Milk Extract Research Articles

Production of Yoghurt from Milk Extract of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) Using Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Locally Fermented Milk (Nono)

Production of Yoghurt from Milk Extract of Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) Using Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Locally Fermented Milk (Nono)

Anticancer and Antimigration Effects of a Combinatorial Treatment of 5-Fluorouracil and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 Fermented Skim Milk Extracts on Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Metabolites of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have anticancer and antimetastasis capacities. This study aimed to investigate the chemotherapeutic effects of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented skim milk (NTU101-FM) extracts in combination with the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a cellular CRC model. The NTU101-FM extracts effectively reduced CRC cell viability but were not cytotoxic to colon epithelial cells. Moreover, they increased RAW 264.7 cell viability. Notably, the cell viability of CRC cells was decreased by 5-FU in combination with the NTU101-FM extracts; the combinatorial treatment inhibited cell viability significantly more than 5-FU alone ( p < 0.05). An ethanol extract of NTU101-FM effectively attenuated CT26 cell migration. In conclusion, the ethanol extract prepared from NTU101-FM has a potential application as an anticancer agent in CRC.

Grado de conocimiento sobre lactancia materna en embarazadas primigestas

&#x0D; Objetivo: determinar el grado de conocimiento sobre lactancia materna en embarazadas primigestas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación explicativa, prospectiva y transversal en primigestas atendidas en la consulta prenatal y que fueron sometidas a una encuesta en la cual se recolectaron las características generales (edad, estado civil y tipo de trabajo o profesión) y se evaluó el conocimiento sobre la lactancia materna a través del análisis de diferentes aspectos de esta práctica. Resultados: se seleccionaron 80 embarazadas con edad promedio de 19,7 +/- 5,1 años, la mayoría estaban casadas (55,3%) y eran amas de casa (48,7%). Mostraron alto conocimiento sobre contraindicaciones (78,8%) y posiciones correctas de lactancia (73,8%), y bajos en cuanto a extracción manual y almacenamiento de la leche materna (12,5%). La asociación entre la edad y las ventajas de lactancia materna exclusiva se encontró que era negativa, débil y significativa (r = -0,227; p &lt; 0,05). También se observó asociación significativa, negativa y débil entre el estado civil y las ventajas de la lactancia materna exclusiva (r = -0,245), y positiva y débil con las posiciones correctas de lactancia (r = 0,290; p &lt; 0,05). Conclusión: los resultados de la investigación demuestran que las embarazadas primigestas tienen un alto grado de conocimiento sobre ciertos aspectos de la lactancia materna, pero se deben hacer esfuerzos por mejorar la comprensión de otros aspectos importantes.&#x0D;

Small molecule detection with aptamer based lateral flow assays: Applying aptamer-C-reactive protein cross-recognition for ampicillin detection

Aptamer-based lateral flow assays (LFAs) are an emerging field of aptamer applications due to numerous potential applications. When compared to antibodies, potential advantages like cost effectiveness or lower batch to batch variations are evident. The development of LFAs for small molecules, however, is still challenging due to several reasons, primarily linked to target size and accessible interaction sites. In small molecule analysis, however, aptamers in many cases are preferable since immunogenicity is not required and they may exhibit even higher target selectivity. We report the first cross-recognition of a small molecule (ampicillin) and a protein (C-reactive protein), predicted by in-silico analysis, then experimentally confirmed - using two different aptamers. These features can be exploited for developing an aptamer-based LFA for label-free ampicillin detection, functioning also for analysis in milk extract. Most importantly, the principal setup denotes a novel, transferable and versatile general approach for detection of small molecules using competitive LFAs, unlikely to be generally realized by aptamer-DNA-binding otherwise.

KARAKTERISTIK JELLY DRINK SINBIOTIK DARI SUSU KEDELAI DAN EKSTRAK BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Jelly drink is a gel-based beverage product, which can be made from hydrocolloid compounds by addition of sugars, acids, and or without other food additives, sinbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect concentration of carrageenan and fermentation timt on the quality of jelly drink sinbiotik soy milk and red dragon fruit extract. The method used in this research is Completely Randomized Design with two factors. The first factor was the concentration of carrageenan (0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%) and the second factor of fermentation time (18 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours and 24 hours). To know the difference between treatments used Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT 5%). The results showed that the best treatment was the addition of carrageenan 0,8% and the fermentation time of 24 hours which resulted jelly drink sinbiotik with pH value 3,7, total acid 1,02%, total lactic acid bacteria (BAL) 11,13 log cfu/ml, total sugar 7.92%, 1.89% dissolved protein, total anthocyanin 0.645% and gel strength 3.27 N.

Production of a New Plant-Based Milk from Adenanthera pavonina Seed and Evaluation of Its Nutritional and Health Benefits.

A new plant milk was discovered from the seed of Adenanthera pavonina. The physicochemical and nutritional properties of the new pro-milk extract were assessed, and their biochemical effects were compared with those of soy bean extracts. Eleven groups of three albino rats each were used to assess the health benefits of the pro-milk. Groups were separately administered 3.1, 6.1, and 9.2 µl/g animal wt. pro-milk extract from A. pavonina seed, 6.1 µl/g animal wt. milk extract from soybean, and 6.1 µl/g animal wt. normal saline for 7 or 14 days. The “baseline” group consisted of those sacrificed on day 0. Among the physical properties considered, the pro-milk from A. pavonina had significantly higher (P < 0.05) hue color value and significantly lower (P < 0.05) L* than that from soy bean did. The pro-milk from A. pavonina had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) level of protein (36.14 ± 0.12%), Ca (440.99 ± 0.93 mg/l), Mg (96.69 ± 0.03 mg/l), K (190.41 ± 0.11 mg/l), Na (64.24 ± 0.24 mg/l), and Cu (0.55 ± 0.24 mg/l), and a significantly lower (P < 0.05) level of Mn (0.04 ± 0.01 mg/l) and vitamins A (undetectable), C (1.87 ± 0.01 mg/100 g), and E (0.12 ± 0.01 mg/100 g) compared to those of soy milk. The daily consumption of the pro-milk extract from A. pavonina for 14 days significantly reduced (P < 0.05) Ca2+-adenosine triphosphate synthase (Ca2+-ATPase) at low dose (3.1 µl/g animal wt.), but significantly increased (P < 0.05) Mg2+-ATPase at high dose (9.2 µl/g animal wt.). Daily administration of the A. pavonina extract for 14 days caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in acetylcholinesterase activity in the liver, intestine, heart, and kidney, suggesting that the pro-milk may facilitate ions transportation across the membrane. The pro-milk offers promising beneficial effects for patients with neurological diseases, as well as supporting general health owing to the high protein and mineral content. Vitamins fortification is recommended during production.

Improvement of nutritional components and in vitro antioxidative properties of soy-powder yogurts using Lactobacillus plantarum

This research was the first to demonstrate changes in nutritional compositions (isoflavone and CLA) from the 50% methanol extracts of soy-powder milk (SPM) and soy-powder yogurt (SPY) through fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum S48 and P1201 strains. The radical scavenging activities and protective effects against oxidative stress in LLC-PK1 cells were also investigated. The average physicochemical characteristics including acidity and viable cell number as well as β-glucosidase activity increased with 0.2 → 0.7%, 7.5 → 9.8 log cfu/mL, and 0.0 3 → 1.75 U/g in SPYs. Total average isoflavones were considerably reduced (3180.3 → 2018.3 μg/g) with the increase of aglycone contents (191.8 → 770.2 μg/g), especially, daidzein exhibited the most remarkable increase rate (98.6 → 460.9 μg/g; > 4.8 times) during fermentation. The CLA and total phenolics also increased with significant differences (ND → 1.6 mg/g; 2.4 → 3.6 mg/GAE/g) between SPM and SPY. Interestingly, the cis-9, trans-11 CLA showed approximately 90% in total content. Moreover, the scavenging capacities against three radicals markedly increased with about 30% in SPYs, as the following order: ABTS > hydroxyl > DPPH. The protective effects on oxidative stress (pyrogallol: O2-, SNP: NO, and SIN-1: ONOO−) were also observed high cell viabilities (>10%) under LLC-PK1 cellular system. Our results suggest that SPY may be utilized as a potent source regarding natural antioxidants and beneficial components for health food and medical uses.

Enrichment of intact phosphoproteins using immobilized titanium(IV) affinity chromatography microspheres

AbstractApproximately a third of eukaryotic proteins are estimated to be phosphorylated, and the protein phosphorylation is significant in regulating almost all aspects of cell life. Due to low stoichiometry of phosphorylation, efficient enrichment is often an essential step in phosphoproteomics study. Over the decades, lots of enrichment materials have been successfully developed and widely used for intact phosphoproeins. One of these materials is immobilized titanium(IV) affinity chromatography (Ti4+‐IMAC) microspheres, which has been widely studied and used for phosphopeptides enrichment. Application of Ti4+‐IMAC for intact phosphoprotein enrichment has also proven possible, where intact phosphoproteins (α‐casein and β‐casein) were successfully enrichment out of their mixture with BSA (1:1:10, w/w). Here we report our detailed investigation of intact phosphoprotein enrichment using Ti4+‐IMAC. With BSA and standard intact phosphoprotein β‐casein, selectivity with a wide range of mixing ratios of 1:1, 1:100, 1:500, 1:1000 and 1:2000 (β‐casein:BSA, w/w) and binding capacity were investigated; the enrichment capability of Ti4+‐IMAC was further investigated with real biological systems, including non‐fat milk, egg white and swine liver tissue extract. The results show that Ti4+‐IMAC is a promising material for intact phosphoprotein enrichment.

Immunoglobulin A and Protein Content of Low-Fat Human Milk Prepared for the Treatment of Chylothorax.

Several case studies report successful recovery from chylothorax while infants were fed low-fat human milk. The reported growth rates were inadequate despite milk supplementation with added medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). The objective was to determine the effect that various human milk fat separating methods, refrigerated centrifuge, room temperature centrifuge, and refrigeration have on the loss of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and protein in the preparation of low-fat human milk. Protein and IgA were measured in 31 samples of reduced-fat human milk. Reduced-fat breastmilk samples were prepared by separating the fat using 3 methods (refrigerated centrifuge, room temperature centrifuge, and a refrigeration method), followed by lower fat milk extraction by syringe. The refrigeration method decreased IgA concentration by 17% (P = .035) while centrifugation and fat removal from the human milk samples led to a 38% decline in IgA concentration in both the nonrefrigerated and refrigerated centrifuge samples (P < .0001 for both). Protein declined by 11% with refrigeration and fat removal (P < .0001) while centrifugation and fat removal decreased protein concentration by 31% (P < .0001) in both nonrefrigerated centrifuge and refrigerated centrifuge samples. Preparing low-fat human milk for patients with chylothorax decreased the IgA and protein contents. As well as fat (in the form of MCTs), protein likely needs to be supplemented for infants fed low-fat human milk to support adequate growth.

In vitro investigation of anticancer, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities of camel milk fermented with camel milk probiotic: A comparative study with fermented bovine milk

This study aimed to investigate in vitro anticancer activity by antiproliferative activity, antihypertensive activity by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, antidiabetic activity by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitions, and antioxidant activities of camel milk fermented with camel milk probiotic compared with fermented bovine milk. The camel milk probiotic strain Lactococcus lactis KX881782 (Lc.K782) and control Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM9126 (La.DSM) were used to prepare fermented camel and bovine milks separately. The proteolytic activities of water-soluble extract (WSE) in all fermented camel milk were higher than those in fermented bovine milk. The α-glucosidase inhibitions in both milk types fermented by Lc.K782 ranged from 30 to 40%. Camel milk fermented by Lc.K782 had the highest antioxidant activity by 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). The highest angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition of WSE in camel milk fermented by Lc.K782 was >80%. The proliferations of Caco-2, MCF-7, and HELA cells were more inhibited when treated with WSE of fermented camel milk extracts.

