Milk Line Research Articles

Pediatric extramammary myofibroblastoma in the head and neck region: a case report

<p>A rare form of mesenchymal neoplasm that typically presents in older men and women is mammary myofibroblastoma. Even so rarely, these benign tumours may occur outside of the breasts in soft tissues; which then are called mammary-type myofibroblastoma. There can be marked variability in the histological composition of these benign spindle cell tumours. Along the milk line is the commonest presentation of these extramammary myofibroblastoma. Here we have an 8 years old female patient presented to the department of otorhinolaryngology with a painless, fusiform swelling over the right lateral aspect of tongue in the past 6 months. Intra oral examination revealed a non-tender, non-ulcerated fusiform shaped mass approximately 3×2 cm firm in consistency arising from the right lateral border of the tongue. FNAC was done which showed spindle cell tumour tongue. The lesion was diagnosed as mammary type myofibroblastoma on immunohistochemistry.</p>

Effects of machine milking on udder health in dairy ewes

• Milking machine settings that increase vacuum fluctuations under the teat must be avoided to reduce the intramammary infection risk. • Although a high milk pipeline causes higher vacuum fluctuations at teat level, no relation with bulk milk SCC have been found. • Milking machine settings that increase teat thickness would reduce the local defence mechanisms and should be avoided. • Post-milking teat disinfection, milking animals with intramammary infections last, and avoiding over-milking for longer than 2 min can affect mammary gland health status by reducing the incidence risk of mastitis. The aim of this article is to review factors associated with machine milking that would increase mastitis incidence risk and the effects of milking machine, milking management and routine in sheep. Machine milking settings that increase vacuum fluctuations under the teat or teat thickness and help to disseminate infectious agents would increase the risk of intramammary infection. Vacuum fluctuations are caused by a low effective reserve, low air and milk line diameters, low milk tube diameters, sudden air leakages caused by high milking cluster weight, teatcup slippage, excessive liner mouthpiece diameter or inadequate machine stripping. The milk line height (low vs mid line) has no relation with SCC if the rest of the settings are adequate, although higher vacuum fluctuations have been recorded in high line. The settings that increase teat thickness include an excessively high vacuum level, lack of effective massage on the teat (high pulsation ratio), liners too soft, hard, narrow or old, and overmilking for longer than 2 min. Regarding milking management, the reduction of milking frequency to 1 milking per day has an effect on yield and SCC due to a concentration effect, and some milking practices such as post-milking teat disinfection or milking animals with intramammary infections last, despite the drawbacks in overall farm management (identification and separation of infected animals), can lower the risk of mastitis incidence.

Seed distribution by the coulter for the subsoil broadcast seeding

The article studies the efficiency of the subsoil broadcast seeding of grain crops, which differs from other methods with the way seeds are placed into the soil: not in rows but on the whole distributing width. This method is also determined by the evenness of seeding depth by placing the seeds on the ready hard spot, which provides equal conditions of heat, light, water, food and gas supply that influence seed sprouting, seedling formation, tillering, shooting, head formation, earing, blossoming, kernel milk line formation, middle dough and fully ripe stage development. The analysis of coulter with active and passive distributors has been conducted. The use of air flow during the transportation of seeds from the sowing device to the coulter and the distributor oscillating process is recommended for the higher quality seed distribution below the spinning wheel. The oscillations of the elastic tube – distributor under the influence of the air-grain mixture have been theoretically studied. The obtained results allow creating dependency diagrams of oscillation frequency ω and damping parameter h. The experimental research has been made to study the evenness of seed distribution with the help of the coulter with the elastic tube – distributor.

Unexpected presentation of accessory breast cancer presenting as a subcutaneous mass at costal ridge: a case report

BackgroundDuring embryogenesis, bilateral thickening of ectoderm from anterior axillary folds to inguinal folds, called mammary ridges or milk lines, develops into breast tissues. Only a pair in the pectoral area is spared from regression and continuously develops into normal breasts. Accessory breasts can result if the regression process is incomplete. These ectopic breasts can change physiologically and pathologically similar to normal breasts. Unsurprisingly, they are capable of turning malignant. Reported cases show the most common area for accessory breast cancer to be the axillary area. We report a rare case of accessory breast cancer over the costal ridge.Case presentationWe present the case of a 51-year-old Asian woman who complained of an enlarged mass lower to her left breast developed over the period of 3 months while on contraceptive pills. Unaware that the mass could be an accessory breast, the primary doctor had prescribed oral contraceptives. After our patient had noticed that the mass was obviously growing, she decided to consult a surgeon as the mass continued to grow. Expected to be benign, the mass was investigated by ultrasonography and then excised surgically. A pathology report identified the mass to be a carcinoma of the ectopic breast tissue. However, sentinel lymph node biopsy showed no nodal metastasis of all four lymph nodes. Following surgery, she received chemotherapy, radiation, and antihormonal treatment. After 2 years of postoperative follow up, she remained free of disease.ConclusionsThis patient was diagnosed as having accessory breast cancer which presented with a subcutaneous mass. As this condition is exceptionally rare but curable by early treatments, we recommend surgeons to consider potential malignancy when patients present with a subcutaneous mass.

Avaliação de diferentes alturas de corte na ensilagem de milho

This work aims to evaluate the agronomic, bromatological and economic performance of a corn hybrid for silage production, considering different cutting heights. The objective was to evaluate ways of obtaining a silage with better nutritive value and productivity of DM, trying to study the effects of raising the cutting height of corn silage of 0, 15, 30 and 45 cm and also to evaluate the amount of mineral composition and economic value of the material remaining in the soil after cutting to silage. The experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Center of the Federal Institute of the Southeast of Minas Gerais – Campus Barbacena. The corn planting took place in November 2017/2018 harvest. The species used was a precocious, early-cycle hybrid with two Bt insecticidal proteins that provide control of the carcass caterpillar, spider caterpillar and berry borer, as well as tolerance to glyphosate. The harvest was made at 109 days, with 29% DM with harvest point determined as base in the milky 2/3 milk line. After harvest, the crushed material was ensiled in experimental small silos, made of PVC pipe, where it remained for 60 days. Once the silos were opened the collected samples were sent for laboratory analysis. The experimental design was completely randomized, containing 7 experimental plots equally divided into 4 treatments. The data were submitted to analysis through the Sisvar 5.6 program. A variance analysis was performed, where the means were compared and tested by the Tukey method, at a 5% probability level. The remaining material was collected, chopped and ground, and samples were also sent for laboratory analysis. The variation in cutting height did not affect the bromatological composition of the silage. The cut cutting heights did not influence on the silage DM production. It was verified that, in the silage production, the cutting height 30/45 cm returned to the soil nutrients that generate a considerable financial value thus reducing production costs and provided a return of nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium to the soil, with an estimated financial return and the possibility of favoring a better management of the soil in planting a new corn crop or another successor crop.

Milk Kinship and the Maternal Body in Shi’a Islam

AbstractIn Islamic law, kinship is defined by consanguineal and affinal relationships. Birth and Islamic marriage are important events that define religious responsibilities of family members towards each other. Some responsibilities are connected to Mahramiyat, a framework of interpersonal relations that regulates marriages and interactions with the opposite sex. Besides consanguineal and affinal bonds, mahramiyat and kinship can also be established through breastfeeding. The relationship formed through breastfeeding is called milk mahramiyat/kinship. It is spoken of in the Quran and hadith and has been extensively discussed in Islamic Feqh. This study investigates Shi’i guidelines on milk kinship. My interest is in the exploration of existing gendered rulings on the conditions of milk mahramiyat/kinship in Shi’i jurisprudence. The analysis aims to bring forth discussions on the significance of breast milk and the maternal body, and to investigate how milk kinship is framed within the patrilineal system of kinship in Shi’a Islam. The findings discuss rulings on the role of milk-mother and -father in the way kinship takes effect. While patrilineal kinship is often defined based on a paternal ‘milk line’, the study suggests that alternative readings and interpretations of the Quran and hadith are available that centralize the mother and the maternal body.

Size of supernumerary teats in sheep correlates with complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment.

Supernumerary nipples or teats (polythelia) are congenital accessory structures that may develop at any location along the milk line and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mastitis. We describe the anatomy and histology of 27 spontaneously occurring supernumerary teats from 16 sheep, delineating two groups of teats - simple and anatomically complex - according to the complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment. Anatomically complex supernumerary teats exhibited significantly increased length and barrel diameter compared with simple supernumerary teats. A teat canal and/or teat cistern was present in anatomically complex teats, with smooth muscle fibres forming a variably well-organised encircling teat sphincter. Complex supernumerary teats also exhibited immune cell infiltrates similar to those of normal teats, including lymphoid follicle-like structures at the folds of the teat cistern-teat canal junction, and macrophages that infiltrated the peri-cisternal glandular tissue. One complex supernumerary teat exhibited teat end hyperkeratosis. These anatomical and histological features allow inference that supernumerary teats may be susceptible to bacterial ingress through the teat canal and we hypothesise that this may be more likely in those teats with less well-organised encircling smooth muscle. The teat cistern of anatomically complex teats may also constitute a focus of milk accumulation and thus a possible nidus for bacterial infection, potentially predisposing to mastitis. We suggest that size of the supernumerary teat, and relationship to the main teats, particularly in the case of 'cluster teats', should be considerations if surgical removal is contemplated.

Respuesta productiva de maíces subtropicales y tropicales con fines forrajeros en una región semiárida

The yield of dry matter and its morphological components and some characters of the corn plants in the Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, at 22.23 ° LN and at 100.85 ° LO, at 1,835 m.a.s.l. in mild dry weather. 26 corn genotypes were used, under irrigation in Spring-Summer. The sowing was carried out in plots of 5 rows of 0.90 cm wide x 5 meters long. A seed was deposited every 12 cm at a depth of 7 cm. It was fertilized with 160-40-00 (N-P-K). 10 plants were randomly marked on each plot. The harvest was done in corn at ½ of the milk line. 10 plants were randomly marked on each plot. The harvest was done in corn at ½ of the milk line. The yield of dry matter (YDM), plant (YDMP), corn (YDMC), ratio corn:Complete plant (RCCP) and Plant:Complete plant (RPCP), Number of leaves per plant (NLEAVES), and of corn (NCORN), Plant height (PH), Stem diameter (SD). The best YDMP was shown by OjitalCT (17.8 t ha-1) and Tampiqueño1 (17.0 t ha-1). TlanchiHgoA2 showed the highest value of YMDC (12.7 t ha-1) and for YDM (28.6 t ha-1), which makes these genotypes viable for semi-arid areas.

Tracing the Dairy Goat Industry: Profiling of Dairy Goat Farms in the Philippines

The Philippine dairy goat industry remains a developing sector with fragmented data and information. Thus, a concerted effort to create baseline information on these dairy goat farms (DGF) is needed to situate technology interventions and consequently, improve dairy goat production. Out of the three main geographic areas of the country, 43 dairy goat farms were identified. Primary data were collected through qualitative and quantitative surveys using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that there are eight known goat breeds in the Philippines. Among the dairy goat breeds, Anglo-Nubian (94.9%), Saanen (53.5%), and Alpine (25.6%) were predominantly raised. Nearly one-third of the dairy goat farms include upgraded goats in the milk line. The total number of dairy goats in the participating farms reached 6,977 heads during the survey period. However, less than one percent of the total dairy goat population or equivalent to 689 are being milked. Farmers reported an average of 1.17 liters per day with an average 172-day lactation period or equivalent to 200 liters per lactation. Dairy goats in the Philippines, therefore, can produce over 137 MT of milk per year. Even though these farms are milking their goats, only 44.2% process and market the milk collected. Hence, this baseline information on the country’s dairy goat production provides a historical point of reference in assessing change and progress in the implementation of future dairy goat development programs.

Expression of Periostin in Cancer-associated Fibroblasts in Mammary Cancer in Female Dogs.

Mammary neoplasms, like breast neoplasms in women, are one of the most common tumours in female dogs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in the tumour stroma play a role in angiogenesis and increase cell migration, contributing to tumour growth and progression, as well as metastasis. The aim of our work was to determine the level of periostin (POSTN) expression in CAFs in mammary tumours of female dogs. The research material consisted of 77 carcinomas and 24 adenomas of the mammary ridge in female dogs. Immunohistochemistry tests were performed using antibodies directed against the antigens POSTN, Ki-67, ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2), vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Expression of POSTN at the mRNA level was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods in 20 cases of mammary neoplasms. Expression of POSTN in CAFs was observed in 92% of mammary cancer samples and in 25% of mammary adenoma samples in female dogs. A statistically significant increase in POSNT expression in CAFs was found in the carcinomas compared with mammary adenomas in female dogs. Expression of POSTN in CAFs in mammary carcinomas in female dogs positively correlated with the histological malignancy grade of tumours and the expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen. Our results suggest a role of POSTN on the pathogenesis of mammary tumours in female dogs. Moreover, POSTN may prove to be a useful marker in the evaluation of cancerous stroma of mammary tumours in female dogs, and may have prognostic significance.

Substantiation and optimization of quantity and type of mechanical cleaners supplied to milk pipe when rinsing milking units

The article presents the results of production tests of three designs of mechanical cleaners intended to increase the efficiency of sanitary processing of milking installations. As a result of the experiment, the optimal number of mechanical cleaners and their type were determined. The optimization criterion was the total microbial number (KMAFAnM) obtained as a result of seeding on the nutrient medium of washings from the inner surface of the milk line. As a result of the experiment, it was determined that the optimal result is achieved by sanitizing a milking unit with 4-5 mechanical cleaners with a cleaning surface of bristles.

Association of a large vulvar tumor in a in a young premenopausal woman with recurrent pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breasts

Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia is a benign proliferative lesion of the breast tissue that typically affects women in the reproductive age. Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia usually presents as a localized, painless, firm mass or as a diffuse thickened area of the breast. Rarely, it can arise along the embryonic milk line, up to the anogenital region, where it simulates angiosarcomas. Awareness of this uncommon condition is important in order to avoid unnecessary aggressive excisional surgical procedures. For this purpose, we present a case of nodular pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia arising in the vulva in a patient with recurrent pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia of the breast.

Разработка мобильного автономного устройства для промывки молокопроводов

Разработка мобильного автономного устройства для промывки молокопроводов

JUSTIFICATION OF THE MODES OF THE MILK WASHING SYSTEM OF THE MILKING INSTALLATION

Keywords: milk As a result of long-term operation of the milk-conducting lines of milking machines on their internal surfaces various in composition, properties, thickness, strength of adhesion to the deposition surface of alkaline and acidic nature are formed. Their presence leads to bacterial contamination of milk, resulting in a decrease in its quality and shelf life. The process of washing the elements of milking machines is one of the most important technological operations, the efficiency of which depends on the level of primary contamination of milk. The purpose is to investigate the operating parameters of the air injector operation of the milkweed flushing system of the milking plant and to substantiate their rational values. As a result of numerical modeling in the software package STAR-CCM + and experimental studies of the process of washing the milk line of the milking plant using an injector, the dependence of the change in the speed of pressure and the value of the degree of purity of the milk line at different values of its diameter from the working vacuum injection time and injection injection time pauses of the air injector. Comparing the theoretical and experimental dependences of the Fisher pressure velocity changes, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient can confirm the adequacy of theoretical studies. Comparing the theoretical and experimental dependence of the degree of purity of the milk line by Fisher's criterion, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination can confirm the adequacy of theoretical studies. Solving the compromise problem, which minimizes the value of the rate of change of pressure at the highest value of the degree of purity of the milk line for different values of the diameter of the milk line obtained the corresponding rational parameters of the modes of operation of the injector.

INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY MILK-RAW MATERIALS

The most pressing problems of the food industry today are the quality of food. The main factors influencing this indicator are the quality of raw materials, the technical and technological level of enterprises, the quality management system and food safety. Milk quality cannot be improved in the processing process, at best it can be stabilized, so the milk quality management system should focus on the technological processes of its production and primary treatment using a preventive approach. The sanitary and hygienic quality of milk production is a complex problem that is determined by a number of factors that combine the notion of "technology and culture of production". General bacterial contamination of milk raw materials should be considered as a collection of sources of ingress of microorganisms into the technological environment, in particular the microflora of the surface of the udder and lobes; microflora of udder channels; microorganisms of milking equipment, milk lines, milk packaging; microflora of personnel and environment. The traditional scheme of primary milk treatment provides a consistent picture of the quality and safety of raw milk obtained from its production. Measures to improve the quality and safety of raw milk through additional use of the decontamination process are proposed. The use of ultrasonic cavitation technologies for milk disinfection allows to increase the quality of milk and to get more money for the farm, to provide quality raw materials for dairy enterprises.

Mathematical Modeling of the Transport Milk in a Pipeline

The paper presents a mathematical modeling of the process of movement of milk in the pipe in the formation of the slug flow. The estimation of the degree of destabilization of milk fat from hydromechanical factors is presented, which is 6-10% for the obtained values of the flow rate. Experimental and calculated data show that with the slug flow of transporting milk from the milking unit collector to the upper milk line, the slug speed reaches significant values exceeding 10 m/s, and the acceleration at the border of sections I and II is 150 m/s2. All this creates prerequisites for intensive hydromechanical effects on the dispersed composition of fat in milk.

Quality of silage produced from intercropped corn RR and soybeans RR

The objective of this study was to produce silage from intercropped RR glyphosate tolerant corn (RR - Roundup Ready) and RR soybeans under Brazilian Cerrado conditions. The research was carried out in off-season between February and June 2015, in Rio Verde, Goiás (Brazil). In the experimental period the rainfall was 865 mm and the average temperature of 23.7°C. Two trials were performed. The first had corn rows spaced in 1 m with a row of soybeans in the interrow. The second had double corn rows interspersed with one row of soybeans, all spaced in 0.50 m. In both trials, we used a randomized block design, in a 2x2+3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Primary factor consisted of two types of pre-sowing fertilization: one only in corn rows and the other over the total area. The secondary factor corresponded to two soybean varieties: medium and late cycle variety. In addition, three control treatments were made: one of corn and two of soybeans. The corn cutoff point was at the hard farinaceous stage when the milk line reaches half the grain, and in the sole crop soybean at the R5.5 final phase of grain filling. Silage was stored in PVC experimental silos for 60 days. The intercropped treatments, in both spatial arrangements, promoted increases in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents. Soybean monoculture presented high values of crude protein and ethereal extract. There were higher effluent losses in medium-cycle soybean variety silage when it was grown in single cropping. However, the lowest effluent losses were recorded for silages of medium-cycle soybean intercropped under a double row pre-sowing corn fertilization system. The soybeans mixed silages produced together with corn under off-season conditions did not yield satisfactory results.

Fibroadenoma of ectopic breast tissue in chest wall: a rare case report and review of the literature

Fibroadenoma of ectopic breast tissue is a rare disease. Ectopuc breast tissues are found along milk line. Malignancy is more common than fibroadenoma in ectopic breast tissue. Ectopic breast tissue can be present with nipple or without nipple areola complex. Here we report a case of 20 years old patient having fibroadenoma of ectopic breast tissue in anterior chest wall without nipple areola complex. Patient underwent excision and biopsy. Histopathology confirmed it as fibroadenoma of the ectopic breast tissue. This case has been reported for its rarity and to reemphasise the importance of screening of EBT for any pathology during routine screening of breast.

Effect of maturity stage at harvest on the ensilability of maize hybrids in the early and late FAO classes, grown in areas differing in yield potential

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of earliness (according to FAO class), maturity stage at harvest and environmental conditions on the ensilability of maize hybrids described by their fermentation products and by a fermentation quality index (FQI). Maize hybrids belonging to early (n = 14) and late (n = 15) FAO classes were grown in low, medium and high potential yield areas and harvested at an early (EH), medium (MH) and late maturity stage (LH), that is, at 1/3, 2/3 and 5 d after the 2/3 milk line stage, respectively, according to a split‐plot design. Upon harvest, each sample (n = 522) was analysed for dry matter (DM) and water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) before being ensiled in vacuum‐packed bags (n = 1,044). After 60 days of conservation, samples were analysed for DM and fermentation products. In the pre‐ensiling phase, DM was higher in early hybrids (p = .001), low yield areas (p < .001) and at LH maturity (p < .001), whereas WSC contents were higher in early hybrids (p < .001), medium yield areas (p < .001) and at EH maturity (p < .001). With regard to silages, early hybrids had a higher FQI (p < .001), which was highest in areas with a high yield potential (p < .01) and at EH maturity (p < .01). Late hybrids proved to be better suited for low yield areas compared with early hybrids (p < .01) and had a higher FQI at EH and MH than at LH maturity (p < .01).

DIFFERENT COW BREEDS MILKABILITY DEPENDING ON KAPPA-CASEIN AND BETA-GLOBULIN GENOTYPES

Results of the Ayrshire breed cows, Holstein cows and Holstein-Yaroslavl cross breed cows milk productiv-ity analysis in the same environment conditions and depending on the kappa-casein and beta-lactoglobulin genotypes are presented in this article. The animals are kept in the common environmental conditions of the LLC Farming firm “Pakhma», the Ayrshire breeding plant. Feeding of cows here is carried out according to detailed norms, concentrated feed averages 43%. The maintenance system is year-round stalling, milking is carried out in the milk line, the DeLaval milking machine is used, and labor-intensive processes in animal husbandry are mechanized. The farm has a milk processing shop. It was established that all the inspected cows (n=91) had a prevailing AA kappa-casein genotype – 75,8% on average. BB Ayrshire breed and Hol-stein-Yaroslavl cross breed genotypes were not established. AB and BB beta-lactoglobulin genotypes are seen on average with a frequency of 44%. AA beta-lactoglobulin genotype in Holstein cows breed was not found. The indicators of statistically reliable difference in milkability among all groups and genotypes was not estab-lished. A higher consistence of protein in the milk of B-allele kappa-casein type cows is evident in all groups with no difference between breed belonging. The complex variant of CSN3/LGB genotypes showed that ac-cording to ultimate milk fat and protein yield the most productive cows were:АВ/ВВ, АВ/АВ genotype Ayr-shire cows, АВ/АВ Holstein genotype cows, AB/BB genotype Holstein-Yaroslavl cross breed cows. Hence, the most efficient cows are those with B-allele variants.