Goat Milk Samples Research Articles

TOKAT İLİ ÇEVRE KÖYLERİNDEN ELDE EDİLEN SÜTLERDE BRUCELLA CİNSİ BAKTERİLERİN VARLIGININ ARAŞTIRILMASI

Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases caused by Brucella. The disease is located genital organs in the females of mammals such as cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and pigs and cause to infertility, mastitis, preterm birth, placenta retention and metritis; in men it causes orchitis (gonorrhea inflammation). The bacteria can also spread from animals to humans and cause disease in humans. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Brucellosis in milk collected from villages of Tokat province and districts. For this purpose, 161 cows, 58 sheep and 33 goat milk samples were investigated by Brucellosis agent with Milk Ring Test (MRT) and direct sowing method. At the end of the study, 24 of 161 cow's milk, 20 of 58 sheep's milk and 5 of 33 goat's milk were found to be positive by MRT. Of the 252 raw milk samples, 49 (n = 19.41%) were positive for MRT. Brucella melitensis biotype 3 were isolated from the 2 milk samples after the culturing from 49 samples with positive MRT. It was determined that 2 milk samples isolated from Brucea belong to 2 different sheep from the same herd. Thus, Brucella was isolated in 0.79% of all studied samples, 4.08% of MRT positive samples and 3.45% of sheep milk samples. As a result of our first study with milk collected from the villages and towns of Tokat province and districts, 19.41% of the samples were positive for MRT and 0.79% of the samples were isolated by direct planting method. Thus, in this study, it was determined that there is a certain amount of Bruceila agent in Tokat province and its districts and it shows that dairy products may pose a risk for Brucellosis.

Human pharmaceutical and pesticide residues in Israeli dairy milk in association with dietary risk assessment

ABSTRACT Throughout the world, more than six billion people consume milk and milk products yearly. The safety and quality of dairy milk are regularly monitored in most countries worldwide. The Israeli monitoring program of chemical residues in milk has not changed in the last decades, focusing only on major veterinary drugs and few selected environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. Consequently, a knowledge gap exists regarding the potential occurrence of other chemicals such as human pharmaceuticals and non-monitored pesticides in milk. In this survey, 51 commercial bovine and goat milk samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS and pharmaceutical and pesticide residues are reported in the range of 0.1–93 µg/L. Israeli milk samples revealed at least one and up to five chemical residues simultaneously. The pesticides found in milk were below the European maximum residue limit values. The risk assessment performed, indicated negligible risk.

Genetic detection to Aeromonas hydrophila proteolytic activity in milk samples (cows, buffaloes and goats) in Basra governorate

This study aim is to determine the incidence and the virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila in raw milk, randomly collected from Basra governorate by using of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In this study, the total number of raw milk samples collected from cows, buffaloes and goats that kept from different the regions of Basra governorate were 90 samples. The PCR technique is modern method which regarded as a reliable tool to detect virulent gene of the A. hydrophila isolates. The PCR assays using the primers sets SerAh-F and SerAh-R resulted in the amplification of 650-bp bands from the targeted proteases gene of the A. hydrophil. The result of the present study showed that the results of PCR concerning the proteolytic activity of A. hydrophila in the tested raw milk samples according to animals' source. The higher percentage of the proteolytic activity was found in the cow's raw milk samples 40% and in the buffalo's milk samples was 26.7% while, the proteolytic activity did not find in the goat's milk samples. The association between the source of the milk sample and proteolytic A. hydrophila positive results was considered to be statistically highly significant. The higher percentage of the A. hydrophila isolates found in the raw cow milk was 40%, and the A. hydrophila isolates found in the raw buffalo milk was 26.7%, while, the A. hydrophila isolates did not find in the goat milk.

