Milk Processing Research Articles

Research on Ultrasonic Cavitation Treatment of Milk. An Experimental Approach

Homogenization is a standard milk processing method used to stabilize fat emulsions against gravitational separation. In the dairy industry, high-pressure homogenization is commonly applied, which requires significant energy input to achieve optimal processing conditions. The size and composition of fat globule membranes affect the sensory and rheological properties of secondary dairy products [1]. Recently, ultrasound has been frequently used for milk homogenization [2]. Unlike ultrasound, mechanical mixing does not provide emulsion stability even after prolonged treatment, highlighting the differences between these two technologies. These differences arise due to the varying degrees of fat globule and membrane disruption. However, dairy products with different physicochemical and functional properties can be produced using both ultrasonic treatment and in combination with other traditional homogenization methods.To study the impact of ultrasonic treatment parameters of milk, specifically their different values, on the size of fat inclusions and the stability of milk emulsion over a certain period after treatment.The study employed an experimental method of milk processing using an ultrasonic cavitation unit.The impact of ultrasonic cavitation on the quality of milk homogenization in a steady volume was investigated. Optimal process parameters, specifically the power of the ultrasonic field and treatment time, were experimentally determined. The use of ultrasonic frequency greater than 33 kHz was found to be impractical.It was experimentally proven that ultrasonic cavitation treatment of milk is extremely effective for obtaining homogeneous emulsions. Given that excessive heating (> 65 °C) is undesirable in the production of dairy products from a technological standpoint, a definite advantage of this method is the low-temperature (50 °C) mode compared to traditional processing methods (75–80 °C), which also positively affects the preservation of nutrients.

The effectiveness of wastewater treatment of waste treatment facilities of milk processing enterprise and its assessment of by hydrochemical indicators

Despite the attempts made in developed countries to improve production and treatment technology, it has not yet been possible to change the trend of increasing volumes of various wastes. Today, for 5 % of waste there is no effective processing technology at all, and for 60 % it is necessary to organize processing at existing capacities, introducing waste upgrading limits into the process or create new capacities. In this case, waste from one industry will become raw materials or materials for enterprises in other industries. Therefore, today the issue of implementing resource-saving technologies in the field of wastewater treatment from industrial enterprises is relevant. The purpose of the work was to estimate the eff ectiveness of wastewater treatment of waste treatment facilities of milk processing enterprise by hydrochemical indicators. The studies were carried out at treatment facilities into which industrial wastewater from the milk processing enterprise of varying degrees of contamination is constantly discharged. In order to assess the technological effi ciency of the implemented biological treatment system in the filtration fields, wastewater indicators were monitored in the period 2021–2023. It was found that the purification efficiency for some substances has improved. For example, BOD5 from 47,3 % in 2022 to 78,6 % in 2023; ammonium nitrogen from 55,5 % in 2022 to 64,4 % in 2023; chlorides from –12,1 % in 2022 to –0,8 in 2023. However, the results obtained indicate the insuffi cient effi ciency of treatment facilities (filtration fields) and, as a consequence, an unsatisfactory degree of wastewater treatment, which in their turn are a source of pollution of water bodies. Although biological resource-saving treatment systems are the cheapest and most environmentally friendly way to treat wastewater from enterprises, the question of improving such systems remains. This must be done based on the conditions of each specific enterprise.

Factors affecting the coagulation of milk protein during quark cheese processing in Vietnam

In recent years, cheese consumption in Vietnam is markedly rising, leading to the attention of local milk processors on cheese making. Quark-type cheese, a traditional food in Central Europe, is a type of well-known acid-coagulated cheese product. Milk coagulation properties (MCPs) play an important role to the success of the cheese-making process and are influenced by different parameters. In this study, the quality of raw milk for cheese making and the coagulation conditions in quark-type cheese processing were investigated. Raw milk collected from Phu Dong dairy farm met the requirement of Vietnamese standard for cheese making. The appropriate conditions for coagulation were identified: the heat treatment of milk at 60°C for 15 minutes, coagulation temperature at 40oC and pH 5.5, CaCl2 concentration at 0.04g/l. Under these conditions, a short coagulation time (72.33 seconds) and high curd yields (50.70%) were obtained. These results suggested that quark-type cheese using raw milk in Vietnam could be successfully developed at larger scale.

