Milk Production Chain Research Articles

Impact of farm size on milk quality in the Brazilian dairy industry according to the seasons of the year

ABSTRACT: Milk produced in Brazil has been seen as having poor quality and is associated with a large number of small farms. However, there are few studies demonstrating lower quality of milk of small properties. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between production scale on dairy farms and milk quality, how it behaviors throughout the year and set goals to improve quality according to each strata. A total of 21,917 analysis of 409 farmers conducted from January 2005 to December 2014 were used. To study the database, the properties were divided according to monthly average daily milk yield: 10 to 100; 100 to 200; 200 to 500; 500 to 1,000; and 1,000 to 5,000L of milk day-1. The data showed that dairy farming is predominantly carried out on small-scale production properties; however, the highest volumes are produced by a small number of producers. Additional data reveals that milk quality can vary because of distinct factors as nutritional condition and feed supply. Quality of the milk produced should be a matter of concern for the entire milk-production chain, because it still has problems such as high total bacterial count, high somatic cell count and low solids.

Could predicting fatty acid profile by mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy be used as a method to increase the value added by milk production chains?

The aims of this work were (1) to develop prediction equations from mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) to establish a detailed fatty acid (FA) composition of milk; (2) to propose a milk FA index, utilizing MIRS-developed equations, in which the precision of the FA-prediction equations is taken into account to increase the value of milk; and (3) to show application examples. A total of 651 bulk cow milk samples were collected from 245 commercial farms in northwest Italy. The results of the 651 gas chromatography analyses were used to establish (421 samples) and to validate (230 samples) the outcomes of the FA composition prediction that had been obtained by MIRS. A class-based approach, in which the obtained MIRS equations were used, was proposed to define a milk classification. The method provides a numerical index [milk FA index (MFAI)] that allows a premium price to be quantified to increase the value of a favorable FA profile of milk. Ten FA were selected to calculate MFAI, according to their relevance for human health and potential cheese sensory properties, and animal welfare and environmental sustainability were also considered. These factors were selected as dimensions of MFAI. A statistical analysis and expert judgment aggregation were performed on the selected FA by weighting the FA and normalizing the dimensions to reduce redundancy. A class approach was applied, using the precision of the MIRS equations to establish the classes. The median FA concentration of the data set was set as a reference value of class 0. The width, number, and limits of classes above and below the median were calculated using the 95% confidence level of the standard error of prediction, corrected with the bias of each FA. A progressive number and a positive or negative sign were assigned to each FA class above or below the median according to their role in the above mentioned dimensions. The sum of the numbers of each class, associated with its sign for each FA, was used to generate MFAI. The MFAI was applied to dairy farms characterized by different feeding strategies, all of which deliver milk to a commercial dairy plant. The MFAI values ranged from 0.7 to 4.2, and large variations, which depended on the cows' diet and forage quality, were observed for each feeding system. The proposed method has been found to be flexible and adaptable to several contexts on both intensive and extensive dairy farms.

Interests and values of dairy producers and consumers on the sustainability of the milk production chain in southern Brazil

Interests and values of dairy producers and consumers on the sustainability of the milk production chain in southern Brazil

Bioética e bem-estar na gestação e no parto da fêmea bovina

The procedure for innovations in animal exploitation has involved over the long term all over the world. Some of them have compromised the limits of ethics, notably on the use of production animals. In this context, the scenario of social control over the use of production animals began to be increasingly evidence. Bioethics and the science of well being have been contributing to the analysis of the whole process of control over animal raising, opening the way for the idea of dignity among all forms of life. In this way, it is worth considering the growth of national cattle production. Each passing day the demand of meat and milk production chain makes cattle exploitation even more intense. There is no doubt that this intensity has important economic and social gains, but it also has an effect on animal welfare and the limits of ethics. We believe in the possibility of developing new animal raising techniques that guarantee good productivity and high product quality without compromising animal welfare. In the raising system the pregnancy management and the assistance to labor to the bovine female should be differentiated, to the fact that this animal is included in a special category. Based on this context, this article aims to address the relationships established between man and cattle, aiming to discuss pregnancy management and labor assistance, in the most human form possible, considering the ethical and welfare aspects.