Simultaneous determination of goat milk adulteration with cow milk and their fat and protein contents using NIR spectroscopy and PLS algorithms

This work employed NIR spectroscopy and PLS algorithms for the identification and quantification of goat milk adulteration by adding cow milk, besides the determination of their fat and protein contents. Since cow milk can represent a health risk to allergic consumers regardless its amount, PLS-DA was able to identify cow milk additions in goat milk as low as 1.0154 g/100g, likewise the non-adulterated goat and cow milk samples, achieving a 100% of correct classification. For quantification purposes, the Successive Projections Algorithm for interval selection in PLS (iSPA-PLS) provided the best results for the determination of both adulteration and fat contents, while PLS gave better results for the protein quantification. Despite the great similarity of both natural dairy matrices and their intrinsic variability, the prediction results provided suitable values with high correlation coefficients and low RMSEP and REP values, with RPD values higher than 3. Therefore, the proposed methodology proved to be a useful, fast and non-destructive tool for screening the quality of goat milk in terms of its adulteration with cow milk, in addition to the quantification of its fat and protein contents.

Development of a Liquid Chromatography–High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Free Fatty Acids in Milk

The determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in milk is of importance for quality control, legislative purposes, authentication and product development. We present herein a liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry method for the direct determination of FFAs in milk. The method involves mild sample preparation, avoids time-consuming derivatization and allows the direct quantification of twenty-two FFAs in a 10-min single run. It was validated and applied in thirteen cow milk and seven goat milk samples. Saturated fatty acids C16:0, C18:0 and unsaturated C18:1 (n-9) were found to be the major components of milk FFAs at concentrations of 33.1 ± 8.2 μg/mL, 16.5 ± 5.3 μg/mL and 14.8 ± 3.8 μg/mL, respectively, in cow milk and at concentrations of 22.8 ± 1.8 μg/mL, 12.7 ± 2.8 μg/mL and 13.3 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively, in goat milk. Other saturated and unsaturated FFAs were found in significantly lower quantities. Saturated fatty acids C6:0, C8:0 and C10:0 were found in higher quantities in goat milk than in cow milk. The levels of the important (for human health) odd-chain FFAs C15:0 and C17:0 were estimated in cow and goat milk.

Changes in the concentration of urea in whey related to udder health status of goat

A total of 60 samples of goat milk from udder halves were analysed. Based on the score of California Mastitis Test (CMT), the samples were equally grouped into Normal, Subclinical 1+, Subclinical 2+, Subclinical 3+ and Clinical. The average of urea concentration in whey was highest (33.96 ± 0.96 mg/dl) in the normal group, followed by Subclinical 1+ (24.25 ± 0.97 mg/dl), Subclinical 2+ (14.55 ± 0.61 mg/dl), Subclinical 3+ (12.96 ± 0.46 mg/dl) and lowest (9.42 ± 0.33 mg/dl) in the Clinical group. The results showed significant decrease in urea concentration with an increase in the severity of mastitis. The urea concentration of normal group, subclinical combined group and clinical group ranged from 32.00 to 39 mg/dl, 10.50 to 30.00 mg/dl and 9.50 to 12.50 mg/dl respectively.

Avaliação da especificidade do ágar Violeta Vermelho Bile Glicose para o isolamento de Enterobacteriaceae em leite de cabra cru

Introduction: Coliforms have been used over the years as indicator microorganisms for microbiological quality. However, several studies report the lack of direct correlation between their presence and that of pathogens in the evaluation of food safety, leading to the suggestion of new analysis proposals, such as the search for total enterobacteria, which includes all members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. Objective: This study aimed to determine the population of enterobacteria in raw goat milk samples based on the microbiological criteria suggested by the National Health Surveillance Agency - Ministry of Health (Anvisa - MS) - Public Consultation Noo 542 of July 17, 2018 for Pasteurized milk samples. Method: 21 samples from small producers from different regions of the state of Rio de Janeiro were used. Isolates were obtained from inoculation on VRBG agar according to ISO 21528-2 and identified by Matrix Associated Laser Desorption-Ionization – Time of Flight (MALDI/TOF) mass spectrometry. Results: Of the 222 isolates identified, only 26.6% belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Another 61.3% belonged to the Pseudomonas genus, 4.5% to the Acinetobacter genus and 7.6% were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Although there are no microbiological parameters in Anvisa-MS RDC No 12 of January 2, 2001 for raw milk, the results of isolation on VBRG agar led to the investigation of other studies with similar findings regarding isolation of VRBG bacteria from goat and bovine milk samples. Conclusions: Detection in VRBG agar of non-Enterobacteriaceae-negative oxidase bacteria, such as those of the genus Acinetobacter, suggests the need for a debate on the methodology indicated by ISO 21528-2 for enumeration of enterobacteria, as the new regulation on standard microbiological data for food will no longer use the coliform group, but the Enterobacteriaceae/g or mL count, as an indicator.