Flavored Drink Production Using Broken Rice: Evaluation of Physical-Chemical Properties and Power Consumption of Industrial Stirring System

The industrial rice processing generates, in average, 14% of broken grains called grits, which are not well accepted by consumers, representing large economic loss. Researches have been conducted to increase the use of rice by-products as well as their benefit. Among them, beverages are attracting the attention, being develop. To contribute to this field, this study aimed to prepare a non-alcoholic flavored drink from rice grits; evaluate the physical-chemical properties and evaluate de power consumption of stirring system for the drink industrial production. The drink production involved the cooking of the rice grits, followed by crushing, homogenization, filtration and flavorization in a stirring tank, obtaining the final product for consumption. The power consumption calculation for mixing tanks was evaluated in three different situations at 25ºC, considering the pre-defined tank design and the drink characteristics. Results based on the physicochemical characteristics indicate that the rice flavored drink is a food alternative to substitute milk or soy extract drinks. On the industrial production aspects, the increasing in the consumed energy to the small stirring variations was observed, and it needs to be considered to the stirring equipment design in the industrial process.

Human Milk Adrenomedullin Is Unstable During Cold Storage at 4°C

Under some circumstances human milk (HM) extraction and refrigerated storage may be necessary. Depending on the length and on the type of cold storage, milk may lose some important properties, but current advices on safe HM storage are discordant. Moreover until now no data in literature were present on the effect of prolonged cold storage on biologically active components of the HM such as adrenomedullin (AM). This important peptide is involved in response to hypoxia and inflammation, associated with neovascularization, in several tissues. The aim is to evaluate: (a) the presence of AM in preterm and term HM and (b) the concentration of AM in refrigerated milk at 4°C at 24-hour intervals, up to 96 hours of storage. The experiment was repeated four times. Immediately after collection, each HM sample deriving from each mother was divided into two parts as follows: "Pool" line and "Single Mother" line. One part (Pool line) was pooled and then divided into five aliquots. The other part (Single Mother line) was divided into five aliquots. From each line, one aliquot was analyzed within 3 hours, while the others were stored in the refrigerator for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, respectively, and then analyzed. AM levels were determined using a specific ELISA test. AM was detectable in all samples. Its concentration was significantly higher in preterm milk with respect to term milk (p < 0.05). Significant differences were observed during the cold storage: the AM levels decreased steadily during the storage and the remaining concentration at 96 hours is ∼2%. This study provides evidences regarding the presence of AM in HM, regardless of the gestational age. In particular, the refrigeration of fresh HM in controlled conditions significantly affected its bioactivity and nutritional quality related with AM, already at 24 hours.

Novel sensitive monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of raw and processed bovine beta-casein.

Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most common childhood food allergy, which can sometimes persist or can newly develop in adulthood with severe symptoms. CMPA's treatment is complete dietary avoidance of milk proteins. To achieve this task, patients have to be aware of milk proteins found as "hidden allergens" in food commodities. In regard to milk proteins, it has been reported that allergenicity of caseins remains unaffected upon heat treatment. For these reasons, we aimed to obtain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against native and denatured β-casein, one of the most abundant and antigenic caseins, in order to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (icELISA) to detect and quantify traces of this milk allergen in raw and processed foodstuffs. We developed two specific hybridoma clones, 1H3 and 6A12, which recognized β-casein in its denatured and native conformations by indirect ELISA (iELISA). Cross-reaction analysis by Western blot and iELISA indicated that these mAbs specifically recognized β-casein from bovine and goat milk extracts, while they did not cross-react with proteins present in other food matrixes. These highly specific mAbs enabled the development of sensitive, reliable and reproducible icELISAs to detect and quantify this milk protein allergen in food commodities. The extraction of β-casein from foodstuff was efficiently carried out at 60°C for 15 minutes, using an extraction buffer containing 1% SDS. The present study establishes a valid 1H3 based-icELISA, which allows the detection and quantification -0.29 ppm and 0.80 ppm, respectively- of small amounts of β-casein in raw and processed foods. Furthermore, we were able to detect milk contamination in incurred food samples with the same sensitivity as a commercial sandwich ELISA thus showing that this icELISA constitutes a reliable analytical method for control strategies in food industry and allergy prevention.

Synergistic Antibacterial Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic) Extracts and Skimmed Milk on Some Bacterial Isolates

As part of the on – going search for potent and resistant – free antimicrobial medicinal plants, the antibacterial and synergistic effects of Allium sativum and Skimmed milk on some bacterial isolates were investigated. The antibacterial activity of garlic/ milk extracts was assayed by the agar well diffusion method. The methanol garlic extracts inhibited the bacterial isolates whilecoli was resistant. The highest activities were on K. pnuemoniae (14mm) closely followed byS. typhi (13mm) and aureus (13mm) and then S. pnuemoniae (12mm). The synergistic effect of garlic and skimmed in combination gave a stronger activity on K. pnuemoniae being more susceptible with a zone of inhibition of 16mm and E. coli (13mm) which was resistant to individual garlic extract. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of garlic/milk combination on E. coli were 625µg/ml and 1250 µg/ml respectively. This indicated the potency of the combination. The findings of this study also confirm the use of garlic milk decoction in the treatment of ailments caused by these microorganisms. Therefore this synergistic effect can be used to design good therapeutic approach to combat with bacterial pathogens.&#x0D;

Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins in Milk Extraction Conditions Optimization and Enzymolysis Products Antioxidant Activity Research

As one of the important composition of milk protein, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins have many specific physiological functions. By physical method to extract MFGM proteins in milk, the extraction conditions were optimized, and the optimal physical conditions for the extraction of MFGM proteins in milk were determined, amount of sucrose added 4g, and washed 3 times. Using intercept molecular weight 10 ku and 5 ku ultrafiltration membrane carries on the preliminary purification of MFGM antioxidant peptides, respectively measured antioxidant activity, and found that 5ku &lt;molecular weight (MW ） 10ku had higher antioxidant activity, and measured DPPH • clearance, reducing ability. DPPH • clearance, was 70.41%, is the VC 0.8 times; reducing capacity is the VC 0.92 times.

A survey on the Aflatoxin M1 occurrence and seasonal variation in buffalo and cow milk from Southern Italy

This study evaluates the aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in 804 samples of raw milk from cow and buffalo, collected randomly in Campania and Calabria regions of Southern Italy over a two years period.The competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to analyze AFM1 in the samples. AFM1 levels result above the CCβ value of 0.004 μg/kg in 51 (12.3%) cow milk samples and in 28 (7.2%) buffalo milk samples. Positive results from screening analysis were confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection (HPLC-FLD) after a procedure of centrifugation, extraction and immunoaffinity column clean-up of milk. Only one cow milk sample exceeded the maximum limit (0.05 μg/kg) set by the European Regulation.The occurrence of AFM1 contamination was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in cold season, particularly fall, than in warm season, principally spring.Our results indicate that feedstuff used in the buffalo and cow farms were not highly contaminated with aflatoxins, determining a good quality of the analyzed milk. Therefore, the AFM1 contamination of the milk does not represent a serious public health problem in both regions in Southern Italy.

Optimization of the Extraction and Nutritional Value of Tiger Nut Milk by Sequential Design Strategy

Sequential experimental design strategy was applied in order to investigate the best conditions for tiger nut milk extraction process taking into account performance and physicochemical features, simultaneously. Protein, lipid, starch, calcium and total sugar composition were considered for this optimization. The tested factors were: sodium metabisulphite concentration (X1), soaking time (X2), soaking temperature (X3) and water proportion (X4). From the 24-1 fractional factorial design all independent variables were found to be statistically significant (p &lt;0.1) and X1, X2 and X3 were chosen for the central composite design as water proportion was already in the minimum value. The best operational conditions, obtained by desirability function, were: 8 h of soaking time, 22° C for soaking temperature, 0.20% (w/v) of sodium metabisulphite and 1:1 tuber (g): water (ml) proportion. In those conditions a 78% yield was obtained for a tiger nut milk with 2.60% protein, 3.7% total sugar and 8.72% starch. The high yield obtained and the great nutritional value shows that this milk has a great potential for application in the food industry.

Optimization of self-fermented period of waste coconut endosperm destined to feed black soldier fly larvae in enhancing the lipid and protein yields

The prime objective of this study was to simultaneously enhance the lipid and protein yields from black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) fed with waste coconut endosperm. The waste coconut endosperm impoverished with nutrient content lost during milk extraction was nutritively fortified via self-fermentation process with time period ranging from 2 to 8 weeks before administering to BSFL. The results showed peak nutrient content was attained from week-4 self-fermented waste coconut endosperm. Using this feed medium, the BSFL prepupae could accumulate 58% of its biomass weight with lipid. The low polyunsaturated fatty acid (6%) and high C18:1 (50%) also guaranteed high biodiesel quality derived from BSFL. Nevertheless, the longer BSFL rearing duration when fed with week-6 self-fermented waste coconut endosperm had triggered a slight increase in protein yield (18%) in comparison with week-4 medium (15%). In considering of organic waste treatment advantage of week-4 self-fermented waste coconut endosperm, a total waste reduction of 0.019 g/d was successfully measured using only 20 BSFL. Therefore, week-4 self-fermented period was concluded as an optimum to produce ideal waste coconut endosperm feed medium for BSFL in enhancing the simultaneous lipid and protein yields.

Study of the chemical composition of the smell of the dairy-vegetable extract of lupine on the “Piezoelectronic nose”

A great popularity in the food industry in recent years has received lupins due to a unique combination of technological and food properties and accessibility. Lupine is characterized by a high proportion of proteins, its seeds are dominated by readily soluble protein fractions: 20.65% albumins, 50.5% globulins with a high content of essential amino acids. Enrichment of the milk-vegetable extract with native components of lupine is carried out during extraction with intensification by its low-frequency mechanical oscillations. The high content of proteins in the lupine during processing leads to a negative technological change in the organoleptic properties of products - odor. The measurement of the composition of the volatile fraction of odor in the equilibrium gas phase over the samples was carried out in the NIL on the experimental analyzer of smells "MAG 8" with the methodology "electronic nose" (manufactured by LLC Sensorika - New Technologies, Voronezh). To establish the differences in the composition (qualitative and quantitative) of the volatile fraction of smell, the change in the total content of volatile components in the equilibrium gas phase over the samples was traced. According to the shape of the "visual fingerprint" of the maximum responses of all sensors in the array, there are no significant differences in the chemical composition of the equilibrium gas phase over the samples. The native smell of milk whey remained unchanged, but became more qualitatively softer with a tasting assessment due to the fact that 50% of the composition of the volatile fraction of odor was changed by the method of pasteurization. The study of the smell of the native and pasteurized milk and vegetable extract allows us to conclude that the chosen method of pasteurization can be recommended in food technology using a milky-vegetable extract enriched with lupine proteins.

Free secretory component from bovine milk aggregates enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and inhibits binding to intestinal cells

The burden of diarrhoeal disease and the progressive increase in antibiotic resistance to enteric pathogens is a critical area of concern that necessitates exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches. Free secretory component (FSC), derived from human milk, has been shown to inhibit adhesion and invasion of pathogenic bacteria. Cows' milk also contains FSC, but its activity has not yet been characterised. FSC was purified from non-pasteurised and pasteurised bovine milk. The binding properties of purified bovine FSC were investigated against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Bovine FSC bound to EPEC and facilitated aggregation of the bacteria. FSC also attenuated binding of EPEC to Caco-2 cells. Pasteurisation of milk before extraction of FSC did not affect activity of the FSC. These activities of FSC are consistent with a role in suppressing colonisation of EPEC. Milk extracts enriched for bovine FSC have potential as an alternative to antibiotic therapy for protection against diarrhoeal disease.