Milled Samples Research Articles

Effects of xanthan and guar gums on starch digestibility and texture of rice flour blend bread

Background and objectivesThe effects of adding xanthan and guar gums on starch digestibility and textural properties were examined in rice and wheat flour blend breads.FindingsThe addition of xanthan gum to the bread formula had a high impact on the staling of the crumb compared with guar gum. The addition of gums suppressed the recovery of the crumb after compression. The extent of starch digestion of the bread crumb was determined by an in vitro method using two types of bread crumb samples, milled samples after freeze‐drying and ground samples after moistening. Starch digestibility of the bread crumb reduced after the addition of gums. Xanthan gum resulted in a more pronounced suppressive effect, which was concentration‐dependent. The addition of xanthan gum at concentrations ≥1% to the bread formula caused a significant decrease in the extent of starch digestion in both the samples.ConclusionsThe bread crumb containing xanthan gum had a dense structure and formed an agglomeration after grinding, resulting in delayed enzyme penetration into the crumb structure and thus delayed the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.Significance and noveltyAddition of xanthan gum to the formula of rice and wheat flour blend breads significantly retards the starch digestibility of bread crumb.

Characterization and Fabrication of Metakaolin using Pulau Bangka Kaolin

Geopolymer material is an advanced material that is now being looked for its use as a refractory material, additive for building material, as well as other applications. Geopolymer is produced by polymerizing the precursor used in the process. One of the common precursors being used as geopolymer is metakaolin. The metakaolin was produced by thermal treatment (calcination) of kaolin minerals, which will convert its mineral structure from crystaline into amorphous and make it more reactive. This paper presents the fabrication and characterization of metakaolin using kaolin from Bangka island. The main structure of kaolin used in this study are kaolinite and muscovite according to XRD results obtained. Metakaolin was produced by thermal treatment using three different calcination temperatures ranged from 600 to 700°C and calcined for 4 hours. Prior to calcination, some specimens will be mechanically milled using planetary ball mill for 15 minutes with the milling speed of 20.00 rad/s and will also be calcined with the same parameter. As a comparison, commercial metakaolin MetaStar also be used to compare it to all metakaolin produced. All metakaolin produced are characterized by XRD and SEM, and STA test will be performed to kaolin to examine its thermal behavior. The STA test performed to both milled and non-milled sample shows that dehydroxylation and reconstruction process occurs at temperature range of 460-520°C and 520-640°C for kaolin sample, and at temperature of 426-537°C and 537-618°C for milled kaolin sample. XRD pattern obtained shows that almost all metakaolin produced have the relatively similar pattern to each other as well as to MetaStar, with the main peak of quartz (SiO2) at 2= 26.60° to 26.65°. The SEM results shows the characteristic layered-laminate plate-like structure of kaolin. Compared to another SEM results obtained, it can be concluded that there are no changes to the visible structure of metakaolin produced with the same kaolin used after calcination.

Ball-milling effect on Indonesian natural bentonite for manganese removal from acid mine drainage

The influences of mechanical milling on Indonesian Natural Bentonite (INB) characteristics and manganese (Mn) removal from acid mine drainage (AMD) were investigated. The INB characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption for specific surface area (SSA) and microporosity measurement, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and particle size distribution (PSD) analyzer. Four minutes milling with frequency 20 Hz on INB caused morphological change which showed more crumbled and destructed particle, lost the (001) peak but still retained the (100) peak that indicated delamination of montmorillonite mineral without breaking the tetrahedral-octahedral-tetrahedral (T-O-T) structure, rose the CEC from 28.49 meq/100g to 35.51 meq/100g, increase in the SSA from 60.63 m2/g to 104.88 m2/g, significant increase in microporosity which described in the t plots and decrease in the mean particle size distribution peak from 49.28 μm to 38.84 μm. The effect of contact time and effect of adsorbent dosage on Mn sorption was studied. Both unmilled and milled samples reached equilibrium at 24 hours and the pH rose from 4 to 7 in first 30 minutes. The Mn removal percentage increased significantly after milling. Using Langmuir isotherm, the maximum adsorbed metals (qmax) also increased from 0.570 to 4.219 mg/g.

Effect of additives, ball milling and isotopic exchange in porous magnesium borohydride.

Magnesium borohydride (Mg(BH4)2) is a promising material for solid state hydrogen storage. However, the predicted reversible hydrogen sorption properties at moderate temperatures have not been reached due to sluggish hydrogen sorption kinetics. Hydrogen (H) → deuterium (D) exchange experiments can contribute to the understanding of the stability of the BH4− anion. Pure γ-Mg(BH4)2, ball milled Mg(BH4)2 and composites with the additives nickel triboride (Ni3B) and diniobium pentaoxide (Nb2O5) have been investigated. In situ Raman analysis demonstrated that in pure γ-Mg(BH4)2 the isotopic exchange reaction during continuous heating started at ∼80 °C, while the ball milled sample did not show any exchange at 3 bar D2. However, during ex situ exchange reactions investigated by infrared (IR) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses a comparable H → D exchange during long exposures (23 h) to deuterium atmosphere was observed for as received, ball milled and γ-Mg(BH4)2 + Nb2O5, while the Ni3B additive hindered isotopic exchange. The specific surface areas (SSA) were shown to be very different for as received γ-Mg(BH4)2, BET area = 900 m2 g−1, and ball milled Mg(BH4)2, BET area = 30 m2 g−1, respectively, and this explains why no gas–solid H(D) diffusion was observed for the ball milled (amorphous) Mg(BH4)2 during the short time frames of in situ Raman measurements. The heat treated ball milled sample partially regained the porous γ-Mg(BH4)2 structure (BET area = 560 m2 g−1). This in combination with the long reaction times allowing for the reaction to approach equilibrium explains the observed gas–solid H(D) diffusion during long exposure. We have also demonstrated that a small amount of D can be substituted in both high surface area and low surface area samples at room temperature proving that the B–H bonds in Mg(BH4)2 can be challenged at these mild conditions.

Solubility of Phosphate Rocks in citric Acid

Taking into account that phosphate rocks can have high solubility regarding the different kinds of solvents used, dissolution of apatite from different places was applied in 2% citric acid solution. Semi analytical, 0,001g resolution scales for quantifying mass were used as well as Stolhman bottles attached to Wagner-like agitator where the extraction was carried out. Also, a digital spectrometer for doing the reading which determines the phosphate grades was used. The results consisted of a minimum value of 0,33% and a maximum of 28,2% of P2O5 varying according to the origin of the milled samples. The result can be useful for the selection of rocks to be processed.

Comparison of Constraint Elastic Modulus (Ec) Behaviors of Sand Samples and Derivatives Relative to Stress (σ)

Four different sand samples, designated Type 1, Type 5, Type 9, and Type 13, were selected for this study. The sands were subjected to milling operations of 30 (Types 6, 10, 14), 45 (Types 7, 11, 15), and 60 (Types 8, 12, 16) minutes to produce new samples. For Type 1 sand, new samples were obtained by grinding for 75 (Type 2), 90 (Type 3), and 120 (Type 4) minutes as determined by their mineralogical content. Resulting samples prepared from the Type 1 sand were named Types 2, 3, and 4; from Type 2 were named Types 6, 7, and 8; from Type 9 were named Types 10,11, and12; and finally samples prepared from Type 13 were named Types 14, 15, and 16. Physical properties were determined for Type 1sand at 55, 58, 61, and 73% relative compaction; for Type 5 at 48, 58, 83, and 85%; for Type 9 at 40, 58, 60, 65, and 68%; and for Type 13 at 45, 61, 65, and 68%.The samples prepared from the milled derivatives of the sands were subjected to 40% compaction. Grain distributions were determined to aid in understanding the effects of grain size on E c . Washed clean sand was used in the study and grain distribution shows poor distribution for all samples. According to this result, while the original sand samples consist of fine and medium grains, the grain sizes of the milled samples vary from fine sand to clay. Mineralogical properties of the sands used in the study were determined. The minerals contained in the sand were determined by Sem (electron microscopy sciences), optical microscope, electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Results of the examination of the sand samples show that Type 1 sand is made up of augite, hedenbergite, and Anorthite; Type 5 consist of Quartz, Anorthite, Muscovite; Type 9 consist of Quartz, Anorthite; and Type 13 is composed of quartz, anorthite, muscovite, and Anortheclast. In this study, constraint elastic modulus (E c ) values were calculated for sand samples, and various graphics were constructed. The results obtained were analyzed, and an attempt was made to establish the effect of grain size and mineralogy on E c values by comparison.

The changes of surface properties and enhancement of B2O3 leaching ratio of boron concentrate via wet ball milling

With the ascharite used up in China, boron concentrate was used as raw material for extracting B2O3. In this study, an environmental wet ball milling (WBM) method was proposed to enhance the B2O3 leaching ratio, and the effect of liquid medium, rotational speed and milling time on the properties of boron concentrate in WBM process was discussed. This surface properties of milled samples was characterized by BET, PSD, SEM, XRD, FTIR, TG-DSC and XPS analyses, and their surface free energy was calculated by the measurement of contact angle. The role of liquid medium and the relationship between the surface properties was also explored. Our research shows liquid medium helps avoid the agglomeration and plays a dispersing role in the process of milling, thereby promoting the increasing of the specific surface area from 16.65m2/g to 35.84m2/g after milling for 60min. Besides, the B2O3 leaching ratio can be enhanced from 67.52% to 86.24% under the same conditions. The increased amorphous extent of crystal structure and the weakening of chemical bonds caused by the milling process helps produce an increasing in the number of reactivity points, making chemical reactions easier. With the increasing of surface free energy from 26.88mJ/m2 to 39.55mJ/m2 after milling, the hydrophilicity of the sample is enhanced, as well as the absorption of solvent and OH– in the leaching solution, thus promoting the leaching reaction and the enhancement of B2O3 leaching ratio.

Milling induced amorphisation and recrystallization of α-lactose monohydrate

Preprocessing of pharmaceutical powders is a common procedure to condition the materials for a better manufacturing performance. However, such operations may induce undesired material properties modifications when conditioning particle size through milling, for example. Modification of both surface and bulk material structure will change the material properties, thus affecting the processability of the powder. Hence it is essential to control the material transformations that occur during milling. Topographical and mechanical changes in surface properties can be a preliminary indication of further material transformations. Therefore a surface evaluation of the α-lactose monohydrate after short and prolonged milling times has been performed. Unprocessed α-lactose monohydrate and spray dried lactose were evaluated in parallel to the milled samples as reference examples of the crystalline and amorphous lactose structure. Morphological differences between unprocessed α-lactose, 1 h and 20 h milled lactose and spray dried lactose were detected from SEM and AFM images. Additionally, AFM was used to simultaneously characterize particle surface amorphicity by measuring energy dissipation. Extensive surface amorphicity was detected after 1 h of milling while prolonged milling times showed only a moderate particle surface amorphisation. Bulk material characterization performed with DSC indicated a partial amorphicity for the 1 h milled lactose and a fully amorphous thermal profile for the 20 h milled lactose. The temperature profiles however, were shifted somewhat in the comparison to the amorphous reference, particularly after extended milling, suggesting a different amorphous state compared to the spray-dried material. Water loss during milling was measured with TGA, showing lower water content for the lactose amorphized through milling compared to spray dried amorphous lactose. The combined results suggest a surface-bulk propagation of the amorphicity during milling in combination with a different amorphous structural conformation to that of the amorphous spray dried lactose. The hardened surface may be due to either surface crystallization of lactose or to formation of a low-water glass transition.

Moisture Adsorption Rate and Effective Diffusivity in Chinese Milled Rice

Four varieties of Chinese milled rice samples with 11.90–15.56% initial moisture content (IMC, wet basis) were used to determine the rate of moisture adsorption using the gravimetric method at 10, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C under 65%, 86%, and 100% relative humidity (RH), respectively. A moisture diffusion equation was modified to fit the relationship between the moisture ratio (MR) of samples and exposure time. In the range of 65% to 100% RH, the lower IMC of milled rice samples corresponded to higher moisture adsorption rate at temperatures of 10 to 35°C. The moisture adsorption rate of samples increased with an increasing temperature. The moisture sorption rate of samples with the same IMC increased with increasing RH at certain temperatures. A single milled rice kernel was geometrically considered a finite homogeneous cylinder shape, and the analytical solution of the partial differential equation of moisture diffusion was given. The effective moisture diffusivity was calculated using a slope method by plotting the experimental data in terms of ln (MR) versus rewetting time. In the range of 10–35°C, the effective moisture adsorption diffusivity of milled rice kernels with normal moisture was 4.321×10-9–1.117×10-7 m2h-1. For the same IMC, the effective moisture diffusivity of milled kernels tended to increase with increases in surrounding temperature at certain relative humidity levels, but decreased with an increase in RH at certain temperatures. It was concluded that the milled rice samples from different types had similar effective moisture diffusivity when similar IMC was given.

Increased sugar yield from pre-milled Douglas-fir forest residuals with lower energy consumption by using planetary ball milling

Impact of planetary ball milling on pre-milled wood fiber was studied to improve efficiency of energy consumption for bioconversion using post-harvest forest residuals. Crystalline cellulose decreased from 40.73% to 11.70% by ball milling. Crystallinity index of ball milled wood samples had a negative correlation with glucose yield (r = −0.97, p < .01), xylose/mannose (r = −0.96, p < .01), and a positive correlation with median particle size (r = 0.77, p < .01). Range of glucose yield and xylose/mannose yield for ball milled samples was found to be 24.45–59.67% and from 11.92% to 23.82%, respectively. Morphological changes of the lignocellulosic biomass were observed; the compact fiber bundles of the forest residuals were cleaved to smaller particles with lower aspect ratio with increasing intensity of ball milling. The required energy ranged from 0.50 to 2.15 kWh/kg for 7–30 min of milling respectively.

Study on the ignition behavior and kinetics of combustion of biomass

Understanding the combustion behavior of biomass is essential to plant design and production control. In this work, we used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study milled straw samples of different particle sizes in atmospheres of nitrogen and air. The ignition temperature was found to be 350℃, and the results were found to be insensitive to the particle size, which ranged from 63 μm to 2000 μm. In addition, a furnace balance system was used to study the impacts of particle size on the combustion of biomass and compare with TGA results. The activation energies of combustion were determined to be 54.37 kJ mol-1 for straw pellets and 49.94 kJ mol-1 for the milled straw. Further calibration of the furnace-balance system will be carried out in future to obtain more precise and reliable results for biomass fuel characterization.

Feasibility study of taking high-speed dry milling as the final manufacturing process by the standard of service performance

Taking high-speed dry milling as the final manufacturing process is a well-known environment-friendly manufacturing technology, which can increase the machining efficiency and reduce the ecological impacts of cutting fluids. However, the service performance of the machined components must be evaluated to judge the feasibility of this new technology before its widely application in industry. In the present work, the impact of machining parameters and tool wear on the service performance of 17-4PH stainless steel, including fatigue life and corrosion resistance, were investigated. It was found that the high-speed dry milled samples showed longer fatigue life and more excellent corrosion resistance than the polished ones by optimizing the cutting parameters. In addition, the excellent service performance of the high-speed dry milled samples was obtained during the whole cutting tool life cycle. These indicated that it was reasonable to take high-speed dry milling as the final manufacturing process of this material. In addition, the service performance of the machined components can be applied as the criterion to judge the feasibility of materials processing technologies.

High temperature stabilization of a nanostructured Cu-Y2O3 composite through microalloying with Ti

The effects of minor additions (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8wt%) of Ti on the thermal stability of both Cu nanograins and Y2O3 particles in nanostructured Cu-5vol%Y2O3 composite powder particles were investigated via 1h isochronal annealing at temperatures ranging from 300 to 1000°C. It was found that a small amount addition of 0.4wt%Ti effectively inhibits the coarsening of the Y2O3 particles during annealing at a very high homologous temperature of 0.87Tm, where Tm is the melting point of Cu, which, in turn, stabilizes Cu nanograins and retains the hardness value of the as-milled powder sample. However, this is in clear contrast with the significant decrease in hardness of the Ti-free and 0.2wt%Ti doped milled powder samples annealed at the same condition, resulting from the coarsening of the Y2O3 particles and growth of Cu nanograins. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry elemental analysis shows that the stabilizing mechanisms responsible for the improved thermal stability of the Y2O3 particles are associated with the chemical reactions between Ti, O and Y2O3.

The effect of milling time on structural, optical and photoluminescence properties of ZnO nanocrystals

The crystallite size of commercial ZnO nanocrystals was tuned from 22.5 to 13.8nm by ball-milling technique. X-ray diffraction patterns of mechanically milled ZnO nanocrystals reveal that milled samples possess the wurtzite-type hexagonal structure of ZnO. Increasing milling time results in the decrease of crystallite size and reduction of lattice parameters due to a slight increase of internal compressive strain and dislocation density. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrate the appearance of large agglomerated particles with ambiguous edges due to large aggregation tendency with slight variation in the particle size at milling time 8h. Analysis of the optical absorption spectra at different milling time indicates the blue shift of exciton absorption peak and optical gap photoluminescence spectra reveal that mechanical milling of ZnO NCs leads to quenching of emission intensity due to the creation of nonradiative centers via increasing thermal strain and mechanical deformation produced during the milling process.

Understanding reaction sequences and mechanisms during synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti2N and TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of Ti in nitrogen

Mechanically induced reactive synthesis of TiN via magnetically controlled ball milling of titanium under nitrogen gas was investigated using X-ray diffraction, advanced electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ball milling of titanium powder with nitrogen gas was performed in Uni-Ball-Mill, with external temperature of the vial and initial pressures of the nitrogen gas monitored, while the milled samples were taken out periodically, both before and after detection of an exothermic ignition point. Before ignition, nitrogen-enriched Ti, small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti2N are formed, in addition to the heavily deformed Ti. Raman spectroscopy revealed the pre-ignition products to include off-stoichiometric nitrides (TiNx) and oxynitride skin (TiOxNy). The formation of the new TiN and Ti2N products before ignition was attributed to the diffusion of highly polarized active N atoms into the mechanically activated clean surfaces of Ti, followed by local reaction. This local reaction is likely promoted by numerous cycles of induced local temperature rise and rapid quenching, large surface area and accumulation of deformation defects. After the exothermic ignition, there was rapid nucleation of new TiN crystals, and simultaneous growth of the pre-existing TiN and the newly formed TiN crystals. This understanding explains the reaction pathways leading to the formation of small proportions of TiN and very minor amounts of Ti2N before ignition and the thin-plated TiN after ignition.

An enhanced dissolution rate of molybdenite and variable activation energy

In this study, mechanical activation was applied to improve leaching rate of molybdenite concentrate. Milling experiments were performed at different conditions of ball to powder weight ratios and activation time. Effect of alumina as a brittle additive was also investigated on the activation process and leaching rate. X-ray diffraction analysis was used to study structural changes of molybdenite during milling. Morphology and particles dimensions were evaluated by SEM, TEM and AFM. Nanometric few-layers of MoS2 particles were observed which were produced during mechanical activation that it can enhance the molybdenite leaching rate, considerably. So that, leaching efficiency of molybdenite increased from 1 to 69% in 1h at 78°C only after 4h of activation. Leaching experiments were carried out in nitric acid media. According to the results, the activation efficiency in presence of alumina is lower than the experiments without additive and increasing activation time is almost insignificant in this case. However, the positive effect of alumina addition is to prevent molybdenite agglomeration during milling, which can postpone leaching process about 2h. A variable activation energy model was employed to study the dissolution kinetics of activated molybdenite with unusual and non-sphere morphology. The results showed an appropriate data fitting by using the proposed model. Finally, the calculated maximum activation energy of milled samples (104, 101, 85 and 47kJ/mol) in comparison with un-activated one (107kJ/mol) revealed that mechanical activation increases the leaching rate of molybdenite significantly, but it depends on milling conditions, certainly.

Mössbauer study of Fe-doped BaTiO3 of different grain sizes induced by ball mill technique

Fe-doped BaTiO3 has been prepared by the solid state reaction method. Nanonization of sample has been achieved by using high energy ball milling. Tetragonal phase along with a small amount of hexagonal phase has been identified by room temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique in all the samples. Mössbauer spectrum of the as-prepared sample shows multi-site substitution of Fe atoms. Magnetic interactions between Fe atoms placed at three different configurations have been evidenced by the presence of three sextets. A doublet pattern has also been observed for Fe atoms situated in isolate manner without any magnetic exchange. Suppression of sextet patterns in milled samples has been attributed to the presence of superparamagnetism.

The effects of shale composition and pore structure on gas adsorption potential in highly mature marine shales, Lower Paleozoic, central Yangtze, China

The Ordovician Wufeng Formation and Silurian Longmaxi Formation are two of the most organic-rich and gas-prospective shale formations in the central Yangtze area, China. In this study, we investigate the controls exerted by shale composition and pore structure on methane sorption of these highly matured marine shales (Ro ranges from 2.0% to 4.0%). Samples were analyzed by SEM pore imaging of Ar-ion milled samples, high pressure methane adsorption, and low temperature nitrogen adsorption. In the high TOC Wufeng and lower Longmaxi formations, numerous organic matter pores are present. A positive correlation exists between TOC, BET surface area, and CH4 sorption capacity, indicating that porosity associated with organic matter is the key factor controlling methane sorption capacity of shale samples. In the organic-lean upper Longmaxi Formation, pores within clay particles and carbonate minerals are the major pore types. Organic-lean shale samples from the upper Longmaxi Formation have higher clay content, lower BET surface area, and lower adsorption capacity than organic-rich shales. Within several low TOC samples, a relatively strong correlation exists between illite content and methane sorption capacity, which is interpreted to result from clay mineral-hosted porosity.

Microstructure, optical and electrical characterizations of Mn doped ZnS nanocrystals synthesized by mechanical alloying

Mn doped ZnS nanocrystals have been successfully synthesized by mechanical alloying the stoichiometric mixture of elemental Zn, S and Mn powders at room temperature under inert atmosphere. Rietveld analysis of x-ray diffraction patterns of the samples confirms simultaneous presence of major zinc blende and minor wurtzite phases in milled samples. Phase transformation kinetics between these phases is established with milling time. Different microstructure parameters like lattice parameters, coherently diffracting domain (particle) size and r.m.s. lattice strain have been ascertained from the analysis. Distributions of crystallite size and r.m.s. lattice strain with milling time for both the phases have been revealed from Rietveld refinement. Band gap energy of milled samples with different milling time has been measured by UV–vis absorption spectra and photoluminescence emission spectra have also been analyzed. DC electrical conductivity of the semiconducting samples is measured and the conduction mechanism is explained by adiabatic polaronic hopping model.

Granulometria por difração a laser e sua relação com a faciologia das rochas argilosas da Formação Corumbataí-SP

Resumo O presente trabalho analisou a relação entre a distribuição granulométrica por difração a laser e a faciologia dos depósitos argilosos da Formação Corumbataí utilizados como matéria-prima para a indústria de revestimento cerâmico. Foram estudadas 16 seções geológicas de minerações ativas e inativas na região centro-leste do estado de São Paulo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pela difração a laser em amostras moídas, observou-se que a maior concentração das partículas distribuiu-se no intervalo de 10≤ ϕ ≤100 μm com valor médio de 58,3% sendo classificadas de siltito grosso a areia muito fina. A segunda maior concentração ocorreu no intervalo 1≤ ϕ ≤10 μm com valor médio de 31,5% sendo classificadas de siltito grosso. Seguem-se com valores de 4,9% para o intervalo de 100≤ ϕ ≤1000 μm classificado como siltito fino a médio e de 4,1% para o intervalo de 0,01≤ ϕ ≤1 μm, sendo este último constituído essencialmente por argilominerais. As litofácies identificadas foram: maciça, laminada, intercalada siltosa, intercalada arenosa e alterada. Com o agrupamento das amostras em litofácies, observou-se que a melhor distribuição das partículas para fins de empacotamento ocorreu na litofácies maciça e a pior distribuição na litofácies intercalada arenosa com elevada presença de partículas no intervalo 100≤ ϕ ≤1000 μm com média de 15,4%. Os resultados da análise faciológica aliada à alta concentração de partículas nos intervalos 1≤ ϕ ≤10 e 10≤ ϕ ≤100 μm permitem inferir que as matérias-primas estudadas, quando forem submetidas ao processo cerâmico via seco, dependendo do processo de moagem aplicado, poderão resultar em produtos com elevados valores de absorção de água devido à presença predominante das litofácies arenosas e pela seleção de maior tamanho de partículas diminuindo a eficiência do empacotamento durante a prensagem e, consequentemente, dificultando o processo de sinterização. As análises de fácies aliada à análise granulométrica a laser representam importantes ferramentas na previsão do comportamento cerâmico.