Influence of Lactation Order and Lactation Stage on Physico-Chemical Properties of Pantja Goat Milk

Goat is a versatile animal having short generation interval with lower investment cost and higher prolificacy. The present study was carried out at Goat farm, LPM, GBPUAT, Pantnagar. During the entire study the fresh milk samples of Pantja goats were taken according to lactation order and stage viz., 1st (Upto 30 days), 2nd (31 to 60 days) and 3rd (above 61 days) stage of lactation were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The values of milk composition were significantly affected by lactation order and stage of lactation and their interaction. The color of Pantja goat milk was perfectly white in all the lactation order and lactation stages. The specific gravity and boiling point of milk increased significantly from 1st to 3rd lactation order and with advancement of lactation stage. The milk composition; fat, protein, total solids, solids not fat, total ash and chemical properties viz.titratable acidity of milk was increased significantly in advanced lactation order and stage of lactation except, pH, water and carbohydrate which showed a declining trend

Assessment of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein profile in milk for early pregnancy diagnosis in goats.

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to assess the level of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) in whole and skim milk samples, and its suitability for early pregnancy diagnosis in goats.MethodsA two-step sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system for estimation of milk PAG was developed and validated, which employed caprine-PAG specific polyclonal antisera. Whole and skim milk samples (n = 210 each) from fifteen multiparous goats were collected on alternate days from d 10 to d 30, and thereafter weekly till d 51 post-mating. PAG levels in milk samples were estimated by ELISA and the pregnancies were confirmed at d40 post-mating by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS).ResultsThe level of PAG in whole and skim milk samples of both pregnant and non-pregnant goats remained below the threshold values until d 24 after mating. Thereafter, PAG concentration in whole and skim milk increased steadily in pregnant goats, whereas it continued below the threshold in non-pregnant does. The PAG profiles in whole and skim milk of pregnant goats were almost similar and exhibited strong positive relationship (r = 0.891; p<0.001). Day 26 post-mating was identified as the first time-point for significantly (p<0.05) higher milk PAG concentration in pregnant goats than to non-pregnant goats. When compared to TRUS examination for pregnancy diagnosis, the accuracy and specificity of PAG ELISA using whole and skim milk samples were 94.5% and 95.4%; and 95.3% and 100%, respectively. The high values of area-under-curve (0.904 [whole milk] and 0.922 [skim milk]), demonstrate outstanding discrimination ability of the milk assays. Among the sampling dates chosen, d 37 post-mating was identified as the best suitable time point for collection of milk samples to detect pregnancy in goats.ConclusionThe PAG concentration in whole and skim milk of goats collected between days 26 and 51 post-breeding can be used for the accurate prediction of pregnancy and may be useful for assisting management decisions in goat flocks.