Nutrient Removal from Industrial Wastewater Systems Using Controlled Activated Sludge Treatment

Biological treatment with activated sludge as an alternative treatment was studied, and nitrogen and phosphorus were monitored. This scheme involves modifying the treatment tank by dividing it into anoxic and aerobic sections. According to this scheme, the process simulation was performed using Hydromantis' GPS-X 7.0 computer software. Wastewater discharges are usually generated by various industrial activities such as the milk (dairy) processing industry, petroleum processing refineries and slaughterhouses, which were studied in detail. The economic evaluation (cost estimation) of removing nutrients has been done using the CapdetWorks 4.0 computer simulation software. A cost sensitivity analysis has also been performed for the variable influent flows, altering the alpha factor for oxygen transfer during the aeration process and serving as a typical variable. The simulation procedure and economic evaluation have been carried out for a complete wastewater treatment plant, including both treatment lines (the water line and the sludge line simultaneously), and the derived results have been represented through illustrated graphs, tables, and meaningful diagrams.

Advanced golden jackal optimization-based fractional-order integral terminal sliding-mode (FO-ITSM) controller for level control of the conical tank system

This article examines a conical tank nonlinear system's level control. A crucial component of facilities like milk processing plants and sugarcane mills is the conical tank. The fluid drains entirely due to the conical shape of the tank. The conical form of the system causes nonlinear dynamics. The conical tank nonlinear system transfer mechanism is not easily accessible, and different operating heights require different transfer mechanisms, making controller design difficult. Developing the Fractional-Order Integral Terminal Sliding-Mode (FO-ITSM) Controller system for Advanced Golden Jackal Optimisation (GJO) based conical tank systems is the main objective of this paper. This is utilised to deliver real-time liquid level management in non-linear conical systems. The dynamics of these models make it possible to identify the conical tank system that produces control signals from liquid samples taken at reference levels with greater accuracy. This system, which is employed on multiple platforms, maintains and controls the liquid level while meeting all design specifications, including time constant, no overshoot, less settling, and rise time. For research simulation work, MATLAB software's FOMCON toolbox is utilised.

Analisis Nilai Tambah Pengolahan Susu Sapi Dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Pendapatan Koperasi

Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan (KPBS) Pangalengan has a business unit, namely PT.SKP which is a cow's milk processing industry to provide added value to milk to generate income and provide economic benefits to members. This study aims to find out: (1) how much added value of milk processing, (2) the income and cost efficiency of the cow's milk processing business, and (3) how far the added value from the processing of cow's milk in the PT. SKP business units can increase income and provide economic benefits for the members. The method is case study uses descriptive and analytic analysis, with purposive sampling. Data collected by interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis uses added value analysis using the Hayami method and analysis of income and cost efficiency. The results are: (1). The added value of processing cow's milk into pasteurized milk was IDR 4,800 per liter or 31.37%, for yogurt it was IDR 8,500 per liter or 37.78%, while mozzarella cheese was IDR 1,200 per liter or 15%; (2) Income from processing cow's milk, in one production for pasteurized milk products is IDR 18,913,646 with an R/C ratio of 1.6, for yogurt products IDR. 9,719,346 with an R/C ratio of 1.9 while for mozzarella cheese products Rp.4,288,346 a ratio of 1.1; (3) The added value in the processing of cow's milk, the cooperative can increase its income from the provision of income from the PT.SKP business unit given to KPBS in the form of cooperation so that KPBS can provide economic benefits for members consisting of Direct Economic Benefits and Indirect Economy Benefit for cooperative members.

The Successful Journey of the Journal Dairy: A Recapitulation

Dairy science research is essential in deepening our understanding of milk production and processing and their profound impacts on human health and animal care [...]

Non-chlorine detergent formulations as an alternative for unpasteurised milk removal from stainless steel surfaces

Hygiene is a major concern in the dairy industry, and detergents based on hypochlorite have commonly been utilised for cleaning-in-place (CIP) regimes. However, due to concerns about chlorate residues entering the milk processing chain, new detergent alternatives that are free of chlorate sources are required. Two new formulations were developed based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and wetting agents. Stainless steel surfaces were fouled with milk and cleaned once or 10 times using water, a caustic-EDTA product, a sodium hypochlorite product, an acid, or new cleaning formulations (Product A and Product B). The results demonstrated that the use of acid did not result in successful cleaning. The two new products performed well, with Product B performing equivalently during cleaning compared with the established hypochlorite or caustic-EDTA products. Product A exhibited better cleanliness than the other detergents tested. When allergen removal was considered, residual material was found to be retained on the surfaces, regardless of the cleaning type used. This study suggests that the new product formulations may be used to replace hypochlorite-based detergents to increase the hygienic status of a surface.

