Milk Dairy Products Research Articles

Kinetic modeling of inactivation of foodborne bacterial pathogens in serrano artisanal cheese during ripening

Abstract Serrano artisanal cheese is a traditional raw milk dairy product from southern Brazil. For safe consumption of raw milk products, ripening is a critical period for reducing populations of pathogenic and spoilage microorganism and, then, the knowledge on inactivation kinetics of microorganisms is necessary to guarantee food safety and quality. In the present work, inactivation kinetics of foodborne bacterial pathogens required by Brazilian regulations in serrano artisanal cheeses were statistically evaluated during ripening. The Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, coagulase-positive strain of Staphylococcus aureus and fecal coliforms were analyzed for up to 60 days. Experimental data were fitted using first-order model, Weibull and log-linear + shoulder models. Results showed no presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monogyatogenes in the cheeses through the studied period. The first-order and Weibull models presented good performance to represent coagulase-positive strain of S. aureus and fecal coliforms during ripening, although Weibull distribution showed better outcomes to experimental data. Log-linear+shoulder equation was discarded to describe the reduction of microorganism counts for physical criteria. Kinetics showed an initial resistance of fecal coliforms to be inactivated, unlike to coagulase-positive strain of S. aureus population. Modeling analysis allowed estimating serrano artisanal cheese ripening period to be longer than 33 days for achieving a safe product according to the Brazilian Regulatory Standards.

Bazı Yerli ve Melez Koyun Genotiplerinde Süt Yağ Asidi Profillerinin Araştırılması

Yağ asitlerinin insan sağlığı açısından hastalıkları önleyici ve tedavi edici özelliği vardır. Ayrıca süt ve süt ürünlerinde kaliteyi etkileyen önemli bir parametredir. Dolayısıyla hayvansal ürünlerde yağ asidi kompozisyonun belirlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu araştırma Akkaraman (Akk), Bafra (Baf) ve Bafra x Akkaraman (F1) koyunlarda süt yağ asidi kompozisyonunun belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yağ asidi kompozisyonu, her genotipten rastgele seçilen 12 koyundan laktasyonun başlangıç, orta ve son dönemlerinde alınan süt örnekleri ile Gaz Kromatografi Kütle Spektrofotometrisi yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Laktasyon boyunca Akk, Baf ve F1 genotipi koyunlarda belirlenen genel ortalama toplam doymuş yağ asidi (ΣDYA) oranı sırasıyla %64,66±0,40; 60,61±0,97 ve 58,23±0,81; toplam doymamış yağ asidi oranı (ΣDŞYA) %35,06±0,40; 38,97±1,00 ve 41,29±0,78; Σω6/Σω3 oranı 4,16±0,16; 4,44±0,17 ve 4,36±0,26; Besleyici Değer (BD) 1,43±0,03; 1,44±0,05 ve 1,38±0,04; Aterojenik Indeks (AI) değeri 1,69±0,04; 1,41±0,08 ve 1,25±0,04; Trombojenik Indeks (TI) değeri ise 1,50±0,02; 1,33±0,09 ve 1,13±0,04 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, belirlenen yağ asidi kompozisyonun koyun sütü için bildirilen değerlere uyumlu olduğu tespit edilirken; genotip grupları arasında bazı yağ asidi profilleri bakımından farklılık olduğu söylenebilir.

Identification, biochemical and technological properties of Enterococcus species isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy products

Identification, biochemical and technological properties of Enterococcus species isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy products

Retracted: Features of Planned Supply Chains in the Dairy Industry

RetractedModern dairy product supply chain management systems help minimize the production and distribution of unsafe or substandard products. The purpose of this article is to assess the capabilities and level of development of planning and quality control systems in the field of supply chain management in the dairy industry using the example of Russia, Kazakhstan and Lithuania. Through a systematic analysis of statistical information, descriptors of the effectiveness of logistics supply chains and development directions of the dairy industry in the field of improving planning and quality control are identified. This study uses secondary statistics from open sources as a basis for comparative analysis. The main indicators selected for analysis are: the efficiency index of logistics, the number of dairy products, milk and dairy products and other indicators of the dairy industry. It is concluded that an effective supply chain plays a very important role for the development of the dairy industry and improving food safety in the supply chain of these products.

Биокаталитическая конверсия белка молочной сыворотки микроорганизмами рода Aspergillus oryx season для снижения аллергенности

Introduction. More than 170 foods can cause allergic reactions in humans. The list of potential allergens includes a lot of dairy products. To reduce the antigenic properties, dairy raw materials can be subjected to thermal treatment. However, prolonged heating reduces the nutritional value, solubility, and digestibility of the final product. Biocatalytic conversion is considered a more effective way to reduce the allergenicity of milk proteins and dairy products.
 Study objects and methods. The research featured the bioconversion process of milk whey using an enzyme complex of fungal protease and exo-peptidase produced by Aspergillus oryx season. The research provided an optimal concentration of the enzyme preparation, as well as temperature parameters, reaction time, and the effect of pH on the intensity of the process. The experiment involved standard research methods. The mass fraction of free amino acids was determined by distribution chromatography after protein hydrolysis.
 Results and discussion. The research helped to define the effect of enzymatic treatment time and the pH on the hydrolysis of serum proteins after bioconversion. The indicator of the degree of hydrolysis and its time was affected by the concentration of the introduced enzyme preparation. The maximum degree of hydrolysis was observed at pH = 4.0 ± 0.1 with an enzyme-substrate ratio of 1:700. The degree of hydrolysis in samples with an enzyme-substrate ratio of 1:1,000 and 1:700 was almost the same. Therefore, the enzymesubstrate ratio of 1:1,000 proved more effective. The concentration of many important amino acids increased, which indicated the hydrolytic cleavage of the protein. The research made it possible to determine the most effective parameters of the process of biocatalytic conversion of whey enzyme by the protease complex Aspergillus oryx season: the ratio of enzyme-substrate – 1:1,000, time – 60–90 min, pH – 4.0 ± 0.1, temperature – 35–45°C.
 Conclusion. The whey samples subjected to biocatalytic conversion by an enzyme complex of the genus Aspergillus oryx season showed the presence of low-molecular peptides in its composition, which indicated the effectiveness of the process and reducing the allergenicity of the whey protein.

Sensory acceptance and physico-chemical composition of mixed minas frescal cheese

Buffalo milk presents higher proteins and lipids concentration than cow milk, which provides a better yield in cheese-making production and products with considerable sensory approval. However, buffalo milk is not regularly available throughout the year due to different handling conditions. Thus, to guarantee the supply of buffalo milk dairy products during the year, the addition of bovine milk is an alternative. Therefore, this study aimed to test the effect of a buffalo and bovine milk mixture for the Minas Frescal cheese elaboration by physico-chemical, sensory analysis and obtaining yield. The raw material was analysed for the parameters of acidity, density, fat, total solids and solid-not-fat. There were 3 Minas Frescal cheeses elaborated from 3 formulations: 100% buffalo milk, 100% bovine milk and the mixture of 50% of each milk. The cheeses were submitted to the Gravimetric and Gerber methods to obtain values of moisture and fat, as well as to obtain, indirectly, fat in dry matter. For bovine and buffalo milk, the parameters evaluated (acidity, density, fat, total solids and solids-not-fat) complied with Brazilian legislation and parameters described in the literature. For the bovine, mixed and buffalo fresh cheeses, values were obtained, respectively, for moisture (74.04, 60.93 and 63.61), fat in dry matter (44.35, 42.23 and 46.03) and cheese yield (27, 20.8 and 24.2), indicating a higher yield for the bovine Minas Frescal cheese and higher fat content for the buffalo cheese. The overall acceptance of the mixed Minas Frescal cheese was significantly superior to the bovine and buffalo cheese. The parameters of colour, appearance, texture, flavour and overall acceptance were above 8 points in the hedonic scale (‘moderately liked’ to ‘extremely liked’), and the aroma attribute scored was above 7 (‘I enjoyed regularly’ to ‘moderately liked’). Therefore, the elaboration of Minas Frescal cheese from the mixture of 2 matrices (buffalo and bovine milk) demonstrated technological viability with the potential to meet the demands of the consumer market.

Polyphasic Characterisation of Non-Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria from Algerian Raw Camel’s Milk and Their Technological Aptitudes

SUMMARYResearch backgroundConsumption of spontaneously fermented camel´s milk is common in Algeria, making it a feasible source of diverse lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with the potential to be used as adjunct cultures to improve quality and safety of fermented dairy products.Experimental approachTwelve raw camel´s milk samples were used as a source of indigenous LAB, which were further characterised by examining39 phenotypic traits with technological relevance.Results and conclusionsThirty-five non-starter LAB (NSLAB) were isolated from 12 Algerian raw camel's milk samples and they were microbiologically, biochemically and genetically characterised. Some isolates showed proteolytic activity, acidifying capacity, the ability to use citrate, and to produce dextran and acetoin. Ethanol, acetaldehyde, methyl acetate, acetoin and acetic acid were the major volatile compounds detected. Cluster analysis performed using the unweighted group with arithmetic average (UPGMA) method, and based on the thirty-nine phenotypic characteristics investigated, reflected the microbial diversity that can be found in raw camel´s milk.Novelty and scientific contributionThe isolated strains, from a non-typical source, showed interesting technological traits to be considered as potential adjunct cultures. Cluster analysis based on the examined phenotypic characteristics proved to be a useful tool for the typification of isolates when no genetic information is available. These findings may be of use towards an industrialised production of camel's milk dairy products.

DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AND MICROFLORA IN THE BREAST MILK FOR PREVENTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDERS

In this article, the determination of the breastmilk composition in breastfeeding mothers with full-term babies who are not in direct contact with organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and eating fruits, vegetables are grown in various ecological regions of southern Kyrgyzstan was determined for the prevention of various immunological disorders. Microflora of breast milk was also studied. It has been found that the concentration of organochlorine pesticides in the breastmilk of breastfeeding mothers in Osh decreases daily after consuming fermented dairy milk products. The number of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) found in the breastmilk of breastfeeding mothers decreased from 100.0% to 32.37%, or by a concentration of 67.63% in 10 days, which is more than 3 times.

Determination of bacteriocin-encoding genes of lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional dairy products of Luxor province, Egypt

BackgroundResearchers have focused on isolating and identifying the bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria from various food systems especially dairy products. Molecular techniques have been recently used for rabid identification of bacteriocins rather than time-consuming biochemical characters. Global climate disturbances can affect the diversity of beneficial microorganisms in dairy and their products, especially lactic acid bacteria, so it is worth to evaluate their bacteriocinogenicity in different climates. Thus, the aim of this study was to screen for predominant bacteriocin producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in traditional dairy products of Luxor governorate at Upper Egypt and determine their bacteriocin-encoding genes.ResultsEighty-six strains of the LAB were isolated from raw milk and traditional dairy product of Luxor province, Egypt, in which 76.1% and 23.9% were identified as lactic acid bacilli and cocci, respectively. On the basis of their antibacterial potentials, 30 out of 68 LAB isolates were found to be antimicrobial producers. These isolates exhibited a potential antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi B, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis, except for Listeria monocytogenes. LAB isolates were analyzed using species-specific PCR; results emphasized that 22 of isolates were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, while 8 were Leuconostoc mesenteroides. According to the sequencing of isolates, two strains named Lactobacillus plantarum Egypt 2018 (accession no. MH817034) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides Egypt 2018 (accession no. MH817035) were identified. Detection of bacteriocin-encoding genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results emphasized that almost all tested Lb. plantarum strains (n = 10) possess both plnA and plnEF genes, whereas the gene encoding mesentericin Y105 was detected in one Lc. mesenteroides of the examined isolates.ConclusionsThis study was effective for the rapid detection of bacteriocin producing strains within dairy products. Extracted bacteriocin could be a valuable source of natural food biopreservative.

Towards online specific recognition and sensitive analysis of bisphenol A by using AuNPs@aptamer hybrid-silica affinity monolithic column with LC-MS

Highly specific sample pretreatment for the sensitive detection of trace bisphenol A (BPA) in compliacted samples is critical. Herein, a new protocol towards online specific recognition and sensitive detection of BPA was proposed by using Aptamer@AuNPs-modified affinity monolith coupled with LC-MS. Optimization of polymerization conditions and characterization such as the morphology, energy spectrum, mechanical stability, aptamer coverage density and specific performance of the affinity monolith were studied. Nano-gold particles (AuNPs) densely distributed on the rigid hybrid-silica substrates, and an unusually high aptamer coverage density reached 3388 pmol/μL, which was favorable to fulfill the effective identification of BPA with high selectivity and inhibit the interference of analogs including BPB and BPC. A highly sensitive recognition of BPA was obtained with the limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.02 ng/mL. Applied to dairy milk products and serum samples, trace BPA could be sensitive detected by this strategy, while the poor response was achieved by using traditional non-specific SPE column for sample pretreatment. Satisfactory recoveries of fortified BPA were measured as 97.45 ± 2.24%–98.03 ± 4.36% (n = 3) in powdered infant formulas, 96.64 ± 3.37% ~ 99.42 ± 3.22% (n = 3) in bottled milk, 94.69 ± 2.15% ~ 100.96 ± 1.94% (n = 3) in boxed milk, and 93.71 ± 1.53% ~ 96.73 ± 2.56% (n = 3) in children serum samples, respectively. This protocol lights a new access to online specific identification of trace BPA from complex matrix with good detection sensitivity by using aptamer-affinity monolithic column.

Iodine Concentration in Iranian Dairy Milk Products and Its Contribution to the Consumer’s Iodine Intake

BACKGROUND:Due to the large proportion of iodine present in milk and dairy products, they have been one of the important sources of nutritional iodine in several countries. Information about variation in milk iodine concentration in Iran is limited. OBJECTIVES:The present study was conducted to determine the iodine concentration in Iranian milk and dairy milk products. METHODS: In the first step, 10 commercial dairy farms (five located in tropical and other located in cold region) were included in the study. In the second step, the iodine concentration of six samples of different milk products from the retail market was determined by Sandell-Kolthoff (acid-digestion) reaction. RESULTS: The average iodine concentration of milk samples from cold region was significantly lower (50.7 ± 24.3 %) than the iodine concentration of milk samples from the tropical region (P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on Iranian dairy product intake, raw, pasteurized and sterilized milk provides on average, 74.6, 84.6, 96.0 µg of iodine, approximately 29.8, 33.8, 37.6 % of the adult recommended dietary allowance for this nutrient, respectively.

Diversification of Dairy Cow Milk Products: Case Studies in Sendang Village, Tulungagung Regency

Productivity of dairy farmers in Sendang Village could be done through coaching and training to dairy farmers in Sendang Village through the application of science and technology needed by dairy farmers, namely by providing pasteurization tools to process milk into various beverage products and products ready to be marketed. The expected targets and outputs in the PKM program are better management pattern system and a better accounting system, and Products produced (Beverage Flavored Milk Beef, Cheese, Ice Sticks, and Various Ice Cream Flavors). The steps taken in the community service program are dissemination to members of the cattle ranchers group regarding the benefits and benefits of management and production in the manufacture of milk beverage products; providing education and training on how to use pasteurization tools to process milk into a beverage product that has various flavors; and assistance creating product layouts, management training, accounting and marketing. The conclusions are the group of trained farmers have been able to carry out managerial activities in the business of making fresh milk-based food and beverage products; the group has been able to make a production layout, calculate the production costs and make a profit and loss statement and make a financial balance sheet report on the processing; the livestock groups have been able to plan the intended market and are able to determine the products to be marketed in a large capacity; and provision of production equipment assistance has increased the entrepreneurial capacity of dairy farmers in Sendang Village, Tulungagung Regency.

Ionic liquid coated zerovalent manganese nanoparticles with stabilized and enhanced peroxidase-like catalytic activity for colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide

Nanomaterials based colorimetric detection is an area of vital importance in the field of sensing applications. The nanoparticles are the main component of colorimetric sensor in replacing the natural enzyme based sensor. In this context, zero valent nanoparticles have revolutionized the field of optical sensing especially due to easily shift of electron, facile and low cost of preparation, and ease of surface modification. In this work, zero valent manganese nanoparticles (ZV-Mn NPs) are prepared through a simple and very quick method and modulated with new type of ionic liquid (IL). As-prepared materials were characterized through FE-SEM, HR-TEM, BET, FTIR, and XRD. Subsequently, the peroxidase like catalytic activity of pure and modified ZV-Mn NPs to catalyze oxidation of N,N′,N,N′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) investigated. Moreover, the absorbance peak is observed at wavelength 652 nm. The enhanced catalytic activity of ZV-Mn NPs was attributed to the fast transfer of electron mechanism in between substrate and H2O2. The coating of IL on ZV-Mn NPs permitted a low limit of detection 0.2 μM with a linear range of 10–280 μM. This work can find wide spread interest in the colorimetric sensing applications. In order to verify the successful demonstration of H2O2 sensor, we have applied it in the dairy milk products with satisfactory results.

Branded milks – Are they immune from microplastics contamination?

The widespread dispersal of microplastic (plastic particle <5 mm) contamination in human food chain is gaining more attention in the public arena and scientific community. Better assessment of diversified consumer products is a key for combating problems related to microplastic contamination. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted on dairy milk products, and the current research status of microplastics is lacking. Here, a total of 23 milk samples (22 adult and 1 kid) from 5 international and 3 national brands of Mexico was collected and tested for the occurrence of microplastics. Results confirmed the ubiquity of microplastics in the analyzed samples and showed variability ranging between 3 ± 2–11 ± 3.54 particles L−1 with an overall average of 6.5 ± 2.3 particles L−1 which are lower than any reported levels in liquid food products. Microplastic particles exhibited variety of colors (blue, brown, red and pink), shapes (fibers and fragments) and sizes (0.1–5 mm). Among which, blue colored fibers (<0.5 mm) were predominant. Micro-Raman identification results revealed that thermoplastic sulfone polymers (polyethersulfone and polysulfone) were common types of microplastics in milk samples, which are highly used membrane materials in dairy processes. Thus, this study findings developed a baseline outlook for microplastics contamination in dairy products and posed a great deal to take necessary controls and preventive measures to avoid them.

What\u2019s for lunch? The content and quality of lunches consumed by Dutch primary schoolchildren and the differences between lunches consumed at home and at school

BackgroundLunch is an important part of a healthy diet, which is essential for the development, growth and academic performance of school-aged children. Currently there is an increasing number of Dutch primary schoolchildren who are transitioning from eating lunch at home to school. There is limited knowledge about the current quality of the lunches consumed by primary schoolchildren in the Netherlands and whether there are any differences between lunches consumed at home or at school. To investigate differences in content and quality of lunches consumed by Dutch primary schoolchildren at home and at school.MethodsCross-sectional study among 363 Dutch primary schoolchildren aged 4–12 years based on the first two years of the 2012–2016 Dutch National Food Consumption Survey. Demographic characteristics were obtained through a questionnaire. Diet was assessed with two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. Quality of lunches was assessed on their nutritional quality whether they fitted the nutritional guidelines. ‘Nonparametric tests were used to examine the content and quality of the lunches between place of consumption and parental educational position.ResultsThe most consumed lunch products among primary schoolchildren were bread, dairy products and sugar-sweetened beverages. Fruit and vegetable consumption was very low. Consumption of milk and other dairy products was higher among children who eat lunch at home than children who eat lunch at school (p < 0.01). Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was higher among children who eat lunch at school than children who eat lunch at home (p < 0.01), and at school a higher proportion of the drinks did not fit within the Dutch dietary recommendations (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe current content of the lunches consumed by Dutch primary schoolchildren leaves room for improvement, especially regarding fruit and vegetables. The statistically significantly higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and lower consumption of milk and dairy products at school vs. home is worrisome, as currently more children in the Netherlands are transitioning to having lunch at school.

Fabrication of Curcumin-Loaded Dairy Milks Using the pH-Shift Method: Formation, Stability, and Bioaccessibility.

The pH-shift method is a simple approach for incorporating certain kinds of polyphenol-based nutraceuticals into already existing colloidal systems. The polyphenols can be loaded into hydrophobic particles due to the fact that their water-solubility is relatively high under alkaline conditions but low under acid or neutral conditions. In this study, it was demonstrated that bovine milk could be enriched with curcumin using this approach, without adversely affecting milk fat globule stability. The storage stability of the curcumin-enriched bovine milk was assessed when samples were incubated for 60 days at different pH values and temperatures. The pH-stability was determined by storing curcumin-enriched milk at 4 °C for 60 days at pH 6.5, 7.0, and/or 8.0. At this low storage temperature, all milk samples were stable to fat globule aggregation, creaming, curcumin degradation (<13% loss), and color loss. The temperature-stability was determined by storing curcumin-enriched milk at pH 7 for 15 days at 4, 20, 37, or 55 °C. Curcumin breakdown decreased with decreasing storage temperature: 55 °C (43%) > 37 °C (21%) > 20 °C (10%) > 4 °C (5%). Interestingly, the color of the curcumin-enriched milks incubated at 4, 20, and 37 °C remained similar to that of the initial samples, but the sample stored at 55 °C showed significant color fading. Curcumin bioaccessibility determined using an in vitro gastrointestinal tract was around 40%, which was attributed to some chemical degradation and binding of the curcumin reducing its stability and solubilization. This study shows that a hydrophobic nutraceutical (curcumin) can be loaded into dairy milk products using a simple method, which could facilitate the creation of novel functional foods and beverages.

Estimation of Aflatoxin M1 Exposure through Consumption of Various Dairy Milk Products in Yogyakarta, Indonesia (ESTIMASI PAPARAN AFLATOKSIN M1 MELALUI KONSUMSI BERBAGAI PRODUK SUSU DI YOGYAKARTA, INDONESIA)

This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in various milk products marketed in Yogyakarta Province (Indonesia) and to estimate the exposure of aflatoxin through contaminated milk consumption. Fresh milk (n=20), pasteurized milk (n=16), and recombined milk products (n=6) were sampled for AFM1 concentration testing by a competitive ELISA test using ELISA kit for AFM1 assay. A survey was conducted to interview consumers (n=88) on milk consumption habit (milk type and amount of consumption). ELISA assays showed 92.5% of samples werecontaminated with AFM1 in a range of 24-570 ng/L (average: 216 ng/L). The highest average AFM1 concentration was detected in pasteurized milk sample (244 ng/L), followed by fresh milk (219 ng/L), and the lowest was in recombined milk sample (131 ng/L). However, 100% of recombined milk samples had AFM1 concentration &gt;50-500 ng/L. Thus, recombined milk product was most likely the main source of AFM1 intake due to its high daily consumption in all age groups. Based on AFM1 levels found in milk and consumption of corresponding milk sample, it was estimated that the overall AFM1 exposure ranges from 1.23 ng/kg body weight/day (in 6-15 year-old children) up to 5.26 ng/kg body weight/day (in 3-5 year-old children). In conclusion, this study revealed high occurrences of AFM1 dairy milk marketed in Yogyakarta. Although levels of AFM1 contamination were in Indonesian regulatory limit, high exposure of aflatoxin found in all age groups of consumer. Thus, this preliminary study provides evidence that AFM1 contaminated milk is a serious public health hazard in Indonesia.

Milk and Dairy Product Consumption and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Some studies have reported that milk and dairy product consumption reduces bladder cancer incidence, whereas others have reported null or opposite findings. This meta-analysis of 26 cohort and case-control studies has been conducted to pool the risk of the association between milk and dairy products and bladder cancer. A systematic search in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Web of Science (from inception to 30 April 2018) was conducted. Random-effects models were used to compute pooled estimates of RR for high or medium compared with low consumption of milk and dairy. Sensitivity analyses were conducted. Subgroup analyses were performed based on type of dairy, gender, geographic location, and type of study design. Random-effects meta-regression was used to evaluate other confounding factors. Overall, medium compared with low consumption was associated with lower pooled risk of bladder cancer for total dairy products (RR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.98), milk (RR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.98), and fermented dairy products (RR=0.87; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.96). The inverse association for milk consumption was stronger in Asians (RR=0.79; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.98) and in cohort design studies (RR=0.85; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.99). Moreover, high compared with low consumption was significantly associated with a lower pooled risk for milk (RR=0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.98) and fermented dairy products (RR=0.78; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.94). However, high compared with low consumption of whole milk was significantly associated with a higher risk (RR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.38). The statistical heterogeneity was considerable. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis suggests a decreased risk of bladder cancer associated with medium consumption of total dairy products and with medium and high consumption of milk and fermented dairy products. An increased risk of bladder cancer was observed with high consumption of whole milk. Interpretations of the results should be made with caution. This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018097020.

CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM TRADITIONAL DAIRY PRODUCTS OF SMALL-SCALE ALPINE FARMS

This study investigated the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk dairy products handcrafted in traditional alpine small-scale farms, and characterised the enterotoxigenicity and resistance to methicillin. Among the analysed samples, 69% exceeded the international microbiological recommendations. The highest counts were observed for cheese or fatty products (~106 cfu/g). Conversely, lower contamination levels concerned raw milk and whey cheese (~102 cfu/g). A total of 163 S. aureus isolates were collected, and the prevalence of MRSA was low (1.7%) but not negligible. The finding of enterotoxins genes in 67% of the isolates is of concern for the public health.

Effect of Storage on the Level of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Other Dairy Products Sold at Tripoli Province, Libya

Effect of Storage on the Level of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and Other Dairy Products Sold at Tripoli Province, Libya