Vibrational spectroscopy and chemometrics tools for authenticity and improvement the safety control in goat milk

Goat milk has a potential target of fraud. In this sense, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) have been successfully used to detect food fraud. This study aimed to develop multivariate classification models using NIRS to detect adulterants in goat milk. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), control chart, k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Part Least Square-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogies (SIMCA) were used to detect the adulterants: water, urea, bovine whey and cow's milk in goat's milk samples with concentrations of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20% v/v, resulting in 300 control samples and 300 adulterated samples. The control chart discriminated authentic and adulterated samples with 95% confidence. The PLS-DA results were better compared to those obtained by k-NN and SIMCA; presenting 100% sensitivity and specificity in calibration, cross validation, and prediction. Therefore, NIRS combined with PLS-DA was adequate to detect goat milk safety control associated with adulteration.

Порівняльна оцінка санітарно-бактеріологічних показників коров'ячого і козиного молока

The aim of the article is to present the results of researches about comparative assessment's definition of the sanitary and bacteriological indicators of cow and goat milk. To determine the bacterial contamination of goat's milk, was used the classic method, which is also an arbitration, cup method and a modern method&nbsp; with by means of using of “Petri-film” plates. To obtain more accurate results by means of applying the last method, we have improved the formula for calculating the number of microorganisms in the analyzed sample. The higher economic efficiency of the method of determining the ячеmicrobiological purity of milk and dairy products is established&nbsp; by means of using plates "Petri-film”, compared with the using of Petri plates. The number of microorganisms determined by the two methods did not differ significantly - the correlation coefficient for mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms (MAFAnM) is 0.89, and for coli - 0.88. The discrepancies between the indicators were within the confidence interval at a confidence level of P ≥ 95%. Goat milk is less contaminated (contaminated) by extraneous microbiota than cow milk, which is due to&nbsp; different diet, way of keeping goats, milking characteristics and the actual biology of animals, or a higher content of bactericidal substances in goat milk compared with cow's milk. The number of somatic cells in the samples of cow and goat milk was determined with folowiing the rules of milking culture. According to this doctrine, the obligatory technological operation during milking is the removal of the first portions of milk with a high probability of contamination of the udder with somatic cells and extraneous microflora, which affects the change in the physiochemical milk's composition. It was found that goat milk contains a smaller amount of extraneous (MAFAnM, coliforms and Escherichia coli) microflora, as well as the number of somatic cells, which indicates its higher food safety compared with cow's milk. Therefore, it is recognized as suitable for industrial processing as drinking milk and fermented dairy products.

Epidemiology and antibiogram of common mastitis-causing bacteria in Beetal goats.

Background and Aim:Mastitis has been identified as the most prevalent and economically imperative disease among dairy animals. Thus, understanding its common bacterial pathogens and risk factors is necessary to improve udder health at herd, region, or country level. However, scientific research on caprine mastitis, especially on Beetal breed, has remained to be insufficient in Pakistan. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and antibiogram assay of common mastitis-causing bacterial agents, that is, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli, in dairy goats.Materials and Methods:In total, 500 Beetal goats, irrespective of age and those that were not treated with any kind of antimicrobial agents during the past 120 h, were screened using California Mastitis Test in Pattoki, Kasur District, whereas epidemiological factors were recorded. The milk samples of mastitic goats were then collected and processed using standard methods. Each sample was primarily cultured on nutrient agar. Using a specific medium, each bacterial colony was separated using several streak methods. Six antibiotic disks belonging to different antibiotic groups were used for antibiogram profiling of bacterial isolates. Chi-square test was used to assess the association of baseline characteristics and mastitis occurrence. Meanwhile, multivariable logistic regression (p<0.001) was utilized to determine the risk factors associated with positive and negative dichotomous outcome of mastitis.Results:The results revealed that the overall prevalence of goat mastitis was 309 (61.8%), in which 260 (52%) and 49 (9.8%) cases were positive for subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM), respectively. Streptococcus and E. coli were found to be the predominant isolates causing SCM and CM, respectively (p<0.001). It was observed that amoxicillin+clavulanic acid was highly sensitive to isolates of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus and ceftiofur sodium to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli., while enrofloxacin was found to be sensitive to isolates of Streptococcus and E. coli. Risk factors such as herd structure, deworming, vaccination, presence of ticks, use of teat dip and mineral supplements, feeding type, age, parity, housing, blood in the milk, milk leakage, milk taste, and milk yield were found to have the strongest association with mastitis occurrence, while ease of milking has moderate association.Conclusion:In the area examined, cases of SCM were found to be higher compared with that of CM, and ceftiofur sodium has been identified as the preferred treatment in both clinical and subclinical forms of caprine mastitis in Beetal goats. Risk factors for mastitis that was identified in this study can form the basis for the creation of an udder health control program specific for dairy goats. We hope our findings could raise awareness of the risk factors and treatment approaches for common mastitis-causing bacterial agents.