Decoding Bovine Behavior: A Machine Learning Analysis of Disease and Event Detection

The dairy industry globally serves millions, creates employment opportunities, and contributes to GDP and livelihoods, supporting numerous farmers and milk processors, and contributing to the GDP of many countries. Even with the high number of cows, a variety of illnesses such lameness, mastitis, metritis, foot and mouth disorders have a significant impact on the milk output. This demands the growth of smart methods to assist dairy producers in keeping an eye on the health, nutrition, and general well-being of their cows. To identify noteworthy bovine occurrences and illnesses, this research uses Machine Learning (ML) methods such as Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB), Naive Bayes (NB), and Perceptron. In order to uncover complex relationships and unearth undiscovered information about the characteristics and occurrences of bovine’s disease like Acidosis, Calving, Estrus, Lameness, and Mastitis. We closely scrutinize four distinct datasets. Metrics like as Area under the Curve (AUC), F1 score, accuracy, precision, recall, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve are used to evaluate performance. When it comes to identifying estrus events, XGB has the best detection accuracy score 92.59%, whereas XGB can detect a variety of events and disease with the highest recall 100% and the highest precision 95% and AUC of 0.962 when it comes to identifying calving, mastitis, and lameness

Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk: A serious issue to be tackled

This comprehensive review addresses the critical issue of Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, emphasizing its presence, detection methods, permissible levels, and associated health risks. Aflatoxin M1, a carcinogenic byproduct of Aflatoxin B1, poses significant concerns for the safety of milk, a crucial source of essential nutrients. Regulatory standards from entities like the European Union, U.S. FDA, and FSSAI highlight the need for monitoring and controlling contamination to protect public health. The review extensively explores diverse detection techniques, with ELISA standing out for its speed and precision. Preventive measures, including inhibiting contaminated feed intake, vaccination strategies, and judicious feed usage, are discussed as effective means to minimize Aflatoxin M1 in milk. However, complete elimination remains challenging, leading to the exploration of additional detoxification methods. The review covers various approaches during milk processing, such as pasteurization, sterilization, and the potential roles of probiotics. Absorption materials like bentonite and activated carbon show promise in binding and removing Aflatoxin M1, while chemical approaches with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide are examined with a cautious note on potential risks. Novel detoxification techniques involving plant extracts, including black cumin, garlic, and broccoli, is highlighted for their antioxidant properties. In conclusion, this review provides a foundational understanding of the multifaceted challenge of Aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk, offering insights for future research and the development of effective strategies to ensure the safety and quality of this dietary staple.

Legal regulation of the state supply of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products

The paper establishes that in the legal field of Ukraine there are more than 50 legal and regulatory acts that are directly or indirectly related to the regulation of the dairy industry market. The Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products" is basic in the field of regulation of the dairy industry. The legislator fixed the interpretation of the main terms of the dairy industry in the relevant legal act - the Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products". This act defines what "raw milk", "dairy raw materials", "dairy products", "traditional dairy products" are. Also, the legislator fixed the main institutions of the state policy of ensuring the safety and quality of milk and dairy products. In addition, the act discloses the issue of state support for producers of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products and the mechanism for its implementation. It should be noted that the Law of Ukraine "On Milk and Dairy Products" regulates the legal and organizational foundations for ensuring the safety and quality of milk and dairy products for life and the health of the population and the environment during their production, transportation, processing, storage and sale, import into the customs territory and export from the customs territory of Ukraine. The study identified the main, in our opinion, regulatory legal acts that regulate the supply of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products to the state, and also characterized their purpose, main provisions and meaning. It was found that milk and dairy products occupy a significant place in the market of food resources. It is noted that the production of dairy products is an important component of food security. It was found that providing the state with milk is a complex process that includes the following stages: milk production, milk processing, sale of dairy products, state regulation.

Trend of raw milk collection, milk processing constraints and opportunities in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is awarded from nature with cattle resource that brings it to the first stage from Africa and fifth from the world. Dairy production in Ethiopia is mainly rural small farming system with low productive indigenous cattle breed and an animal having multipurpose usage. Modern dairy product processing industries still infant and mostly dominated by traditional milk and milk products processing, due to regardless attention is given for dairy processing sector in the Ethiopia. Although modern dairy processing industries emerged in different part of the country, there is no constant in number of dairy processing industries which is up and down throughout different years due to disintegrated milk supply chain, poor milk quality, informal marketing, limit milk product processing technology, limited infrastructure and sociocultural impacts etc. are some of the limitation factors. Traditional milk product produced in Ethiopia are fermented yoghurt, traditional butter and butter milk, ghee and Cottage cheese. Whereas, modern milk and milk products are pasteurized milk, different type of yogurt and different kind of cheeses. Although, there are milk collection and milk product processing development constraints in Ethiopia, unexploited livestock resources in the country will an opportunities of milk and milk products processing investment. There for, this review paper is attempt to indicate the available dairy products processing investments opportunities and technical and non- technical constraints of milk collection and milk products processing in Ethiopia.

Green Strategy – Halal Branding Management as a Solution to Increase the Economic Growth of MSMES

This service was carried out at CV Brawijaya Dairy Industry (BRADY). BRADY is one of the MSMEs in Malang Regency which operates in the milk processing sector; The products produced are mozzarella cheese and fermented milk products (yogurt). The business has been running well, and the product quality is in accordance with consumer desires. However, currently companies still require a Business Identification Number. Business Identification Number (NIB) is an identification mark for business actors, both individual and non-individual businesses, as well as commercial or operational permits. NIB can be obtained through the Online Single Submission System (OSS). Additionally, Brady also needs to obtain halal certification; one of the obstacles is that Brady requires an NIB. Halal certification is very important for developing a business because product marketing is hampered because companies must have halal certification, so many potential consumers or distributors do not want to accept Brady products because they are not halal certified. By having business legality, apart from being better known to the public, the Company also gets business certainty and protection. Other benefits are easier access to business assistance from the government, easier access to business capital, and the opportunity to obtain empowerment assistance from the government.

Financial Performance of Dairy Cooveratives in West Java-Indonesia During the Covid-19 Pandemic and Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak

Dairy cooperatives play an important role to collect milk production from dairy farmers, distribution of milk to the milk processing industry, concentrate supply services, credit guarantees, artificial insemination and animal health services, savings and loan services, and various other services carried out by cooperatives. This condition causes the dependence of dairy farmers on cooperatives to be quite high. External factors can influence cooperative resilience, such as the Covid-19 pandemic and Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of cooperative milk production, and to the financial performance of cooperatives in the post-pandem Covid-19 period and during FMD. The method used in this study was a survey method to KPBS Pangalengan which represents large cooperatives, KSU Tandangsari which represents medium-sized cooperatives, and KPS Bogor which represents small cooperatives. The analysis method used standard cooperative performance methods through regulations of the Deputy for Supervision of the Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (KUKM) of the Republic of Indonesia Number 06/Per/Dep.6/IV/2016 and key perfomance index to assess the financial performance of cooperatives. The results of the study showed that the performance of cooperative milk production decreased by 19.45% during the Covid-19 pandemic to the FMD as a result of the dairy cow mortality rate of 20.14%. The financial performance of dairy cow cooperatives was in the adequate category, both during the Covid-19 pandemic and FMD, but there was a decline in the ratio in all aspects of financial performance during the FMD. Thus, the performance of milk production and the financial performance of dairy cooperatives was better during the Covid-19 pandemic than during the FMD period. Therefore, strengthening milk production by providing new dairy cows and strengthening finances is very important

Anti-Diabetic Effect of Okara Noodles on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats

Okara is a by-product of soybean curd residue resulting from the processing of soy milk and tofu. Okara noodles were made from wheat flour (WF) and okara flour (OF) with a few modifications that consist of high dietary fiber. Therefore, okara can be considered as an effective functional component with health-promoting benefits, especially for diabetes mellitus. Albeit, the anti-diabetic effect has not been conscientiously investigated. The goal of the current research was to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of okara noodles on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced diabetes mellitus rats. In the experiment, the different ratios of OF was used to prepared 3 formulated noodles (F0, F1 and F2) where F0 (0 % OF; 100 % WF), F1 (25 % OF; 75 % WF) and F2 (45 % OF; 55 % WF). Twenty-four male wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (6 rats/groups), normal group of rats fed with standard feed and 3 diabetics groups, respectively fed with standard feed and formulated noodles variety (F0, F1 and F2). In in vivo analysis, it indicated, diabetes mellitus rats fed okara noodles had lower blood glucose levels and HOMA-IR and higher serum insulin levels and HOMA-b index than those fed control noodles (F0) as well as body weight managing activity. These outcomes demonstrated okara noodles possess significant anti-diabetic activity, prompting the applicability of okara noodles as potential food for the diabetes mellitus food products. HIGHLIGHTS Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats fed okara noodles had lower BGLs and HOMA-IR DM rats fed okara noodles had higher serum insulin levels and HOMA-b index than those fed control noodles as well as body weight managing activity Okara can be considered as an effective functional component for the anti-diabetic effect on STZ-NA induced DM rats GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Characterization of Brevibacillus biofilm isolated from pasteurized milk and evaluation of the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, CIP, and enzymatic treatment against the biofilm