Small Scale In-Situ Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Soil – Screeing Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Performance

Spillage of diesel oil and other petroleum products is a commonly creating need for site remediation of contaminated soils. In Sweden the most common remediation action is excavation of the contaminated soil and off site biological treatment by composting. However, a number of small sites spread out in rural areas end up low on priority lists, and will not be attended to within foreseeable future if ever. For such areas a low cost, easy to apply remediation techniques would be of interest. Enhanced bioremediation of diesel contaminants in soil by whey addition has been demonstrated in lab scale. Whey is a by-product from cheese production. A first pilot remediation trial on an actual site in Gäddede, County of Jämtland, was started the summer of 2010. Using this site as a case study a screening life cycle assessment model has been set up. The goal of the study was to investigate the environmental performance of the whey method, to benchmark the whey method toward the excavation and composting practice and to identify environmental hot spots in the whey treatment life cycle. The study aims at establishing if further work should be put into developing the method, or if the environmental performance is such that the whey method should be abandoned. It should be noted that even with a slightly worse environmental performance compared to other remediation alternatives whey treatment could still be of interest, since the small scale sites in rural areas we talk about here otherwise most often would not be attended to. Results from the screening life cycle assessment indicate a rather good environmental performance of the whey method, partly depending on impact category considered. For the whey method, impacts from farming activities in the milk production chain allocated to the whey give significant contributions. Transportation gives important impacts from both the whey method and the excavation and off site composting, thus logistics should always be considered and optimized. The whey onsite treatment could be an interesting alternative for bioremediation especially at sites that would not otherwise be treated, due to small size or remote location.

Organizing strategies of the milk production chain in Paraná

The aim of this study was to understand some of the factors that influence the dynamics and efficiency of hybrid forms in the relationship between producers and buyers of the milk production chain in Paraná, state of Brazil. For this, we used the theoretical contribution of the Transaction Costs Economy and the Measurement Costs Economy. This study is qualitative, descriptive, and inductive, with a transversal cut. To achieve the objective, we used documentary, bibliographic and field research. The data were collected in the state of Paraná, through semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was conducted using the Content Analysis Method. The results showed the influence of the formal regulation (IN 62) and informal regulation (price) given by the institutional environment, and distinguished the categories of technification of the producers, as well as the efficiency of the hybrid governance in the level of technification. Hybrid forms were treated, being classified by category of technification of the producers and by type of contracting, in which different perspectives of efficiency in the transaction were identified. In the discussion chapter, it was possible to attribute efficiency to the formal contracts, associated to producers with high level of technification. The results also identified that this form of hiring guarantees the protection of legal property rights, minimizing the possibility of opportunistic behavior and maximizing the value of the transacted assets. In addition, we identified efficiency gaps in informal contracts, related to medium and low technology producers, mainly in the absence of guarantee of legal and economic rights. The non-inclusion of some dimensions of the asset and, therefore, its non-remuneration, allowed that conclusion.

Role of Lanthanides in the Traceability of the Milk Production Chain.

The traceability and authentication of milk were studied using trace and ultratrace elements as chemical markers. Among these variables, the group of lanthanides resulted in being particularly useful for this purpose as a result of their homogeneous distribution inside milk, which showed on the contrary to be intrinsically inhomogeneous from the elemental point of view. Using in this pilot study milk samples from a factory in Piedmont (Italy), we demonstrated that the distribution of lanthanides can be used as a fingerprint to put into relation the soil of the pasture land on which cows graze and the bottled milk produced in the factory. In fact, the distribution is maintained nearly unaltered along the production chain of milk, apart from the passage into the stomachs of the cows. Using the same variables, it was possible to discriminate between milk produced in the factory and milk samples taken from the large-scale retail trade.

Survey of pyrethroid, macrocyclic lactone and antibacterial residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil

ABSTRACT: A survey of veterinary drug residues in bulk milk tank from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was carried out through a broad scope analysis. Here, 132 raw milk samples were collected at 45 dairy farms in Minas Gerais from August 2009 to February 2010, and analyzed for 42 analytes, comprising pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones and antibacterials, using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem mode and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Within all milk samples, at least one veterinary drug residue was identified in 40 milk samples (30.30%) by confirmatory tests, whereas 16 samples (12.12%) showed the presence of at least two residues. With regard to the Brazilian maximum residue levels, 11 milk samples (8.33%) were non-compliant according to Brazilian Legislation. The veterinary drugs detected in the non-compliant milk samples include penicillin V (one sample), abamectin (one sample) and cypermethrin (nine samples). Furthermore, the antibacterial screening methods failed to identify most of the positive samples that were detected by confirmatory tests, leading to a large discrepancy between the screening and confirmatory antimicrobial tests. Thus, the present study indicated that the veterinary drugs residues still represents a great concern for the milk production chain.

Interorganisational networks and social innovation: a study in milk production chain

The interorganisational networks are important in economic life, by facilitating the complex interdependence between transactional and cooperative organisations. A new type of innovation begins to emerge; concerns about social issues begin to appear and to be important for organisations, called social innovation. This study proposes an investigation to prove that when companies organise in networks and use social innovation in a productive system gets economic and social gain. The object of study is a case study of Milk Producers Association of Fartura, São Paulo. This case study showed that association of producers is a social innovation because the association of producers brought social and economic benefits for a community; there have been new products and processes in order to innovate the marketing and production of lasting and sustainable milk.

Interorganisational networks and social innovation: a study in milk production chain

The interorganisational networks are important in economic life, by facilitating the complex interdependence between transactional and cooperative organisations. A new type of innovation begins to emerge; concerns about social issues begin to appear and to be important for organisations, called social innovation. This study proposes an investigation to prove that when companies organise in networks and use social innovation in a productive system gets economic and social gain. The object of study is a case study of Milk Producers Association of Fartura, Sao Paulo. This case study showed that association of producers is a social innovation because the association of producers brought social and economic benefits for a community; there have been new products and processes in order to innovate the marketing and production of lasting and sustainable milk.

Diagnosis of mycobacteria in bovine milk: an overview

ABSTRACTTuberculosis remains as the world’s biggest threat. In 2014, human tuberculosis ranked as a major infectious disease by the first time, overcoming HIV death rates. Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic disease of global distribution that affects animals and can be transmitted to humans by the consumption of raw milk, representing a serious public health concern. Despite the efforts of different countries to control and eradicate bovine tuberculosis, the high negative economic impact on meat and milk production chains remains, given the decreased production efficiency (approximately 25%), the high number of condemned carcasses, and increased animal culling rates. This scenario has motivated the establishment of official programs based on regulations and diagnostic procedures. Although Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis are the major pathogenic species to humans and bovines, respectively, nontuberculous mycobacteria within the Mycobacterium genus have become increasingly important in recent decades due to human infections, including the ones that occur in immunocompetent people. Diagnosis of mycobacteria can be performed by microbiological culture from tissue samples (lymph nodes, lungs) and secretions (sputum, milk). In general, these pathogens demand special nutrient requirements for isolation/growth, and the use of selective and rich culture media. Indeed, within these genera, mycobacteria are classified as either fast- or slow-growth microorganisms. Regarding the latter ones, incubation times can vary from 45 to 90 days. Although microbiological culture is still considered the gold standard method for diagnosis, molecular approaches have been increasingly used. We describe here an overview of the diagnosis of Mycobacterium species in bovine milk.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae in bulk tank milk from German dairy farms

Although the dairy farm environment is a known source of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, surveillance data on ESBL in the milk production chain are still scarce. This study aimed at estimating the dimensions of the problem for public health and animal welfare by surveying ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in raw bulk tank milk in Germany. Samples from 866 dairy farms, comprising about 1% of the total number of dairy farms in Germany, were first screened for presence of cefotaxime-resistant bacteria by selective enrichment. Suspect colonies were identified phenotypically and further characterized by biochemical and molecular methods, including analysis of resistance genes and clonal diversity in ESBL-producing isolates. Bulk tank milk from 82 (9.5%) farms yielded Enterobacteriaceae with confirmed ESBL-production. The most frequent ESBL-producing species was Escherichia coli (75.6%), followed by Citrobacter spp. (9.6%), Enterobacter cloacae (6.1%), and Klebsiella oxytoca (3.7%), a few isolates belonged to other species within the genera Hafnia, Raoutella and Serratia. The majority of isolates (95.1%) harbored the β-lactamase blaCTX-M gene, which has gained increased importance among ESBL-producing strains worldwide; the CTX-M group 1 was found to be the dominating (88.4%) phylogenetic group. All ESBL-positive Escherichia coli isolates were clonally heterogeneous, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The results from this survey demonstrate that ESBL-producing bacteria are distributed widely in the dairy farm environment in Germany. Therefore, raw milk is a potential source of exposure for the consumer, which is of increasing importance considering the trend of farmer-to-consumer direct marketing. Furthermore, dairy farm staff have an increased likelihood of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria. Finally, ESBL-producing bacteria may also be transferred via waste milk to calves, thus further spreading antibiotic resistance in the farm environment.

Programa de assistência técnica para o desenvolvimento de pequenas propriedades leiteiras em Valença-RJ e região Sul Fluminense

Resumo A cadeia produtiva do leite passou por grandes transformações na década de 1990, decorrentes do fim da regulamentação do setor, da integração comercial regional, da internacionalização do capital, o que implica a ampliação da participação das transnacionais da indústria láctea, entre outras. Esses fatores expuseram, em especial, os baixos índices de eficiência técnica e de qualidade dessa cadeia, demonstrando a necessidade de ações para melhoria e integração de seus elos. Esta pesquisa analisa a condição de abandono em que as organizações familiares produtoras de leite se encontram no Brasil, dada a falta de assistência técnica rural na história recente do país e, portanto, o dilema que o pequeno produtor enfrenta em busca de extensão rural, diante do colapso do extensionismo público e do custoso sistema privado de extensão. A pesquisa de campo foi conduzida em Valença-RJ e na região sul fluminense e discute a viabilidade de um programa de assistência técnica e de gestão criado pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa, seção Sudeste) e praticado pelo Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural (Senar, Rio de Janeiro), organização paraestatal mantida por recursos financeiros, materiais e de pessoal provenientes de contribuição privada na região do Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de um sistema de parcerias que gere benefícios e formação de uma rede local para o desenvolvimento da região.

Tracking of Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis Load in Milk Production Chain: A Real‐Time qPCR And Culture Assay

ABSTRACTMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants and may contribute to Crohn's disease in humans. This study was conducted to track the changes of Map load throughout the milk production chain to decipher potential sources of contamination. For this purpose, individual cow milk, farm‐bulk‐milk and bulk milk of collection center were analyzed using F57‐quantitative real‐time PCR (F57‐qPCR) and culture examination. According to the results, the occurrence and the mean value of Map load was increased significantly (P < 0.01) from the quarter milk toward bulk‐tank milk. Although a positive correlation was found between Map load and number of hygiene indicator bacteria in bulk‐raw milks, no correlation was observed between somatic cells count and presence of Map. It was concluded that fecal contamination during hand‐milking and/or through the farm environmental plays a major role in increasing Map load in bulk milks.Practical ApplicationsHaving an idea of Map load at each step of milk production and processing chains could be used by food safety organizations to establish regulations for the control of contamination sources. According to the results, Map load was increased from quarter milk en route to the subsequent steps of milk production chain. It was revealed that apart from the primary contamination, a major portion of bulk milk contamination with Map could originate from the farm environment as in nonhygienic practices during teat preparation and hand‐milking. Due to the positive correlation of Map contamination and hygiene indicator bacteria, it seems that in endemic areas, high loads of coliforms and enterococci in bulk milks could be deemed as an indication of Map contamination.

Profitability gap in the milk production chain: Evidence from Serbia

The main goal of this paper is to compare profitability of large dairies (processors) versus large milk producers, i.e. farms with 100 or more cows, organized as companies. Profitability is measured by following indicators: return on assets and return on equity. Profitability gap analysis shows that milk processors achieved significantly higher profitability compared to cow breeders. Furthermore research results suggest that the existence of differences in the level of profitability among the participants in the milk production primarily affects capital turnover, and then the profit margin.

Characteristics of milk production systems and feed strategies for dairy cows in the North and Northwest of Paraná State

<p>Although milk production is widespread, several barriers remain that limit its competitiveness, including those related to low performance parameters in milk production systems (MPS), which can be minimized through the adoption of effective nutritional strategies. The increased use of corn can provide benefits to both rural production and the entire milk production chain. Moreover, it represents the major economic strategy of adding value to grain produced in Brazil, via the transformation of milk. The objective of this study was to characterize MPS in the north and northwest regions of Paraná, Brazil, and identify the relationship between productive and structural variables across the supply of concentrate containing corn and grain corn for dairy cows. Data were collected from 185 MPS and analyzed via multivariate statistical techniques, including the analysis of hierarchical clusters, as well as hypothesis testing and means comparison using ANOVA. A cluster analysis was performed based on two qualitative and dichotomous variables: (i) concentrate containing corn fed to dairy cows and (ii) grain corn fed to dairy cows. Four groups were defined: Group 1 (N = 99 MPS) was characterized by systems where cows were fed corn only in the form of a concentrate, referred to as “Concentrate”; Group 2 (N = 41 MPS) where cows were fed corn incorporated in both concentrate and grain form, referred to as “Concentrate + Grain”; Group 3 (N = 14 MPS), where corn was supplied to cows solely in the form of grain, referred to as “Corn Grain”; and finally, Group 4 (N = 41 MPS), which included systems where no corn was supplied to cows, referred to as “Zero Corn.” When weighed against the productive and structural variables, Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05), nor did Groups 3 and 4 (P > 0.05). However, Groups 1 and 2 were significantly different from Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the strategy of supplying corn either exclusively as concentrate or in combination with grain corn resulted in better responses to the structural and productive variables analyzed in the MPS. Our results indicate that this is an important strategy for aggregation of grain value via transformation of milk. In addition, no difference was noted between exclusive use of grain corn and non-use of corn.</p>

Characteristics of milk production systems and feed strategies for dairy cows in the North and Northwest of Paraná State

Although milk production is widespread, several barriers remain that limit its competitiveness, including those related to low performance parameters in milk production systems (MPS), which can be minimized through the adoption of effective nutritional strategies. The increased use of corn can provide benefits to both rural production and the entire milk production chain. Moreover, it represents the major economic strategy of adding value to grain produced in Brazil, via the transformation of milk. The objective of this study was to characterize MPS in the north and northwest regions of Paraná, Brazil, and identify the relationship between productive and structural variables across the supply of concentrate containing corn and grain corn for dairy cows. Data were collected from 185 MPS and analyzed via multivariate statistical techniques, including the analysis of hierarchical clusters, as well as hypothesis testing and means comparison using ANOVA. A cluster analysis was performed based on two qualitative and dichotomous variables: (i) concentrate containing corn fed to dairy cows and (ii) grain corn fed to dairy cows. Four groups were defined: Group 1 (N = 99 MPS) was characterized by systems where cows were fed corn only in the form of a concentrate, referred to as “Concentrate”; Group 2 (N = 41 MPS) where cows were fed corn incorporated in both concentrate and grain form, referred to as “Concentrate + Grain”; Group 3 (N = 14 MPS), where corn was supplied to cows solely in the form of grain, referred to as “Corn Grain”; and finally, Group 4 (N = 41 MPS), which included systems where no corn was supplied to cows, referred to as “Zero Corn.” When weighed against the productive and structural variables, Groups 1 and 2 did not differ significantly (P > 0.05), nor did Groups 3 and 4 (P > 0.05). However, Groups 1 and 2 were significantly different from Groups 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the strategy of supplying corn either exclusively as concentrate or in combination with grain corn resulted in better responses to the structural and productive variables analyzed in the MPS. Our results indicate that this is an important strategy for aggregation of grain value via transformation of milk. In addition, no difference was noted between exclusive use of grain corn and non-use of corn.