131I, 137Cs, 134Cs from Fukushima fallout at Milano, Italy

Right after the Fukushima reactor accident, a systematic air and wet sampling and analysis programme was undertaken to detect and quantitatively analyze the radionuclides in the Fukushima fallout in Milano, Italy. Radionuclides from Fukushima were first detected at Milano region in a rain water sample, collected during March 27-28, 2011 with the concentrations of 131I and 137Cs isotopes in the rainwater to be equal with 0.89 Bq/L and 0.12 Bq/L, respectively. The concentration of 131I in goat and cow milk samples from a farm in Monte Rosa mountain, were 0.25 and 0.21 Bq/L, respectively. Increased atmospheric radioactivity was detected on air filter taken on 30 March 2011, while the maximum activity of 467 μBq/m3 occurred at April 3-4, 2011. A week later the activities had fallen to about 50% of peak values, with a general increasing trend over the following days. In the time period of one month after the nuclear accident, concentrations of 137Cs and 134Cs in air as high as 63 μBq/m3 and 61 μBq/m3, respectively were recorded. The presence of more than one peaks of 131I and 137,134Cs till April 11, 2011, indicates that 131I and 137,134Cs were continuously transferred from Fukushima, Japan to Italy. According to the measurements, airborne activity levels remain of no concern for public health in Italy.

Occurrence of mastitis and methicillin resistant &lt;i&gt;Staphylococcus aureus&lt;/i&gt; in goats in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria

The objective of this study was to conduct a cross sectional study to assess the occurrence of mastitis and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in goats in Zaria, Kaduna State from May to July 2013. A total of 386 fresh goat milk samples from both right and left halves of 198 lactating goats from National Animal Production and Research Institute (NAPRI) and other locations within Zaria metropolis were examined for the occurrence of mastitis and MRSA. The observed prevalence of mastitis in goats, defined by positive (≥+1) California Mastitis Test (CMT) was 119 (60.1%). The prevalence of mastitis showed significant variation among goats of different breeds (p=0.048) but no significant variation between age groups (p=0.890), location and goats raised under the two different systems of management (p=0.438). Also, there was no significant difference as to which udder half was most sub clinically affected (left or right). From a total of 386 fresh goat milk samples examined, 60 strains of staphylococci were isolated and identified using the conventional biochemical tests and 32 of which were identified as Staphylococcus aureus using the MicrogenTM STAPH-ID system. Furthermore, 12 of these 32 showed agglutinations with the PBP-2a Latex agglutination test reagent. The susceptibilities of the isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted as sensitive, intermediate or resistant following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI, 2017). Out of the 32 isolates of S. aureus ; 90.63% were resistant to cefoxitin, Penicillin G (93.75%), Ampicillin (100%), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (34.38%), Ceftriaxone (71.88%), Vancomycin (31.25%), Gentamicin (31.25%), Kanamycin (46.88%), Erythromycin (43.75%), Tetracycline (40.63%), Ciprofloxacin (3.13%), Nitrofurantoin (15.63%), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (25%) and Chloramphenicol (15.63%). All the isolates were resistant 2 or more antimicrobial agents, but none was simultaneously resistant to all. There were 28 antimicrobial resistant patterns in which resistance to Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Cefoxitin were the most frequent. Methicillin resistance was determined using Cefoxitin discs as a surrogate marker of mecA gene as recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards International (CLSI). In conclusion, the findings of this study confirm the importance of S. aureus as a mastitis causing organism and the possible role of goats in the transmission of multiple drug resistant S. aureus.Keywords: mastitis, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, goats, Zaria

Effect of HTST Thermal Treatments on End-Use Quality Characteristics of Goat Milk.

Goat milk samples were pasteurized at high-temperature (72°C, 75°C, and 81°C) and in short-time (15 s and 25 s) combinations. Physical, chemical and microbial qualities of the pasteurized milk samples were evaluated 0, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of storage at 4°C. Despite the different thermal treatments, specific-gravity and viscosity were comparatively stable immediately after pasteurization (IAP). The viscosity of pasteurized milk at 81°C showed significant increase (P < 0.05) from 1.58 ± 0.18 to 2.30 ± 0.15 mPa s during four weeks of storage. Relative lightness “L” value decreased by about 10% during the storage period of 81°C pasteurization samples. Acidity increased with heat treatment irrespective of holding time, but in 81°C pasteurized sample higher acidity was developed at end of the storage. Fat oxidation 2-3 times higher at 81°C than 72°C pasteurized samples. Total protein (TP%) and nonprotein nitrogen contents were stable IAP but TP reduced significantly (P < 0.05) at two weeks storage. The whey protein denaturation increased with pasteurization treatments and storage time. Antioxidant activity of raw goat milk was 34.8 ± 5.01 μmol l−1 and was decreased by 20–43% IAP compared to raw milk samples, but gradually increased during storage. IAP, mesophilic counts were in the range of 980–110 cfu ml−1 (72°C/15–81°C/25 s) and increased from 2236 to 680 cfu ml−1 samples stored at 4 weeks. Results showed that best quality stability of pasteurized goat milk achieved by heat treatments between 72°C/25 s and 75°C/25 s heat treatments up to 3 weeks of storage under 4°C.

Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis DNA and Antibodies in Dairy Goat Colostrum and Milk.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is endemic in the Dutch dairy goat population causing economic loss, and negatively influencing welfare. Moreover, there are concerns about a potential zoonotic risk. Therefore the industry’s objectives are to decrease MAP prevalence, limit economic losses as well as reduce the concentration of MAP in (bulk) milk. To diminish within-farm spread of infection, vaccination, age dependent group housing with separation of newborns from adults, as well as rearing on artificial or treated colostrum and milk replacers are implemented. However, the importance of MAP contaminated colostrum and milk as a route of infection in dairy goat herds is unknown. Therefore the aim of this study was to detect the presence of MAP DNA in colostrum and milk from dairy goats in infected herds. A convenience sample of 120 colostrum samples and 202 milk samples from MAP infected dairy goat herds were tested by IS900 real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for MAP DNA. Furthermore, 22 colostrum samples and 27 post mortem milk samples of goats with clinical signs consistent with paratuberculosis from known infected herds were tested. The majority of samples were from goats vaccinated against MAP. Positive or doubtful PCR results were obtained in none of the 120 and two of the 22 colostrum samples, and in eight of the 202 and four of the 27 milk samples Negative PCR results were obtained in the remaining 140 (99%) colostrum samples and 217 (95%) milk samples.

Lipidomics analysis for identifying the geographical origin and lactation stage of goat milk

Goat milk samples of three lactation stages (colostrum, mature and late milk) were collected from three farms and analyzed with an untargeted method based on UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry and multivariate statistics. A total of 14 lipid subclasses and 756 lipid molecules were identified in samples. Five lipid subclasses and 51 lipid molecules in milk were significantly different among different geographical origins. Two lipid subclasses and 26 lipid molecules were significantly different among different lactation stages. Combined with the partial least squares discriminant analysis results of lipid molecules with a VIP value (Variable Importance in the projection) higher than 1, totally 38 and 19 lipid molecules could be used as potential indicators to identify geographical origins and lactation stages, respectively. Based on six and five selected molecules, the correct rates of discrimination models for geographical origin and lactation stage respectively reached 100% and 96%.

Comparison of PCR-RFLP, API® 20 Strep and MALDI-TOF MS for identification of Streptococcus spp. collected from sheep and goat milk samples

Abstract In this study, a bank of 195 Streptococcus isolates collected in Sardinia (Italy) from sheep and goat milk samples was analysed. The purpose of this research was to compare the accuracy of different methods of identifying Streptococcus at the species level: API® 20 Strep, PCR-RFLP and MALDI-TOF MS. For PCR-RFLP analysis, the housekeeping gap gene was used as target gene. After alignment of nucleotide sequences of different Streptococcus species, a primer set was designed to amplify a 945-bp DNA fragment. Amplicons of gap gene were submitted to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with the enzyme AluI. When PCR-RFLP patterns were different from those of their reference strains, gap gene products were sequenced for definitive identification. Most of the isolates displayed the same PCR-RFLP profile of Streptococcus uberis type strain (124, corresponding to 63.6%), followed by S. dysgalactiae (18, corresponding to 9.2%) and S. suis (14, corresponding to 7.2%). Overall, in comparison with PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis results, 161 over 195 Streptococcus isolates were identified to the same species levels by means API® 20 Strep (82.6% agreement, CI95 = 77.2–87.9) versus 166/195 (85.1% agreement, CI95 = 80.1–90.1) using MALDI-TOF. In conclusion, the PCR-RFLP is the most accurate and reproducible method for the identification of streptococci collected from milk samples, although high cost and technical difficulty hinder its usage in routine diagnosis. In our study, the accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS in detecting streptococci at the species level has not been perfect; however we believe that MALDI-TOF has the advantage in terms of its rapidity, reliability and low cost.

Microbiological profile of fresh goat milk: Impact of goat farmer practices in “Taruna Mukti” goat farmer group, Sragen, Central Java

Goat milk is susceptible to be contaminated by many microorganisms including microbial pathogens responsible for causing diseases. Various contaminations come from every stage of goat milk produce including feeding, milking, and milk treatments. The aim of this study was to assess the practice of dairy goat farmer and evaluate the microbiological profile of raw goat milk in dairy goat farmer group. The study showed that row milk had high total plate count (7, 8x106 CFU/ml). Thus, Coliform and E. coli were detected in the samples of fresh goat milk. Overall, it can be seen that fresh goat milk was relatively poor hygienic quality and was not conformed to the Indonesian Nasional Standard.

The relationships between somatic cell count, total bacterial count and intramammary infection in milk samples of Damascus goats during postpartum days

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine the changes of somatic cell count (SCC), total bacterial count (TBC) and intramammary infection (IMI) from milk samples of Damascus goats in association with the early lactation period. A total of 291 milk samples from each of the udder halves (no milk could be obtained from 9 udder halves) belonging to 50 Damascus goats were collected on the 10th, 20th and 30th days postpartum (pp). Bacterial isolates were identified by using a VITEK 2 Compact automatized system and were confirmed with API strips. All collected samples were analysed for TBC by BactoScan FC and SCC by Fossomatic FC 5000. The most commonly isolated bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) species (S. chromogenes S. simulans, S. xylosus, S. equorum and S. warneri) with percents of 8.24%, 11.34% and 9.27% according to pp days (10th, 20th and 30th day). S. aureus was isolated at the percents of 2.06%, 4.12% and 2.06% on 10th, 20th and 30th days pp, respectively. The percent of SCC > 1 million/ml in milk samples of udder halves was 25.7% on the 10th day, the percent decreased to 13.4% on the 30th day of the puerperium (P 500.000 cfu/ml in milk samples of udder halves was 11.3% on the 10th day, the percent decreased to 1.03% on the 30th day of the puerperium (P 0.05). It is concluded that a significant decreases in both SCC and TBC in postpartum period may be an important parameter in terms of udder health.