Bacterial biofilms pose significant food safety threats to the dairy industry. This study identified Brevibacillus contamination in pasteurized milk at a processing plant, with biofilm formation observed on polyethylene plastic and stainless steel surfaces. The presence of milk promoted robust growth of Brevibacillus, facilitating biofilm formation and spore production. Biofilm structure, nanowires, and potential swelling were visualized on SEM images. Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed enrichment of lipids and amide I in milk-formed biofilms, resulting in a hydrophobic tendency as evidenced by contact angle measurements. Cultivable cell counts in milk-formed biofilms post-treatment with sodium hypochlorite or the alkaline and acid regime were approximately 7 and 3 log CFU/well, respectively. Effective biofilm removal was achieved through enzymatic treatment (lipase and DNase I) followed by an alkaline and acid regime. These findings underscore the pivotal role of biofilms in contaminating milk processing plants and highlight the urgent need for effective biofilm control strategies to safeguard the dairy industry.

Including clover and herb species in grazing forages – effects on milk production, milk processability and milk fatty acid profile of late lactation dairy cows supplemented with grass silage and concentrate

Abstract Milk production declines as dairy cows enter late lactation, resulting in reduced milk quality and negatively impacting milk processability, such as rennet coagulation time (RCT), milk pH and ethanol stability (ES), leading to seasonality issues for milk processors. Multispecies forages, containing grass, legume and herb species, require lower N inputs and are of interest to dairy farmers. However, little is known about the effect of grazing multispecies forages on milk processability characteristics in late lactation dairy cows. Forty-five autumn-calving dairy cows in late lactation were allocated to 1 of 3 grazing forages; perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne), perennial ryegrass and white clover (Trifolium pratense) (PRGWC), and a 6 – species multispecies forage (MULTI) containing perennial ryegrass, timothy (Phleum pratense), white clover, red clover (Trifolium repens), chicory (Cichorium intybus) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata). Cows were allocated 12 kg DM grazed forage and supplemented with a grass – silage TMR and concentrate. Forage DMI was significantly lower for cows grazing PRG. Milk yield increased when cows grazed PRGWC (18.07 kg/d) and MULTI (17.84 kg/d) compared to PRG (16.08 kg/d). Milk RCT (mins) and ES (%) were unaffected by treatment. However, offering cows PRGWC and MULTI increased the concentration of C18:2 cis – 9, 12 and C18:3 cis – 9, 12, 15 in milk compared to PRG. Compared to PRG, grazing forages containing clover and herb species improved milk yield and beneficially altered milk fatty acid profile in late lactation dairy cows without negatively impacting milk processability.

Biochemical investigation on symbiotic products of soybean Okara in milk processing

Biochemical investigation on symbiotic products of soybean Okara in milk processing

Prevalence, toxin-genotype distribution, and transmission of Clostridium perfringens from the breeding and milking process of dairy farms

This study aimed to elucidate the distribution, transmission, and cross-contamination of Clostridium perfringens during the breeding and milking process from dairy farms. The prevalence of 22.3% (301/1351) yielded 494 C. perfringens isolates; all isolates were type A, except for one type D, and 69.8% (345/494) of the isolates carried atyp. cpb2 and only 0.6% (3/494) of the isolates carried cons. cpb2. C. perfringens detected throughout the whole process but without type F. 150 isolates were classified into 94 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes; among them, six clusters contained 34 PFGE genotypes with 58.0% isolates which revealed epidemic correlation and genetic diversity; four PFGE genotypes (PT57, PT9, PT61, and PT8) were the predominant genotypes. The isolates from different farms demonstrated high homology. Our study confirmed that C. perfringens demonstrated broad cross-contamination from nipples and hides of dairy cattle, followed by personnel and tools and air-introduced raw milk during the milking process. In conclusion, raw milk could serve as a medium for the transmission of C. perfringens, which could result in human food poisoning. Monitoring and controlling several points of cross-contamination during the milking process are essential as is implementing stringent hygiene measures to prevent further spread and reduce the risk of C. perfringens infection.

DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF MILK PROCESSING FIRMS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA

DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE OF MILK PROCESSING FIRMS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA