3 - 4 weeks and 8 weeks, respectively. Results: Out of the 113 students who gave T1 data, there were 28 male and 85 female students, with an average age of 24.8 years. At the T3 follow-up, after making adjustments for comparison purposes, there were notable decreases in depression scores for F-MVC (change in score of -4.03; P

Work Engagement and Well-being Study (SWELL): a randomised controlled feasibility trial evaluating the effects of mindfulness versus light physical exercise at work

BackgroundMindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) are increasingly offered at work, often in online self-guided format. However, the evidence on MBPs’ effect on work performance (WP) is inconsistent.ObjectiveThis pragmatic randomised controlled feasibility trial...

Developing a digital mind body medicine supportive care intervention for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using stakeholder engagement and design thinking

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease (ALS) is also called the disease of a thousand farewells. Consequently, it is important to offer supportive care interventions that can be applied continuously during the whole course of the disease. People with ALS are interested in complementary and integrative medicine. Due to ALS’ progressive nature, digital solutions might be most feasible and accessible for people with ALS in the long-term. Objectives In our study, we explored with stakeholders which digital complementary and integrative medicine interventions and formats are considered as supportive for people with ALS, and which settings are needed by the people with ALS to incorporate the interventions in everyday life. Methods We used a participatory research approach and conducted a stakeholder engagement process, applying a design thinking process with qualitative research methods (interviews, workshops). Results Due to the unpredictable course of the disease on their loss of abilities, people with ALS welcome online settings because they are accessible and easy to implement in their daily life. Stakeholders considered the following implementation factors for a complementary and integrative medicine intervention as essential: short-term realization of planned interventions, short duration of interventions, and user-friendliness in terms of accessibility and applicability. Concerning the complementary and integrative medicine interventions, the people with ALS preferred mind body medicine interventions, such as breathing, mindfulness and relaxation exercises. Conclusions Short-term treatment intervals and short online mind body medicine interventions align with the needs of people with ALS. The complementary and integrative medicine interventions as well as the digital infrastructure must meet the special accessibility and applicability needs of people with ALS.

Meditative pathways to emotional intelligence in athletes: narrative review study

Emotional intelligence, encompassing self-awareness, emotional regulation, empathy and social skills, holds pivotal importance in the pursuit of excellence for athletes. Meditation, represented by various forms such as mindfulness, loving-kindness, visualization, breath control and relaxation exercises, offers athletes a structured pathway to deepen self-awareness, enhance emotional regulation and foster empathy. In conclusion, meditation emerges not merely as a relaxation technique but as a transformative journey that empowers athletes to master their emotions, excel in sports, and enhance their overall well-being. This narrative literature review highlights the profound impact of meditation on athletes’ emotional intelligence, encouraging further exploration in this evolving intersection of sports and mindfulness. In the demanding world of sports, emotional intelligence (EI) is a critical factor for athletes’ success, encompassing self-regulation, empathy, communication and composure under pressure. Meditation, a transformative tool for deepening self-awareness, emotional regulation and mental resilience, has emerged as a promising avenue for cultivating EI in athletes. This narrative review synthesizes existing research and personal narratives to explore the interplay between meditation and EI in the context of sports. Evidence suggests that meditation can enhance EI through mindfulness, loving-kindness and visualization practices, promoting focus, stress management and emotional resilience. Integration of meditation into athletic training regimens offers athletes a competitive edge, sharpening their mental acuity and fostering supportive team dynamics. While the transformative potential of meditation for EI is substantiated by research, limitations such as the predominance of qualitative studies and case reports warrant further empirical investigations. Overall, this narrative review highlights the promising relationship between meditation, EI, and athletic performance, paving the way for future research and practical applications of mindfulness practices in the sports world.

Exploring the role of mindfulness on obligatory exercise among young athletes: mediating roles of obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety.

In the current trend toward youthfulness and age reduction in competitive sports, the issue of obligatory exercise among young athletes is becoming more severe. This not only affects their physical and mental health but also hampers their future prospects in the sports world. While delving into the impact of mindfulness on the issue of obligatory exercise among young athletes, it reveals the mediating role of obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety. This study is a cross-sectional research that employs convenience and snowball sampling methods. We selected 403 young athletes from several universities and high-level sports teams in the central-southern region of China as valid samples and used AMOS v.23 to construct a structural equation model to validate the hypotheses. The research findings indicate a significant positive correlation between obsessive passion, cognitive state anxiety, and obligatory exercise. Furthermore, obsessive passion and cognitive state anxiety mediate the relationship between mindfulness and obligatory exercise. This implies that young athletes can better regulate their emotional state during training, manage training loads sensibly, and avoid issues with obligatory exercise through mindfulness training. In conclusion, to enhance the cognitive levels of young athletes and reduce their obligatory exercise behaviors, national sports authorities and coaching teams should develop reasonable mindfulness training programs for athletes and encourage their participation in mindfulness training.

The Effect of DLPFC Stimulation Compared to Mindfulness Exercises on Cognitive Performance in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

The Effect of DLPFC Stimulation Compared to Mindfulness Exercises on Cognitive Performance in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder