Milk Marketing Research Articles

Enhancing Livestock Productivity in the Desert Ecologies of Pakistan: Setting the Development Priorities.

Livestock is now sharing by more than 53 percent of total agricultural value added in Pakistan. Identifying and developing the potential areas of livestock production is part of the overall development strategy for this sector while rural poverty alleviation is a major concern of Pakistan’s overall development policy. Our major livestock production systems are grazing, stall-fed and grazing-cum-stall-fed based. Grazing based livestock farming is economical and customary system in mountainous, rainfed, deserts and salinity affected areas. The livestock herders of desert areas deserve special attention of the policy-makers because of their most deprived living conditions as majority is living below poverty line by all poverty measuring standards. The present study is aimed to generate an updated synthesis based on empirical knowledge about status of livestock farming in desert ecologies of Pakistan. The results show that the average herd sizes maintained by the herders is fairly large to cover losses due to drought, disease and other epidemics. The human and physical capital endowments of the farmers are generally poor. Other common characteristics are: major dependence on natural vegetation with limited supply of fodder, more physical exertion of animals during grazing, poor animal health, practicing natural method of breeding, low milk and meat productivity, highly limited livestock and milk marketing opportunities, etc. The stall feeding is mainly composed of dry stalks and straws of different crops along with a small quantity of food grains. On marketing side, because of location and lack of infrastructure support, milk marketing opportunities are meager, therefore, it is converted into desi ghee—a value added and preserved form which is sold in nearby town markets. In marketing of live animals, the farmers are always exploited by beoparies. On average herd size, the net monthly income in Cholistan desert from cattle (for milk), sheep and goats farming (for meat purpose) was Rs 10128, Rs 990 and Rs 508, respectively; for Thal desert the corresponding estimates were Rs 457, Rs 359 and Rs 552, respectively; and for Tharparkar, the corresponding estimates are Rs 918, Rs 3221 and Rs 331, respectively. There is a strong need of prioritising development efforts for desert ecologies. High priority areas include efforts for increasing availability of rangeland vegetation and green fodder, improvement in the genetic potential of local livestock breeds, provision of more efficient livestock health coverage, and establishment of milk collection centres of milk processing plants. The low priority areas include designing regulatory framework for milk and livestock marketing, programs for human capacity building, facilitating through institutional credit, and different incentives for the veterinary staff posted in such areas. JEL classification: Q130, Q190, Q200 Keywords: Desert, Tharparkar, Thal, Cholistan, Livestock Farming, Livestock Feeding Patterns, Feed Composition, Livestock Trade Intensity, Priority Setting.

The Flourishing Camel Milk Market and Concerns about Animal Welfare and Legislation

The worldwide dromedary milk production has increased sharply since the beginning of this century due to prolonged shelf life, improved food-safety and perceived health benefits. Scientific confirmation of health claims will expand the market of dromedary milk further. As a result, more and more dromedaries will be bred for one purpose only: the highest possible milk production. However, intensive dromedary farming systems have consequences for animal welfare and may lead to genetic changes. Tighter regulations will be implemented to restrict commercialization of raw milk. Protocols controlling welfare of dromedaries and gene databases of milk-dromedaries will prevent negative consequences of intensive farming. In countries where dromedaries have only recently been introduced as production animal, legislators have limited expertise on this species. This is exemplified by an assessment on behalf of the Dutch government, recommending prohibiting keeping this species from 2024 onwards because the dromedary was deemed to be insufficiently domesticated. Implementation of this recommendation in Dutch law would have devastating effects on existing dromedary farms and could also pave the way for adopting similar measures in other European countries. In this paper it is shown that the Dutch assessment lacks scientific rigor. Awareness of breeders and legislators for the increasing knowledge about dromedaries and their products would strengthen the position of dromedaries as one of the most adapted and sustainable animals.

Volatility in US dairy futures markets

US dairy futures markets of Class III milk, butter, cheese, and dry whey exhibit unique volatility patterns under the Federal Milk Marketing Order pricing system. We find that dairy volatilities have a relatively low connectedness among themselves and the overall commodity market. We develop a price information uncertainty measure to investigate dairy markets’ response to government-released information. Dairy futures markets respond to government-released information with increased trading activity. The price information uncertainty measure has a strong positive impact on price volatility across all dairy commodities. We provide evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic increases volatility in dairy commodities. The pandemic also significantly reduces the impact of information uncertainty on volatility.

Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes: a multi-country analysis

The marketing of formula milk as a substitute for breast milk continues to be ubiquitous and multifaceted despite passage by the World Health Assembly of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code) in 1981. In this paper, we summarized reports of the Code violations from eight studies using the WHO/UNICEF NetCode protocol. Among 3,124 pregnant women and mothers with young children, in eight countries, 64% reported exposure to promotion of products covered under the Code in the previous 6 months, primarily from advertisements seen outside of health facilities (62%). Nearly 20% of mothers with an infant < 6 months reported that a health care provider had advised them to feed their child food or drink other than breast milk, and 21% of providers reported contact with a representative of a formula company in the previous 6 months to distribute promotional materials, samples, or free supplies (range 2%–53%). Of the 389 retail stores and pharmacies surveyed, promotions were observed in 63% (range 0–100%), and of 1,206 labels and inserts of products reviewed, nearly half included health and/or nutrition claims (range 0–100%). A strong, though non-significant, linear relationship between the composite violations score and quality of Code legislation was found; countries with the lowest percentage of violations had the strongest Code legislation. In Latin America, over 50% of health care providers reported no knowledge of the Code, and 50% reported no knowledge of national legislation. Our study highlights three key facts: 1) the marketing of BMS is ubiquitous and multifaceted, 2) the high variability of promotion across countries generally reflects the comprehensiveness of Code legislation, and 3) health care providers have poor knowledge of the Code and national legislation.

Hukum Jual Beli Air Susu Ibu Analisis Pendapat Imam Abu Hanifah dan Imam Malik

In the view of the fuqoha, the practice of buying and selling breast milk is different about whether it is permissible or not. Imam Abu Hanifah is of the opinion that breast milk should not be traded because it includes human flesh. Meanwhile, Imam Malik is of the opinion that breast milk may be traded for sacred reasons. In this case the author uses the library research method-qualitative by using the theory of ta'arud fair and maslahah mursalah. The results of this study determined that the law of buying and selling breast milk both had in common, namely using the qiyas method. In this case, Imam Abu Hanifah sees the buying and selling of breast milk more on the sanctity of objects and the harm that occurs when this sale and purchase is carried out. Meanwhile, Imam Malik sees it from the side of the benefit of goods being traded.

The Land of Milk and Money: The Creation of the Southern Dairy Industry by Alan I. Marcus

The Land of Milk and Money explains that the southern dairy industry’s rapid rise in the 1920s had as much to do with corporate decision-making rooms and small-town boosters as with pasture grasses. Marcus argues that the Borden Milk Company’s selection of Starkville, Mississippi, as the site of a milk-condensing plant was the act that jumpstarted southern dairying, first in northeastern Mississippi and then region-wide.That Starkville is central to Marcus’ book is not surprising. Marcus composed the book from his position at Mississippi State University (located in Starkville) during the COVID-19 pandemic when travel restrictions compelled historians to focus on local sources. But this Starkville-centered story is not simply rooted in research expediency. As Starkville flourished, stories about the town’s economic transformation circulated throughout the South, inspiring civic leaders throughout the region. The book’s first few chapters examine Starkville’s and Borden’s histories prior to their partnership, whereas the final chapters consider how Starkville served as a regional model for leaders in Tennessee, Alabama, and Texas.Marcus’ book deepens understanding of the place of condensed milk and the small town to southern agricultural history. A rarely used pantry item today, condensed milk proved a linchpin in the early twentieth century—a key ingredient of infant feeding regimens, an important export during World War I, and a significant retail good in the South, where lack of livestock and adequate refrigeration stymied fresh-milk consumption. Condensed milk became critical to Borden’s corporate strategy. In times of shortage (such as during the 1916 milk strike), Borden marketed milk destined for condenseries as fresh. In times of fresh milk surplus, the company could maintain their fresh milk market prices by redirecting surplus fresh milk to condenseries. Processed as condensed milk, that surplus milk could be marketed in the future. By the 1920s, Borden had located condenseries in far-flung places like Kansas and Mississippi. In these geographical backwaters, Borden could pay farmers less for milk than they could in districts where dairy farmers could get better prices from dealers who marketed fresh milk.Land of Milk and Money relies heavily on local regional newspapers to trace how small-town southern bankers and businessmen courted the investment of northern dairies with an eye toward securing long-term prosperity, viewing dairy as less subject to volatility than export crops or the boom-and-bust cycles of logging. At the same time, these local elites also tried to convince farmers to invest in the animal husbandry and agricultural practice that would ensure the dairy plants’ success. Starkville’s business community mastered this intermediary role first, drawing not simply the Borden Company but also champions of other small towns, who made pilgrimages to Starkville in hopes of learning how to emulate the town’s success.Land of Milk and Money adds a new perspective not simply to southern agricultural history but also to Mississippi histories of the interwar period. Rather than depict Mississippi’s small towns as reactionary strongholds, Marcus views business and community leaders as committed to a vision of economic growth that boosted the future of Mississippi across the color line. Unlike histories that stress Mississippi’s economic elites’ hostility toward northern “labor agents,” the leaders that Marcus profiles embraced and courted representatives of Borden, Kraft, and Pet Milk.Marcus’ history would benefit from explaining how and why Mississippi’s dairy boosterism conflicted or intersected with the broader histories of political oppression and economic exclusion in the interwar period. Were Black tenant farmers who enjoyed greater economic prosperity by selling milk to Borden more likely to challenge political exclusion? Did dairy-rich Oktibbeha County send more or fewer migrants to northern cities during this period? Did the perspective of Black civic leaders, including African-American county agents, use the same language as white civic leaders to describe the promise of a rural Mississippi dotted with small-town dairies? Moreover, by positioning his history relative to social histories of the state, Marcus might have offered a better explanation of the power, and limits, of the shifting dairy economy on the states’ economic and political life.The book’s conclusion suggests that focusing on small-town southern boosters might help to recast northern-centric narratives of corporate relocation and deindustrialization. Further consideration about whether Starkville’s story inspired both southern small-town leaders and northern capitalists seeking to match Borden’s success in the subsequent decades would have helped Marcus to underscore the broader significance of this intriguing and understudied chapter in southern economic history.

THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING MILK PROCESSING IN A COMMERCIAL DAIRY PLANT: A CASE STUDY

Energy is important component of dairy industry. Dairy industry processing mainly based on heat transfer that’s required thermal energy. Thermal energy conservation in dairy plant means to develop a methodology to achieve energy saving to reduce energy costs in processing system. The aim of this study was to investigate consumption of thermal energy of market milk and dairy product per tone of product. The data was analyzed of a commercial dairy plant in January to march 2021.In dairy processing plant, steam was utilized in milk pasteurization, cream pasteurization, butter processing, ghee making, dahi making, butter milk thermization were found as 16.70, 26.60, 47.22, 540.0, 72.50 &amp; 59.90 kg per 1000 kg product, respectively and corresponding thermal energy were45.1, 71.8, 127.9, 1458.0, 195.8 and 161.7 MJ per 1000 kg product processing. The average steam consumption of crate washing was reported as 84.3 kg steam per 1000 crate. The average refrigeration load requirement of dairy plant was found 172.9 TR and corresponding running cost of refrigeration unit was found Rs. 14.25 per TR per hour. The data of this case study was compared with previous study in interpretation of those results.

Analysis of physical and microbiological quality of raw camel milk in the Somali regional state of Ethiopia

The objective of this study was to determine the physical and microbial quality of raw camel milk along the milk market chain a total of forty-two raw milk samples were taken from milk producers (21 samples) and milk collection centers (21 samples). Each sample was analyzed for physical and microbial quality including temperature, pH, titratable acidity, specific gravity, and clot on boiling, the overall mean and standard deviation values were 27.93 oC, 6.29, 1.030 g/cm3, 0.95%, and 88.1% respectively. Microbial quality and safety attributes that include total bacteria count, coliform count, and yeast and mold counts were analyzed. The overall mean log10 counts per ml and standard deviation values for each total bacterial count, coliform count, and microbial analysis were 7.48 log10 CFU/ml, 5.85 log10 CFU/ml, and 4.78 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The total bacterial count, coliform count, yeast, and mold counts were calculated and show that the milk collection center samples were significantly higher than milk samples obtained from household producers. This study indicated that the quality of camel milk in the study area had low quality and this could cause public risks through the consumption of raw camel milk produced and sold under the present production and handling conditions along the chain. Thus, these calls for strict hygienic measures to improve the quality and safety of camel milk produced and marketed in the study area.