Estimating the abortion risk difference in Neospora caninum seropositive dairy cattle in Brazil

<p>Neosporosis in cattle herds is associated with large economic losses, with abortion being the only clinical sign perceptible to the producer. Losses are estimated at over one billion dollars worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the abortion risk difference in seropositive animals using specific data for dairy herds in Brazil. Differences in the risk of abortion between seropositive and seronegative animals were calculated through a meta-analysis of previous data from several Brazilian states, and an increase of 10.04% (0.091 to 0.118) in the specific risk was identified. This finding indicates that more than 474,000 abortions caused by neosporosis may be occurring only in dairy cattle herds in Brazil, causing a major economic loss in the milk production chain. The use of this specific measure for Brazilian herds opens the possibility of developing cost-benefit analysis for neosporosis in Brazil using data that are more reliable</p>

Celularidade do leite e Unidades Formadoras de Colônias nas mastites causadas por Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e coagulase negativa

Resumo: A mastite é a principal afecção do gado destinado à produção leiteira, que impacta significativamente a cadeia produtiva do leite, com reflexos ainda para a saúde pública. Estudou-se aspectos relacionados à etiologia, celularidade e de contagem bacteriana em 10 propriedades leiteiras, localizadas no Estado de São Paulo. Foram examinadas 1148 vacas em lactação, totalizando 4584 glândulas mamárias. Foram considerados os casos, em que houve isolamento de estafilococos coagulase positiva (SCP) e estafilococos coagulase negativa (SCN). Os resultados revelaram microbiota com vários patógenos e diferentes espécies de SCN (128 casos) e SCP (45), Staphylococcus aureus(90), Streptococcus agalactiae(70), Streptococcus dysgalactiae (69), Streptococcus uberis(29), Corynebacteriumspp. (230), Klebsiella pneumoniae(28), Klebsiella oxytoca(2), Escherichia coli(15), Enterobactersp. (3). Os resultados de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) relacionados aos SCP e SCN não mostraram diferenças entre as propriedades avaliadas, entretanto com diferenças significantes ao se avaliar a CCS entre os dois grupos de estafilococos, como pode ser evidenciado ao comparar SCN Discreto e SCP exuberante (P<0,01), SCP Discreto e SCP exuberante (P<0,001) e SCN moderado e SCP exuberante (P<0,01). A avaliação da CCS relacionada à intensidade da infecção, considerando-se como crescimento discreto o isolamento de até nove colônias, moderado de dez a 29 colônias e exuberante, com 30 ou mais colônias, revelou para ambos os grupos de estafilococos que quanto maior o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC), a CCS é mais elevada, sendo sempre maior nos casos de SCP. Conclui-se que quando há maior número de UFC, há concomitantemente maior CCS/mL de leite, no caso dos SCP e SCN, o que mostra relação direta da intensidade do processo infeccioso com a resposta da celularidade do leite, bem como pela relevância desses na etiologia das mastites e dos aspectos negativos tanto para a produção, quanto na qualidade do leite produzido nas propriedades.

Milk Production and Supply Chain in Peri Urban Areas of Jhang Pakistan

The peri urban areas are facing the challenge of poverty, hunger, unemployment, pollution and ineffective utilization of natural resources. Present paper focuses on milk production and its supply chain in the peri urban areas of Jhang district, Punjab province, Pakistan. Quantitative and qualitative data obtained through structured interview schedule, focus group discussion and personal observation are analyzed through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and content analysis technique. Results of the milk supply chain revealed that an overwhelming Original Research Article Shah et al.; AJEA, 6(1):45-50, 2015; Article no.AJEA.2015.063 46 majority of the respondents have no proper place for animals keeping. It was observed that in the peri urban areas most of the milk producers sell milk directly to their neighbors and also they sell to the gawalas Fellow farmers are the main source of information for about 32% of the respondents. Cows and buffaloes are major milk producing animals in the study area and milk is mostly sold through Gawalas as a middlemen. Therefore, interventions are required which focus on the control of diseases and marketing aspects of milk production in the peri urban areas of Jhang district, Pakistan.