Milk Plant Research Articles

Elimination of detached Listeria monocytogenes from the biofilm on stainless steel surfaces during milk and cheese processing using natural plant extracts

Bacterial cells can form biofilm on food contact surfaces, becoming a source of food contamination with profound health implications. The current study aimed to determine some Egyptian medicinal plants antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against foodborne bacterial strains in milk plants. Results indicated that four ethanolic plant extracts, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), Marigold (Calendula officinalis), and Sage (Salvia officinalis), had antibacterial (12.0–26.5 mm of inhibition zone diameter) and antibiofilm (10–99%) activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium. The tested extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration values between 0.14 and 2.50 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration values between 0.14 and 12.50 mg/ml. L. monocytogenes was more sensitive for all tested ethanolic extracts; Sage and Cinnamon showed a bacteriocidal effect, while Chamomile and Marigold were bacteriostatic. The ethanolic extracts mixture from Chamomile, Sage, and Cinnamon was chosen for its antibiofilm activity against L. monocytogenes using L-optimal mixture design. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis showed that this mixture contained 12 chemical compounds, where 2-Propenal,3-phenyl- had the maximum area % (34.82%). At concentrations up to 500 µg/ml, it had no cytotoxicity in the normal Vero cell line, and the IC50 value was 671.76 ± 9.03 µg/ml. Also, this mixture showed the most significant antibacterial effect against detached L. monocytogenes cells from formed biofilm in stainless steel milk tanks. At the same time, white soft cheese fortified with this mixture was significantly accepted overall for the panelist (92.2 ± 2.7) than other cheese samples, including the control group.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY OF PLANT-BASED DRINK "CHOCOLATE" BASED ON AMARANTH FLOUR

The paper presents the factors that contribute to the development of the plant-based milk production industry in Ukraine, shows the prospects for the development of this segment of the market during the next decade in the country, outlines the segment of Ukrainians who are potential consumers of the target product - "plant-based milk". Based on the analysis of literary data, the relevance and expediency of processing amaranth flour as a raw material with high nutritional and biological value, which is produced today in Ukraine by enterprises of the oil and fat industry, into plant-based beverages, is substantiated. The technology of processing amaranth flour into a plant-based drink "Chocolate" using natural raw ingredients based on amaranth flour, developed during research at LLC "Khmilnytskyi dry skimmed milk plant "Molochny Visit", is presented. The process of production of the target product is detailed in the form of a vector scheme; all are described stages of the technological process of the production of ultra-pasteurized herbal drink "Chocolate" with a detailed justification of technological parameters. The industrial approbation of the developed technology of the herbal drink "Chocolate" using natural raw ingredients based on amaranth flour was carried out at LLC "Khmilnytskyi dry skimmed milk plant "Molochny Visit". The indicators of the quality of the produced drink were determined - organoleptic, physicochemical and microbiological. The evaluation of the organoleptic indicators of the herbal drink "Chocolate" produced in production conditions according to the developed recipe and innovative technology proved that they correspond to those of the herbal drinks presented today on the consumer market of Ukraine: the taste of the drink is rich, sweet, with a taste of cocoa and a light nutty aftertaste; the consistency of the drink is homogeneous, with a slight sediment at the bottom of the container; the color is pronounced brown, uniform throughout the entire mass of the drink. The microbiological indicators of the herbal drink "Chocolate" meet the requirements of industrial sterility, which guarantees its safety for the consumer. It is recommended to take the physico-chemical indicators of the produced drink "Chocolate" as a basis when developing regulatory documentation for the product.

Ergonomic and economic indicators of milk production using different cow milking technologies

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of changing the way of keeping and milking equipment on ergonomic and economic indicators. The research was carried out at «Ostriykivske» LLC, Bilotserkivskyi district, Kyiv region, where the milking herd was transferred from a capital-type room with tethered housing and milking into the milk pipeline to an easy-to-assemble room with loose housing and milking in the milking hall at the «Carousel» plant. The material for the research was lactating cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed of II and III lactations. In order to accurately determine the duration of the technological operations of the milking process through the milk pipe and at the «Carousel» milking plant, it was filmed during the morning milking of cows. The change in the method of keeping (from tethered to loose housing) and the milking option (in the stall to the milk pipeline to the milking hall) had a significant impact on the time spent when performing the technological operations of one cow milking. The total time spent by machine milking operators in the slope decreased by 31.35 seconds. When moving the animals to the milking parlor, the duration of such operations as washing, wiping and massaging of the udder decreased by 4.8 s, milking of the first trickles of milk – by 0.6 s, and putting milking cups on the udders – by 1.3 s. The duration of preparatory and final milking operations decreased by 7.2 seconds, and other operations related to milking decreased by 58.2 seconds. At the same time, the complex indicator of the ergonomics of the milking installation when transferring cows to the milking parlor increased significantly (by 0.60) and met the requirements of the standard. The total labor costs when the conditions of keeping and milking were changed decreased by 52.96 man hours/year per cow. Labor costs for the following types of work decreased most significantly: milking and primary processing of milk; cleaning of stalls and manure passages; making litter and operating costs: 22.00; 19.40; 2.60 and 6.60 man hours/year per cow, respectively. Electricity consumption per cow per year increased by 22 kWh, and water for the milking process increased by 560 liters. Key words: dairy cows, ergonomics of milking, change of housing conditions, milking facilities, consumption of energy resources.

The Gut Microbiota of Young Asian Elephants with Different Milk-Containing Diets.

Evaluating the association between milk-containing diets and the microbiomes of young Asian elephants could assist establishing optimal breast milk supplementation to improve offspring survival rates. The microbiomes of young Asian elephants on different milk-containing diets (elephant milk only, elephant milk-plant mixed feed, and goat milk-plant mixed feed) were investigated using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and phylogenetic analysis. Microbial diversity was lower in the elephant milk-only diet group, with a high abundance of Proteobacteria compared to the mixed-feed diet groups. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant in all groups. Spirochaetae, Lachnospiraceae, and Rikenellaceae were abundant in the elephant milk-plant mixed-feed diet group, and Prevotellaceae was abundant in the goat milk-plant mixed-feed diet group. Membrane transport and cell motility metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in the elephant milk-plant mixed-feed diet group, whereas amino acid metabolism and signal transduction pathways were significantly enriched in the goat milk-plant mixed-feed diet group. The intestinal microbial community composition and associated functions varied significantly between diets. The results suggest that goat milk is not suitable for young elephants. Furthermore, we provide new research methods and directions regarding milk source evaluation to improve elephant survival, wellbeing, and conservation.

Poverty Elevation by Islamic Finance

This paper discuss the Islamic finance and its role to resolve poverty problems ,the different tools and models of Islamic finance will provide enriching of finance phenomena that emerge new era and changeable behavior, The paper also investigate  the nature of traditional financing system that build upon the rate of interest model which only distributed  the fund to high income groups. The paper focuses for these Islamic tools that diversification finance for,  new methods of finance. Through mobilization of rural saving for poor people by providing financing for several potential areas including finance for agricultural inputs, agro-based industries ,milk plants, woolen mills, farm machinery assembly & rural structure projects. there by empirical investigation on the effect of Islamic finance as an alternative financial model to solve poverty alleviation problems have accomplished within the discussion, to result in showing why Islamic financial models are better as approach and practice than conventional one, , Islamic models can be implemented at the non-Moslem societies also.

Анализ эргономичности труда операторов машинного доения на роторно-конвейерных доильных установках «Карусель»

When operating a rotary conveyor milking plant of dairy facilities for 1200 to 3000 or more cows, a milking machine operator experiences increased psychological and physical stress. The general functionality of the human operator of machine milking plants includes information and control (assessment of the physiological state, status of the animal, signal transmission from the milking point to the central computer, etc.) and physical functionality for performing manual operations (preparing the udder and teats of animals, connecting milking units). The conducted ergonomics analysis of milking machine operators at the “Carousel” plants showed that the total work of the operator per cow at the internal milking plant of the “Herringbone” type (36.62 J) is higher than at those with external milking of the “Parallel” type (26.42 J), due to the larger workload part required to move the milking machine (22.9 versus 12.7 J). The energy intensity of labor for three operators per cow is different: for internal milking (“Herringbone”), the load is 3.92, 30.74, and 1.96 J, with external milking (“Parallel”) - 3.92, 20.54, and 1.96 J. The physical load of operators per shift also varies: for a team of three people, the operator’s energy consumption during internal milking (“Herringbone”) varies from 1372 (for the third operator) to 37807 J (for the second operator); for two operators (without teat treatment after milking) the load is the same - from 24262 to 33964 J. For a team of three people working on the “Parallel”-type “Carousel”, the energy consumption ranges between 1918 and 43134 J, with two operators - between 23968 and 51366 J. The permissible upper limit for male operators (no more than 50000 J) is exceeded in the case of external milking and a maximum production of 300 head /h; for female operators (not more than 30,000 J) for all second operators at the maximum productivity of the “Carousel” with internal milking - 140 head/h, with external milking - 300 head/h. The overload of operators of rotary milking plants must be taken into account when organizing their work and upgrading the plants.

A study on the effectiveness of HRD process and climate in milk processing industries with special reference to Coimbatore district

Milk processing allows the preservation of milk for days, weeks or months and helps to reduce food-borne illness. The usable life of milk can be extended for several days through procedures like fermentation or refrigeration, which is the factor most likely to affect the quality of raw milk. The following procedures are carried out at a typical milk plant: receiving the raw milk and filtering/clarifying it. the complete or partial separation of the milk fat (for standardisation of market milk, production of cream and butter and other fat-based products, and production of milk powders). HR processes refer to the fundamental strategies necessary to support the employee lifecycle and a positive employee experience. Each HR process follows an intricate pathway that demands strategic planning according to specific parameters and objectives. While every process involves its own procedures, all processes are interdependent. HRD climate is the perception that the employees have about the policies, procedures, practices, and conditions which exist in the working environment. The study reveals the HR Process and Climate in the Milk Processing Industry, where all the segment of workers are involved in production, processing, marketing and sales.

EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT MILKING SYSTEMS USAGE UNDER CONDITIONS OF RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES OF MILK PRODUCTION

The article presents the efficiency evaluating results of easily build cowsheds in modern milk production technologies and the use of high-productive milking plants such as "Parallel" and "Carrousel" with 32 machines each and robotic milking systems. It has been established that the new type of premises not only provides comfortable conditions for keeping high-yielding cows, but also reduces labor costs for their maintenance and, most importantly, allows the use of modern high-productive milking plants such as "Parallel" and "Carrousel", as well as the usage of “motivational milking” technology". It has been established that the technology of preparing cows for milking and milking technology provides more complete realization of milk ejection reflex at the installation of the "Parallel" type and robotic milking system. The average intensity of cows’ milk flows at these plants is 30% and 47% higher compared to those of the installation of “Carrousel” type, which is confirmed by the intensity of milk flow production at the first minute of milking.
 The multiplicity of cows’ milking of different lactations under conditions of "motivational milking" depending on their productivity and lactation period was also studied. It has been proved that the higher the daily yield, the more often the cow goes to milking. Thus, animals with a daily milk yield of 10 to 20 kg go to milking in average of 2.34 times a day, and with a daily milk yield of 40 and above - 3.39 times.
 It has been deemed that milk obtained with the help of a milking parlor of the "Parallel" type and a robotic milking system has higher values of mass fraction of fat and protein, which is associated with the genetic potential of animals, their diet and quality of milking. According to physical, chemical and technological properties, milk obtained at the milking parlors "Parallel" and "Carrousel", as well as robotic milking systems meets current standards. Due to bacterial contamination, reductase test and milk clot characteristics, milk obtained with a Parallel milking parlor as well as the robotic milking system has higher quality indicators than with the use of the Carrousel type installation. But according to a set of indicators, the milk obtained by the studied milking systems belongs to the desired class of cheese.

Milk Contamination by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex, Implications for Public Health in Amazonas, Brazil

In Brazil, contamination of raw milk with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) has been reported in several states. The highest rate of consumption of raw milk and its derivatives in Brazil occurs in Amazonas. This state also has the highest prevalence of tuberculosis in both humans and livestock. We assessed the contamination of cow's milk and buffalo's milk with MTC in Amazonas, focusing on Mycobacterium bovis, the species most commonly found in cattle and buffalo. In 2019, 250 samples of raw milk (91 from cattle, 159 from buffalo) were collected before processing from three milk plants in the state of Amazonas. The samples were placed into 21 pools and analyzed using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and taxonomic classification with Kraken 2 and MegaBLAST. To confirm the identity of mycobacterial species found, BLASTN was used to identify specific genomic positions in the TbD1 and RD1 regions and flanking RD4 region. MTC genetic material was identified in all pools of raw milk. Genetic material consistent with M. bovis was identified in seven pools of raw milk (1 from cattle, 6 from buffalo). Buffalo's milk had significantly higher MTC reads than did cow's milk. The common practice of consumption of raw milk and its derivatives in Amazonas presents a risk to public health. Urgent measures to prevent transmission of foodborne tuberculosis are needed in the Amazon region. Greater efforts and resources also should be directed toward elimination of bovine tuberculosis in cattle and buffalo herds in Amazonas and the rest of Brazil.

Thermal Energy Consumption Assessment in a Fluid Milk Plant

The main energy conservation opportunities in a dairy plant are in refrigeration, and steam generation. This paper aims to identify potential energy and water savings and opportunities to improve the thermal efficiency of a fluid milk processing plant, using energy analysis and Heat Integration methods. Methodologies for energy analysis and Pinch Analysis with the use of HENSAD and Aspen Energy Analyzer are applied. The main specific energy consumptions are defined as indicators of the progress of improved energy efficiency. The determination of energy performance indicators and energy targets of the heat exchanger network, as well as its design, allowed identifying opportunities for improvement to reduce fuel and water consumption through heat recovery in the milk pasteurization process. Current hot and cold utilities duties are satisfied, for a minimum allowable temperature difference of 20 °C. Total annual savings of 60 t of fuel oil and 15,800 m3 of water allow assessing the feasibility of an investment project for improved heat recovery.

Behind China’s Overseas Food Investments: A Tale of Two Dairies

ABSTRACT China’s wave of outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI) in food production has created vast commercial opportunities for host countries but has also raised concerns about political dependence on the Chinese market, charges of commodity expropriation, and concerns over the loss of food brands and technologies. While most attention is focused on the political drivers behind Chinese investments in grain production, this article examines the dairy industry, a sector that answers both to policy, and to productive and consumer forces. Using records from the Shanghai Stock Exchange, this article examines the rise of OFDI by China’s dairy giants as the result of the consolidation of the domestic industry, the political promotion of agrarian globalisation, and the complex consumer appeal of foreign foods. Against this background, two contrasting case studies show how the aims and strategies of dairy investments have changed. Guangming’s disastrous 2014 purchase of a controlling stake in Israel’s Tnuva dairy cooperative capped off the initial rush for branded assets. In contrast, the China Animal Husbandry Group’s successful investment in the Mataura Valley Milk plant in New Zealand represents the subsequent trend towards greenfield investments in productive capacity.

The Effects of Spray Drying Conditions on Water Absorption Index, Water Solubility Index, Solubility and Water Activity (aw) of Rice Milk Powder

Cow’s milk has been widely consumed as it acts as an important source of protein. It also acts as a wholesome complete food providing all the major nutrients like fat, carbohydrates and proteins. Due to the lactose intolerance in some people in place of cow’s milk plant based milk products are becoming more popular due to its nutritional benefits same as that of cow’s milk. Broken rice has the nutritional benefits equal to raw rice and it can be processed into various value added products. In this study, the broken rice was used to prepare rice milk with the optimized process parameters. Rice milk was spray dried to enhance its shelf life at different inlet drying air temperatures and feed flow rates. Temperature and feed flow rate were optimized with desirability function which satisfied all the responses with required values to obtain optimum conditions for spray drying. The predicted optimum conditions were;T= 138°C, and Q= 35 mL/min. Under these conditions, the response values for water activity, water solubility index and water absorption index were 0.30, 72.8% and 21.7%, respectively.

Estimation of Marketed Surplus and Constraints in Production and Marketing of Milk in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh

The present study entitled “Estimation of marketed surplus and constraints in production and marketing of milk in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh” was undertaken to know about Marketed surplus, marketing channels, and problems in the production and marketing of milk. The study has been undertaken in Paravada mandal of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh during the Agricultural year 2021-2022. A total of 100 respondents were analyzed and data is interpreted. And respondents were categorized into three groups based on the number of milch animals. The overall average milk production is 19087.68 liters. The total quantity of milk production is 54389.21 liters. Out of this, family consumption is 957.95 liters, the marketable surplus is 18129.73 liters and the marketed surplus is 18129.73 liters with 5.0, 95.0, and 95.0 percent respectively. The total marketed surplus is 54389.21 liters with a value of Rs. 2387503.05. Lack of technical guidance for farmers, high cost of crossbreed animals, and lack of credit facilities are major problems in the production category. Less knowledge about marketing strategies and lack of technical guidance are the major marketing constraints faced by farmers in the study area. Some measures suggested to farmers and policymakers are there is a need for training for farmers regarding the dairy farming and how they attain the maximum profits from this sector, Dairy co-operative societies, and Cooperative milk plants should come together and provide incentives for the farmers. Institutional sources should provide easy way loans to farmers without any collateral. And with fewer interest rates.

An Analytical Study of Powder Plant System

Objective: An investigation was carried out for the seasonal functioning of the powder system in a dairy plant. The paper evaluates the reliability measures of the system in two seasons, which is based on the real-life case study of the system. Solutions are presented numerically as well as graphically. Methods: SemiMarkov process and the regenerative point technique have been used for the system analysis wherein the transition and steady-state probabilities are obtained. Findings: Numerical results have been found using MATLAB. Code Blocks, excel have been used for the graphical representation. Expressions for a variety of system effectiveness which include MTSF, long-term availability in two seasons, busy period for repair and maintenance in both the seasons, the expected number of repairs and maintenances, and at last the profit generated by the system. A specific case is considered for graphical analysis. Novelty: In the previous research paper, reliability modeling of the system was done without describing the seasonal effect; in this paper, reliability analysis is carried out of working of the powder system seasonally. The originality of this research lies in its way of calculating the expressions individually with respect to the seasons, giving a better and more accurate view of the system analysis. Applications: The model obtained from this research will benefit the engineers in understanding the systems having similar working conditions; also, the existing model will help in improving system performance in the powder system, attained from the Verka Milk Plant. Keywords: Powder plant; seasons; semiMarkov process; regenerative point technique; reliability measures

ON THE SANITARY CONDITION OF THE MILK TRANSFER SYSTEM OF MILKING MACHINES

The article contains a review material on the level of microbial contamination of the milk-carrying sections of the transport system of the 2ADS-N (milk pipeline), Merry-go-round, Herringbone and Parallel milking plants.
 The differences in the level of bacterial contamination of the surfaces of components and parts in contact with milk, depending on the volume and structural features and types of materials used for their production, have been noted.
 The critical contamination limits have been identified that allow taking timely corrective actions to mitigate potentially
 dangerous biological risks in accordance with the HACCP principles.
 It is indicated on the necessity of investigation of microbial contamination of milk hoses for pumping milk from the milking parlor to the cooling tank and milk hoses for pumping milk from the cooling tank to the milk delivery truck, as well as the correction of sanitary treatment regimes for these types of products.

Evaluation of current level for Industry 4.0 adoption among Milk Plant using Industry 4.0 maturity Framework

Evaluation of current level for Industry 4.0 adoption among Milk Plant using Industry 4.0 maturity Framework

Application of lean manufacturing technology in a milk manufacturing company

This work presents the application of lean management principle in the area of waste elimination in a powder milk plant of a production company. The existing manufacturing procedure for the company’s plant was evaluated, and a lean manufacturing technique was developed for the plant. To achieve this, a time series analysis was carried out on the econometric data obtained, and a future forecast predicting losses and usage was predicted based on the practised manufacturing procedures. The econo­metric linear transfer function technique applied to the actual usage and actual loss data obtained filtered the waste in the production process and generated forecast values for actual loss and usage. This revealed that there had been poor manufacturing practices in the factory. The findings from this research can be used as a guide to managers on wastage control in a production system.

Empirical study on risk mitigation for dairy supply chain management of Aavin Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union Ltd.

Raw fresh-milk has a perishable characteristic, so it needs an appropriate handling from milking to processing, otherwise fresh milk will be contaminated by bacteria so that the shelf life becomes shorter and its losses the quality. Besides, from the perspective of quantity, the lower farmer’s production in the upstream will minimizes the product availability in the downstream. This condition may cause some potential risk during the supply chain. There is a need to map the risk along the supply chain, using samples in Tirunelveli Aavin Nellai milk plant. This paper aimed to analyze the pattern of the supply chain and its risk, to set the risk treatment and to mitigate the risk as well. Data sampling were selected by simple random sampling and then collected using in-depth interview to the risk owners. The results show there are 6 supply chain models and the total number of risks is 50 some of the risks are repeated and from that 10 prioritized risks are mitigated.

Performance analysis of curd (Dahi) producing system of milk plant by using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with different left and right heights

Performance analysis of curd (Dahi) producing system of milk plant by using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with different left and right heights

Profit analysis of skimmed milk powder producing system of milk plant using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with different left and right heights

Profit analysis of skimmed milk powder producing system of milk plant using trapezoidal fuzzy numbers with different left and right heights