Who buys regional fresh milk brands? An analysis of German household data

AbstractFarmstead dairies produce, process, and market their milk locally under their own brands. Farmstead dairy brands (FDB) are thus competing against private labels and manufacturer brands, whose milk often comes from different areas and which are sold nationwide. Even though FDB cannot benefit from industrial economies of scale, they represent a small but successful and growing segment where demand has been rising for years, even though the demand for milk in general has been rather stagnant. Based on data from a German household panel it is evident that marketing of FDB milk through retail stores meets the trend for regional products and some consumers are increasingly willing to pay for local and regionally produced food. The results of a zero‐inflated negative binomial model revealed that middle‐aged, high income, and organic buying behaviors significantly influenced the purchase frequency of FDB milk in food retail. [EconLit Citations: Q130, D120, C23].

Babies before bottom lines: A call for Australia to end exploitative marketing of commercial milk formula at home and abroad

Babies before bottom lines: A call for Australia to end exploitative marketing of commercial milk formula at home and abroad

CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECT DEVELOPMENT OF THE DAIRY INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE

In Ukraine the dairy industry is currently in a phase of decline. Many factors have influenced the development of this industry in recent years. The period of the disease of COVID-19, then the attack of the aggressor country on the eastern regions of Ukraine – these factors had a very negative impact on the number of cattle and milk production. During the last three years, representatives of the dairy industry have been trying to influence the development of the industry by proposing, cooperating, and implementing a program for the development of dairy cattle. However, it has not been approved at the state level, and the state does not offer financial support. Therefore, considering the urgency of the problem, strategic measures are proposed in this article for the development of the dairy industry during next 10 years. Purpose. The dairy industry is one of the most important branches of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. The prospects for its development and functioning are important, as milk and dairy products are a valuable and irreplaceable food product. There are certain factors that affect the development of the industry. Among them: state of production, solvency of consumers, market infrastructure, etc. The demand for dairy products tends to increase due to constant renewal and modernization of the industry. Therefore, the goal of our research will be the dairy industry of Ukraine, its problems, and the formation of strategic measures for the development of the selected market. Design/methodology/approach. Conducting the research, general scientific theoretical research methods have been used, namely, analysis, synthesis, systematization, explanation. The method of abstract and logical generalization was applied to study and analyze scientific publications, analytical reports, and legal documents. Practical implications. The milk market was analyzed (production problems, price policy, export and import). A solution is proposed in the form of a development strategy based on the State program to support the dairy industry, which was created by representatives of the Union of Dairy Enterprises of Ukraine, the Association of Milk Producers, and the Ukrainian Cooperative Federation Originality/value. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the Ukrainian milk market was studied and quite a few problems were identified that hinder the development of this industry. Since the consumption of milk covers the basic needs of a person, because this product contains enough useful substances for both adults and children, the issue of the development of dairy farming is extremely relevant.

The governance of quality and safety in Tanzania's informal milk markets

Despite significant economic and social transformation in Tanzania, 95% of the milk produced in Tanzania is marketed informally. Most of this is commercialized raw (unpasteurized) and distributed and sold through informal traders and vendors to low-income consumers, making it an important source of nutrition and livelihoods. While Tanzania's official dairy policy promotes pasteurization and formal industry, in practice the regulatory environment is relatively permissive of informal raw milk trade. We draw on original data from a survey with over 200 informal market actors, and insights from key informant interviews, to examine the context, perceptions and practices that affect quality and safety in the informal milk market in Tanzania. Our insights contribute to the potential for a more realistic and effective engagement with the informal sector, in Tanzania and beyond. Our results show that all informal market actors are concerned with milk quality and safety and take measures to mitigate risk. Loyalty and repeated interactions between buyers and sellers contribute to ensuring milk quality and safety in the absence of formal mechanisms such as testing. Despite this there is room for improvement. Informal actors expressed interest in training and finance to upgrade their premises and equipment and would also like to see improved communication with policymakers. Any future policy interventions should build on the indigenous practices being used by informal actors that already contribute to risk management. Efforts to better understand the informal sector and address the broader challenge of the lack of voice and representation of the informal sector in policy making in Tanzania are needed.

Differences between Italian specialty milk in large-scale retailing distribution

The specialty milk market in Italy has shown positive trends in recent years. Companies, from small producers to market leaders, continue to invest in differentiating their product lines, increasingly orienting their production choices towards specialties linked to sustainability and health benefits. This trend not only meets the needs of consumers, who are increasingly attentive to sustainable and healthy foods, but it also has a significant impact on the production and profitability of milk companies. Thus, this research aims to analyse the composition of specialty cow milk assortments in different large-scale retail (LSR) stores in North-West Italy. The objectives were to define the assortment depth of sustainable and health-focused milk categories, as well as the marketing policies currently applied in the LSR market for such products. Differences in the assortment of seven specialty product categories were evaluated with regard to brands, milk origin and packaging material, using the Correspondence Analysis. Price differences between product categories were analysed using ANOVA and comparing the product brands and the different formats of large-scale retailers. The main results highlight the key characteristics and differences of the specialty milk supply, taking into consideration the main sales channel of this type of product.

English

The study aimed to assess dairy production and marketing systems in Bona district of Sidama Region, Ethiopia. The district was stratified into urban/peri-urban and rural production systems based on the distance from the Woreda town, market orientation, improved breed availability, and production systems. Each production system was further stratified into Peasant Association where urban/peri- urban system had 7 while rural had 21 Peasant Association. The percentage of Peasant Association selected from each production system was 20 (2 from urban/peri-urban and 4 from rural). A total of 150 households were selected and individually interviewed. Both structured and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data on milk production and marketing systems, and challenges hindering dairy development in the study area. The major farming activity across the sampled households was dairy production, and the major livestock feed resources used were natural pasture, crop residues and crop aftermaths. The average age at first calving, calving interval and lactation length based on household survey was 53.98&plusmn;0.19, 25.88&plusmn;0.13 and 8.9&plusmn;0.08 months, respectively, for indigenous cows, and 36.98&plusmn;0.20, 16.04&plusmn;0.13, and 10.0&plusmn;0.60 months, respectively, for crossbred dairy cows across both production systems. Milk and butter were found to be marketed mainly through informal marketing systems. Feed shortage, disease, lack of awareness on improved production and marketing practices, shortage of improved dairy cattle breeds and distance to marketing points were listed by the sampled households as the major constraints hindering dairy development in the study area. It is, therefore, concluded that introduction of market oriented extension system, creating access for inputs and establishment of market linkage are crucial to develop dairy in the Woreda. Key words: Bona district; production systems; reproductive performance; milk and butter marketing.

Agro-Pastoral Dairy Chains and Prospects for Expanding Milk Processing in Tanzania: A Case of Misungwi District

A market survey was conducted in Misungwi District to explore interventions towards increased milk processing. A total of 99 producers, 34 transporters and 11 traders of milk from six villages of the district were interviewed using questionnaires. It was found that at least 24,180.7 liters of milk are marketed from farmers every day in Misungwi. Majority (61.2 %) of the milk selling households sold milk to consumers and some others (35.8 %) sold to transporters whereas few (3 %) sold to traders. Prices per liter of milk fetched by producers, transporters and traders were 854, 1,680 and 2,122 TSHs, respectively. Accessibility to electricity, roads, extension, veterinary, inputs and water services was considered at least satisfactory by 95.9 %, 78.8 %, 83.9 %, 86.1 %, 49.5 % and 50.5 % of producers, respectively in the district. Supermarket and shops found in the district were selling packaged milk at a price of 3750 TSHs per liter. All milk transporters used bicycles and considerable part (44%) of them carried milk using un-recommended plastic containers. Milk quality testing is not commonly practiced in milk trading. The major chain bottleneck observed was thus identified to be underdevelopment of milk collection and lack of industrial scale dairy processor. The main intervention that was recommended is capitalizing on progressive farmers by organizing them to form dairy cooperatives. These can be capacitated to perform vibrantly functions of milk collection and processing and also to act as pivotal points for streamlining quality control through quality testing. The cooperative can be backed by existing service providers from both public and private sectors to combat the existing challenges. Major adaptation needed is coping with the dispersed and mobility nature of the milk producers which can be achieved by establishing an extensive but highly accessible milk bulking network.

Opportunity Cost: An Economic Concept That May Improve the Functioning of Federal Milk Marketing Orders and the U.S. Dairy Industry

AbstractIn the United States, over 70% of milk production is priced under Federal Milk Marketing Orders (FMMOs). A primary purpose of FMMOs is to facilitate orderly allocation of milk as a limited, perishable resource among alternative uses. Fundamental to FMMOs are the regulatory prices applicable to milk used in cheese and whey (Class III), and nonfat dry milk and butter (Class IV). This work examines a novel milk pricing method based on the concept of opportunity cost for milk used in cheese and whey. This novel method may improve the functioning of FMMOs and the U.S. dairy industry.

Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Functional Non-Dairy Milk and Gender-Based Market Segmentation

The increasing awareness of the benefits of functional non-dairy milk has been growing significantly due to the increasing recognition of the benefits of functional foods. Functional non-dairy milk provides a valuable alternative for lactose-intolerant people with other dietary restrictions preventing them from consuming dairy milk. However, some evidence suggests that not all consumers benefit equally from food. Previous research indicated that women more often purchase foods that are perceived to be healthy, while men are more likely to purchase foods that are perceived to be hedonistic. Thus, this study aimed to examine the significant relationships among factors influencing functional non-dairy milk purchase intention based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and to identify behavioral differences between men and women. We conducted a quantitative study using structured questionnaires and with 413 valid respondents that consume functional non-dairy milk in six regions of Thailand. Further, we used a multi-group structural equation modeling approach to explore and compare consumers’ intentions across genders. The results showed that trust and health consciousness positively influence an individual’s perceived behavioral control and then directly affect their attitude and purchase intention of functional non-dairy milk products. Additionally, the multi-group analysis proposed that men and women consumers significantly differ in their requirements for enjoyable experiences while consuming functional non-dairy milk. More specifically, hedonic eating value has a greater impact on men’s attitudes than women’s attitudes. This study deepens our understanding of the functional non-dairy milk industry in Thailand in terms of market segments based on gender.

MECHANISMS OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF MILK MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE

Topicality. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the research is caused by the need to provide food for the population in the post-war period of the formation of the economy of Ukraine, which is an extremely important problem.&#x0D; Aim and tasks. The purpose and task of the research presented in the article is the development of a complex mechanism for regulating economic processes in the market of milk and dairy products. To determine the initial provisions regarding the improvement of the system of strategic management of the milk market development process, which should first of all be laid down in the basic functions of the regulatory and management bodies for the production of dairy products, which will condition other elements of the organization of the management process (infrastructure, employment level, etc.).&#x0D; Research results. The initial provisions of the conceptual approach to the formation and implementation of a complex mechanism with a new understanding of the tasks of strategic management, planning and their interaction in the context of ensuring the development of the milk market in Ukraine are substantiated and defined. As a result of the imperfection of socio-economic relations, as well as due to certain shortcomings in the organization of procurement, transportation and storage of raw materials, the low technical level of most processing enterprises, significant losses in the production of dairy products are also allowed, and the existing resource potential is not used to a large extent. The concept of a complex mechanism is a holistic system basis for the development of a mechanism for the optimal combination of state regulation tools and the principles of strategic management of business entities in the milk market.&#x0D; Conclusion. In the article, as a result of the conducted research, it is determined that the mechanism of managing the development of the milk market in Ukraine is at the stage of its formation. It was determined that demand is an important factor in the formation and development of the milk market, which is represented by the level of consumption of this type of product and is one of the most important, influencing the development of the production process and the level of competitiveness of economic entities. The analysis of the balance of milk production and consumption also shows that the obtained milk production and consumption volumes are gradually decreasing. A decrease in purchasing power among the country's population, a reduction in the geographic size of the market by losing control over the corresponding part of the country's territory in a certain way affect the decrease in the total capacity of the presented domestic food market.

Modeling of the factors influencing the dairy market in Ukraine

Purpose. The present article aims to identify main determinants influencing development of demand at the dairy market in Ukraine (the average volume of milk consumption per capita), to evaluate their impact on the demand, to assess dependencies between the factors and the partial elasticity coefficients for their further use in forecasting.&#x0D; Methodology / approach. In the research, the authors used information from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine concerning dynamics of the volume of milk consumption per capita and supply of milk to processing enterprises in Ukraine, as well as dynamics of the main factors influencing the mentioned indicators in 2006–2020. The factors, which were analyzed in the work, included milk production by farms of all categories, volume of produced dairy products, the average price of milk and number of cattle. The multicollinearity was studied by applying the Farrar-Glauber test separately for each of the factors influencing the above-mentioned resulting characteristics. To develop the econometric model, the authors used the least squares method, identified density of connection, the model adequacy by the F-test, available autocorrelation and heteroscedasticity, statistical significance of the model parameters.&#x0D; Results. According to the results of conducted research it is determined that all conditions of adequacy of the economic-and-mathematical model are satisfied to assess the dependency of milk consumption per capita on the supply of milk to processing enterprises, dependency of the supply of milk to processing enterprises on the average price of milk, and dependency of the supply of milk to processing enterprises on the number of cattle. These models can be used for the further analysis of the corresponding economic processes at the dairy market of Ukraine. Calculation of the partial elasticity coefficients confirms that the factors’ impact on the resulting characteristics is characterized by low elasticity, particularly the growth of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 1 % causes the increase of milk consumption per capita by 0.209 %, whilst the raise of the average price of milk by 1 % results in reduction of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 0.562 %, and the increase in the number of cattle by 1 % causes the growth of the supply of milk to processing enterprises by 0.546 % under other similar conditions. By using the developed models, the authors calculated the expected volume of milk consumption per capita under increasing prices of milk and reducing number of cattle and the optimistic scenarios of agriculture development under martial law. &#x0D; Originality / scientific novelty. The obtained results provide a deeper study of the methodology of modeling and forecasting the main indicators influencing performance of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine. The authors identify the main factors influencing the demand for dairy products that enables forecasting their prospects depending on the change of some factors of the macro environment of milk processing enterprises. In addition to the above mentioned factors influencing milk consumption per capita, milk processing enterprises can partially influence the indicator by activating commercial promotion of consumption of the milk and dairy products of factory production and expanding the range of supplied products. &#x0D; Practical value / implications. Findings of the research can be used as an information basis to evaluate marketability of milk processing enterprises in Ukraine based on forecasting the level of the demand for milk. Moreover, the results of the research also confirm reasonability of joined efforts of milk processing enterprises to implement marketing communications in order to increase the demand for milk and dairy products of factory production. The research findings can be also used to make forecast of the conjuncture of milk and dairy market that will identify the directions of the state regulation of its development.

SURVEY OF CHARACTERISTICS AND CHALLENGES OF LOCAL MILK PRODUCERS IN DAURA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE

Milk is essential for human consumption in view of its nutritive value. The study was therefore carried out to characterize milk production based on some socio-economic point of view of the producers and challenges in Daura Local Government area (LGA) of Katsina state. Using a two-stage sampling procedure, ten (10) communities were purposively selected in the first stage based on the high number of milk producers in the LGA while in the second stage, 6 participants were randomly selected from each of the ten (10) villages which totalled 60. The data gathered was analysed using descriptive statistics. The study showed that the respondents’ age group of 31-45 was highest with 60% while the distribution of age and formal education revealed that even the young members of the milk producers and other stakeholders were not well educated with 31-45 age range having the highest percentage of 11% in the primary education level. The female involvement in the milk business was more than that of men (80%). Red Bororo cattle breed were predominantly used (73%) and all the respondents utilized the traditional milking method and fermenting for milk processing and preservation. Poor storage facilities was reported to be the greatest challenge of the respondents while foot and mouth disease was more prevalent (58.3%). A quarter of the respondents received interventions to support the business. It was concluded that milk production, processing and marketing is still well undeveloped despite the inherent potentials. It was then recommended that government and non-governmental organisations should intervene in the area of training and capacity building to develop the milk production industry in the study area.&#x0D;