Milk Bottles Research Articles

Upcycling of HDPE Milk Bottles into High-Stiffness, High-HDT Composites with Pineapple Leaf Waste Materials.

In the pursuit of sustainability and reduced dependence on new plastic materials, this study explores the upcycling potential of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) milk bottles into high-stiffness, high-heat-distortion-temperature (HDT) composites. Recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) sourced from used milk bottles serves as the composite matrix, while reinforcing fillers are derived from dried pineapple leaves, comprising fibers (PALF) and non-fibrous materials (NFM). A two-roll mixer is employed to prepare rHDPE/NFM and rHDPE/PALF mixtures, facilitating filler alignment in the resulting prepreg. The prepreg is subsequently stacked and pressed into composite sheets. The introduction of PALF as a reinforcing filler significantly enhances the flexural strength and modulus of the rHDPE composite. A 20 wt.% PALF content yields a remarkable 162% increase in flexural strength and a 204% increase in modulus compared to neat rHDPE. The rHDPE/NFM composite also shows improved mechanical properties, albeit to a lesser degree than fiber reinforcement. Both composites exhibit a slight reduction in impact resistance. Notably, the addition of NFM or PALF substantially elevates HDT, raising the HDT values of the composites to approximately 84 °C and 108 °C, respectively, in contrast to the 71 °C HDT of neat rHDPE. Furthermore, the overall properties of both the composites are further enhanced by improving their compatibility through maleic anhydride-modified polyethylene (MAPE) use. Impact fracture surfaces of both composites reveal higher compatibility and clear alignment of NFM and PALF fillers, underscoring the enhanced performance and environmental friendliness of composites produced from recycled plastics reinforced with pineapple leaf waste fillers.

The Purchase Intention of Environmentally Friendly Milk Bottles: Role of Product Knowledge and Environmental Concern

Environmental pollution poses a significant global challenge. The use of environmentally friendly milk bottles can minimize the impact of pollution and is a safer choice, especially for infants. This study aimed to analyze the effect of product knowledge and environmental concerns on the purchase intention of environmentally friendly milk bottles. Employing a quantitative approach, the study involved 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling. The findings show the simultaneous impact of product knowledge and environmental concerns on the intention to purchase environmentally friendly milk bottles. This implies that higher consumer knowledge about the product and increased environmental awareness is positively correlated with a greater inclination to buy environmentally friendly milk bottles. The implication of this study underscores the importance of promoting awareness and education regarding the use of environmentally friendly products to enhance consumer intentions toward such products.

Transcriptomic Integration Analyses Uncover Common Bisphenol A Effects Across Species and Tissues Primarily Mediated by Disruption of JUN/FOS, EGFR, ER, PPARG, and P53 Pathways.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common endocrine disruptor widely used in the production of electronic, sports, and medical equipment, as well as consumer products like milk bottles, dental sealants, and thermal paper. Despite its widespread use, current assessments of BPA exposure risks remain limited due to the lack of comprehensive cross-species comparative analyses. To address this gap, we conducted a study aimed at identifying genes and fundamental molecular processes consistently affected by BPA in various species and tissues, employing an effective data integration method and bioinformatic analyses. Our findings revealed that exposure to BPA led to significant changes in processes like lipid metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis in the tissues/cells of mammals, fish, and nematodes. These processes were found to be commonly affected in adipose, liver, mammary, uterus, testes, and ovary tissues. Additionally, through an in-depth analysis of signaling pathways influenced by BPA in different species and tissues, we observed that the JUN/FOS, EGFR, ER, PPARG, and P53 pathways, along with their downstream key transcription factors and kinases, were all impacted by BPA. Our study provides compelling evidence that BPA indeed induces similar toxic effects across different species and tissues. Furthermore, our investigation sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for these toxic effects. By uncovering these mechanisms, we gain valuable insights into the potential health implications associated with BPA exposure, highlighting the importance of comprehensive assessments and awareness of this widespread endocrine disruptor.

Titanium-doped PET nanoplastics, from opaque milk bottle degradation, as a model of environmental true-to-life nanoplastics. Hazardous effects on Drosophila

Micro and nanoplastics (MNPLs) are emergent environmental pollutants, resulting from the degradation of plastic waste, requiring urgent information on their potential risks to human health. To determine such risks, reliable true-to-life materials are essential. In this work, we have used titanium-doped PET NPLs [PET(Ti)NPLs], obtained by grinding opaque milk polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, as a true-to-life MNPLs model. These opaque PET bottles, with an average size of 112 nm, contain about 3% Ti in the form of titanium dioxide rod nanoparticles. TEM investigation confirmed the mixed Ti/PET nature of the obtained true-to-life NPLs, and the rod shape of the embedded TiO2NPs. In the in vivo Drosophila model neither PET(Ti)NPLs nor TiO2NPs reduced the survival rates, although their internalization was confirmed in different compartments of the larval body by using confocal and transmission electron microscopies. The presence of Ti in the PET(Ti)NPLs permitted to quantify its presence both in larvae (2.1 ± 2.2 μg/g of Ti) and in the resulting adults (3.4 ± 3.2 μg/g of Ti) after treatment with 500 μg/g food of PET(Ti)NPL, suggesting its potential use to track their fate in more complex organisms such as mammals. PET(Ti)NPLs, as well as TiO2NPs, altered the expression of genes driving different response pathways, inducing significant oxidative stress levels (up to 10 folds), and genotoxicity. This last result on the genotoxic effects is remarkable in the frame of the hot topic discussion on the risk that titanium compounds, used as food additives, may pose to humans.

Glimpsing the Future of Animal Welfare through a Bottle of Milk: Insights from Chinese University Students.

The consumption patterns of university students hold the power to significantly influence market trends. This study illuminates the escalating emphasis on animal welfare in these students' purchasing choices, specifically concerning milk products. Utilizing a discrete choice experiment, we identified a pronounced preference among students for milk products with animal welfare certifications. Students were segmented into three categories based on their motivations: "Quality-Oriented" (20.55%), "Emotionally Intuitive" (30.67%), and "Quality-Emotion Balanced" (48.77%). The "Emotionally Intuitive" group manifested the most robust inclination toward such certifications. Based on these findings, we recommend tailored market strategies targeting these distinct segments. Moreover, our findings emphasize the importance of intensifying animal welfare education, shaping a market aligned with animal welfare principles, and fostering a broader societal environment attuned to animal welfare.

Effect Of Breastfeeding Among Under 2 Years Children In Kaski District, Nepal

Background: Breastfeeding is one of the most important determinants of child survival, birth spacing, and the prevention of childhood infections. The beneficial effects of breastfeeding depend on its initiation, duration, and the age at which the breastfed child is weaned. Breastfeeding positively influences cognitive development. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used to study impacts of breastfeeding among under 2 year’s children in Kaski district. Interview schedule as a structured questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Data was entered in Epi-data and analysis was performed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: The result showed nearly one-third (30.9%) of the respondents had fed bottle milk to their children. Majority (85.7%) of respondents had knowledge about effect of breastfeeding. Majority (78.9%) of the children were stunted and 27.8% of children are underweight. Very few (5.3%) of children were found wasted. Sex (p 0.044), suffering from disease (p 0.046), duration of breastfeeding (p 0.001), breastfeeding interval (p 0.001), breastfeeding time in day (p 0.001) were statistically associated with effect of breastfeeding. Height and weight, age and weight was found positively correlated (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study showed child who were breastfed frequently were normal in weight; their physical development is found good. There is positive co-relation between height and weight as well as age and weight. BCC programme should be conducted for breastfeeding mothers on time, interval, duration of breastfeeding

Absorptive noise barrier development

This paper reveals the development of an absorptive, self-supporting noise barrier panel for external applications. Designed for use as a temporary external noise barrier for construction sites and roadside noise barriers. The absorptive noise barrier panel is a module base design that is easy to assemble, disassemble, and re-deploy. The barrier panel utilizes recycled plastic materials, such as milk bottles and other soft plastics, making it one of the most environmentally friendly products. The barrier is manufactured in one process via a unique rotation molding method. It is weather resistant, aesthetically appealing, and offers great design flexibility. Standard size panels are 100 mm thick, by 2000 m wide x 500 mm high. The acoustic design is modeled to achieve NRC 0.85 at 100 mm thick based on an advanced air-flow resistive layer technique combined with an air cavity. The actual sound absorption measurement results are well in line with the predicted modeling. Such a case study potentially uncovers a whole new range of innovative absorptive noise barriers. Further studies and investigations are also recommended.

Decohesion of a polyolefin overlay from a substrate high density polyethylene layer by impact induced stress waves

High-density polythene (HDPE) is difficult to separate from food packaging waste for recycling because the packaging occasionally has multilayer plastic labels attached. Solvents are employed in the current separation techniques to remove undesirable layers from HDPE substrates. The possibility of separating HDPE via the impact-delamination phenomenon was explored both theoretically and experimentally. Using the cohesive zone model (CZM), the decohesion of layers in a model two-layer laminate made of HDPE and LDPE layers was studied theoretically. According to this study, stress waves emerge and severely damage the adhesion between the layers as a cutting blade strikes the laminate at speeds greater than 40 m/s. The damage can be enhanced by increasing the strike velocity and the apex radius of the blade. These findings show that a novel plastic delaminator that can cut and delaminate the laminates simultaneously can be designed. The proposed machine will feature two sets of blades with varying edge apex radii. One set of blades can be designed to cause the most adhesion damage while the other blades cut the laminate. This unique combination of cutting and delamination operations has several benefits, including less solvent waste and downstream processes, greater environmental friendliness, and faster HDPE separation.Laminates from HDPE milk bottles were cut using a high-speed cutter-blender with six blades to test the predicted results. The cut HDPE flakes were separated pneumatically. According to FTIR analysis and SEM, only a trace of adhesive was present on the cut and separated HDPE flakes.

UV-Curable Ester/Acrylate Precursors from Oxidized Chemical Recycling Products of HDPE Milk Bottles

UV-Curable Ester/Acrylate Precursors from Oxidized Chemical Recycling Products of HDPE Milk Bottles

Analisis Kelayakan Finansial Susu Ready To Drink Kandidat Prebiotik

RTD (Ready to drink) milk is one of the nutritious food products that consumers are increasingly interested in fulfilling daily nutrition. the practicality of presentation is one of the reasons for increasing public interest in these products. Besides this, RTD milk is more easily combined with other ingredients to produce new processed food products, especially in the MSME sector which is currently growing rapidly. Politeknik Negeri Jember (Polije) saw this business opportunity and established a teaching factory (Tefa) milk processing. The product produced by Tefa Milk Processing is RTD Milk which is packaged in bottles with a net weight of 200mL per pack. The added value of the product is increased by adding the prebiotic xylose candidate to the product so that it becomes an RTD prebiotic candidate milk. This study aims to analyze the financial feasibility of milk production planning for the variance of RTD prebiotic candidate milk to be carried out by the Milk Processing Teaching Factory at Polije. This study uses the analysis investment method which calculates production costs, cost of goods sold, Break Even Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PP), Additional Returns, and R/C Ratio. The result of financial feasibility is BEP by selling 2,320 bottles of milk or should selling 185,620,915 IDR/production. NPV of 16,420,603,868 IDR, Payback Period in 0.22 Year, 51.4% IRR, and 1.34 B/C ratio.

Social housing improves dairy calves' performance in a competition test

On most dairy farms, calves are housed individually until weaning. However, depriving calves of an early social environment impairs behavioral development. We studied the effect of early-life social housing on calves' competitive skills. In this study, Holstein heifers were pseudorandomly assigned to either individual housing (n = 9) or pair housing (with a nonfocal companion, n = 9) at the age of 11 d. After 14 d of housing treatment, calves underwent a competition test for milk access against a group-reared calf; consisting of 2 test sessions per day for 5 d (session duration: 74.42 ± 2.29 s; mean ± standard error). Pair-housed calves performed better than individually housed calves: throughout the competition days, individually housed calves increased their latency to approach the milk bottle and decreased their time spent drinking in contrast to pair-housed calves, which exhibited stable latencies to reach the milk bottle and increased their time drinking. To control for the influence of personality on their competitive abilities, all calves were subjected to personality tests assessing boldness before being exposed to the housing treatment. Our findings indicate that calves assessed as bolder during the pretreatment personality test tended to approach the milk bottle faster. Our results provide additional evidence of the beneficial effects of social housing on dairy calves' behavioral development.

Exploring Alternative Methods to Reduce Milk Flow Rate From Infant Bottle Systems: Bottle Angle, Milk Volume, and Bottle Ventilation.

Modifying milk flow rate is a common pediatric dysphagia treatment. Though past investigations have demonstrated how this can be achieved using bottle nipples, little is known about the impact of other bottle modifications. The objective of this investigation is to demonstrate how bottle vent, bottle position, and volume of milk alter bottle pressures and milk flow. A Dr. Brown's bottle filled with formula was secured to a retort stand and inverted to allow milk to free flow from a Level 1 nipple. Milk flow rate and bottle pressures were calculated under three conditions: (a) with and without a vent in place; (b) with varying volumes of milk (1-4 oz); and (c) in horizontal, semi-inverted, and completely inverted positions. Differences between flow rates under the conditions were tested using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Upon inversion, milk dripped from both vented and unvented bottles. Dripping continued throughout the 20-min testing period in the vented bottle; however, as air pressure and hydrostatic pressure declined (p < .01) in the unvented bottle, milk flow slowed and eventually ceased (p < .001). As angle of bottle inversion increased, hydrostatic pressure and milk flow rate had corresponding increases as well (p < .001). Hydrostatic pressure increased an average of 1.4 ± 0.12 mm Hg per additional ounce of formula that was added to the bottle, with corresponding increases in milk flow rate observed (p < .001). Milk flow rate can be altered by feeding conditions outside of bottle nipples alone. Future work examining the clinical significance of these modifications is warranted to determine optimal interventions.

Behavioral changes in the first 3 weeks after disbudding in dairy calves

Hot-iron disbudding, the practice of cauterizing horn bud tissue to prevent horn growth in dairy calves, results in behavioral changes indicative of pain in the first few days after the procedure. However, few studies have quantified behavioral changes in the following weeks, while the burn wounds are still healing. Female Holstein calves were disbudded with a heated iron and pain relief (5.5 mL lidocaine cornual nerve block and 1 mg/kg oral meloxicam) at 4 to 10 d of age (n = 19) or not disbudded (n = 19). Calves wore ear tag accelerometers that reported the dominant behavior being performed at 1-min intervals from 3 to 21 d after disbudding. Compared with age-matched controls, disbudded calves tended to spend more time inactive throughout the observation period, ruminated less in the first 3 to 11 d after disbudding, and sucked more from a milk bottle beginning 5 d after disbudding until the end of the 21-d observation period. In addition to the accelerometer data, live observations of sleeping (using a behavioral proxy), lying, and ruminating were collected using instantaneous sampling at 5-min intervals for 24-h periods 3, 10, and 17 d after disbudding. Disbudded calves slept with their head down more on all live observation days and spent more time lying on the 17th d after disbudding, but ruminating did not differ compared with controls, in contrast to the accelerometer results. More time spent inactive, sleeping, and lying, and less time spent ruminating (as indicated by the accelerometer) can be interpreted as attempts to reduce painful stimulation of the disbudding wounds and allocate energy to healing. It is unclear whether the greater amount of sucking in the disbudded calves is nutritive (milk present) or non-nutritive (milk absent), as the algorithm did not distinguish the type of sucking, and further research is needed to explore the factors underlying this effect. We conclude that disbudding alters daily behavior patterns for at least 3 wk, far beyond the duration of recommended pain medication, raising additional welfare concerns about the procedure.

Pemberian ASI dan Susu Botol pada Kejadian Early Childhood Caries (ECC) : Scoping Review

Abstract: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) is a public health problem defined as the presence of one or more teeth with carious lesions in children aged 6 years or younger. ECC can affect a child's well-being, growth and quality of life. Factors such as poor oral hygiene, bacterial invasion, poor dietary habits, and the presence of enamel defects can contribute to lesion formation. The risk of ECC may also be due to breastfeeding or formula feeding overnight. The aim of this study to determine the role of breastfeeding and formula feeding through bottles on Early Childhood Caries (ECC). This Scoping Review was conducted according to Preferres Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and two database (PubMed and Google Scholar). The results showed that the initial search yielded 183 documents. After eliminating duplicate studies and screening full-text articles for eligibility (n = 35), we identified 7 studies that met the criteria for inclusion. The duration, frequency and night-time feeding of breast milk and bottle milk supported by other environmental factors may increase the risk of Early Childhood Caries (ECC).

Infant Dietary Pattern and its Association with Early Childhood Caries in Preschool Children: A Cross-sectional Study.

This study aimed to investigate the associations between feeding and oral hygiene practices during the first year of life and caries prevalence in preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 children between the age-group of 3-5 years in Navi Mumbai, India. Dental caries experience was recorded using WHO criteria. A validated questionnaire with 34 questions was used for collecting information regarding feeding and oral hygiene practices. The data collected were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Chi-square test. Caries prevalence was high and statistically significant (p < 0.05) among those who were breastfed, fell asleep with a bottle in the mouth, fed with additional sugar in bottled milk, those who had a frequent sweet intake, and where infant's teeth were not cleaned soon after eruption. Determining the role of feeding practices on early childhood caries and intervention during early childhood seems to be the most appropriate action to ensure healthy dental habits throughout life. A future direction for dentists to target preventive interventions in early childhood and incorporate cariogenicity of frequent infant feeding into sound recommendations for parents and caregivers. Khodke S, Naik S, Agarwal N. Infant Dietary Pattern and its Association with Early Childhood Caries in Preschool Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(3):421-425.

Product Activity of Lactic acid Bacteria Isolated from Samples of New Born from Women and Children Hospital in Ramadi, Iraq

Twelve infants aged below six months were sampled from Women and Children Hospital of Ramadi, Iraq during the period April the 1st 2021 till October the 1st 2022. Infants were divided into two main groups; breast and bottle milk fed. Each group comprise three males and three females. Samples of feces were collected and lactobacillus specie were extracted. The extract was used once alone and another as a mixture with each of Amoxicillin, Amikacin and Cefixime antibiotics on petri dishes cultured with Staphylococcus, Klabsella and Psedudomonas bacteria. Diameter of inhibition was measure and resulted data were subjected to statistical analysis. The results of the statistical analysis showed that lactobacillus specie extract with the Cefixime has significantly highest mean diameter of inhibition compared to all other types of treatments. Infants who were on breast milk fed showed significantly better respond to the treatment than their counter part in the bottle milk fed group. Klabsella was found to respond weakly under almost all of the applied treatments.

Wavelength-tailored light-emitting diodes reduce damage to sensory properties of light-exposed milk

Photooxidation has long been affecting nutrient and sensory quality of fluid milk. Light oxidation starts from the activation of photosensitive compounds, followed by generation of singlet oxygen that reacts with vitamins, proteins, and lipids in milk. It is hypothesized that wavelength-tailored light schemes possessing spectral properties capable of avoiding excitation maxima of common photosensitizers in milk could slow the chemical degradation of light-exposed milk and thus preserve consumer acceptability. A series of 6 consumer tests with sample sizes from 95 to 119 participants tested hedonic responses to fluid milk samples exposed to light of varying wavelength spectra. For milk in clear plastic bottles (polyethylene terephthalate or high-density polyethylene), consumer panels generally liked milk exposed to light-emitting diodes eliminating wavelengths below 520 or 560 nm more than standard white light, or those eliminating other wavelength bands. This higher degree of liking coincided with panelists citing fewer off-flavors or aromas from these samples. Taken together, these observations suggest such light schemes can protect milk from light damage to some extent. Wavelength-tailored light schemes used in this study did not offer effective protection for milk in glass bottles. Dissolved oxygen, color, riboflavin loss, and hexanal content were instrumentally evaluated, but results failed to indicate significant signatures of light damage in milk compared with sensory measures. The appearance of milk bottles illuminated by the slightly greenish or yellowish light were less liked by consumers, suggesting further efforts on consumer education may be necessary if these light schemes were to be installed in retail dairy coolers.

Combination of Structure Databases, In Silico Fragmentation, and MS/MS Libraries for Untargeted Screening of Non-Volatile Migrants from Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Milk Bottles.

Chemical contamination is one of the major obstacles for mechanical recycling of plastics. In this article, we built and open-sourced an in-house MS/MS library containing more than 500 plastic-related chemicals and developed mspcompiler, an R package, for the compilation of various libraries. We then proposed a workflow to process untargeted screening data acquired by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. These tools were subsequently employed to data originating from recycled high-density polyethylene (rHDPE) obtained from milk bottles. A total of 83 compounds were identified, with 66 easily annotated by making use of our in-house MS/MS libraries and the mspcompiler R package. In silico fragmentation combined with data obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and lists of chemicals related to plastics were used to identify those remaining unknown. A pseudo-multiple reaction monitoring method was also applied to sensitively target and screen the identified chemicals in the samples. Quantification results demonstrated that a good sorting of postconsumer materials and a better recycling technology may be necessary for food contact applications. Removal or reduction of non-volatile substances, such as octocrylene and 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate, is still challenging but vital for the safe use of rHDPE as food contact materials.

Scoping Review: Diarrhea in Toddlers and Causing Factors

Diarrhea is a disease caused by infection with microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and protozoa, and its transmission is fecal-oral. Diarrhea is a condition where stool is excreted abnormally or not as usual, characterized by an increase in volume, dilution, and frequency of bowel movements more than 3 times a day and in neonates more than 4 times a day with or without blood mucus. Diarrheal disease is still a public health problem in developing countries such as Indonesia, with high morbidity and mortality. From the IDHS results, it was found that 13.7% of children under five experienced diarrhea in the two weeks before the survey, 3% higher than the IDHS findings. The highest prevalence of diarrhea is in children aged 12-23 months, followed by those aged 6-11 months and those aged 23-45 months. (Ministry of Health, 2011). Research objective: This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers, based on the results of previous studies. Method: This research was conducted using the scoping review method using several data-based electronic media: Pubmed, DOAJ, Scopus, Sinta, and limited database, namely the last 10 years starting 2012-2021. There were 20 articles used which discussed the causes of diarrhea in toddlers. Results: Factors causing diarrhea that were intensified include the mother's knowledge about hygiene and environmental hygiene, unsanitary water sources, latrines in the family, and health services that are difficult to reach, giving complementary foods too early, and germ infection factors, toddler nutrition factors low and mother's knowledge of diarrhea in toddlers, posyandu visits, non-exclusive breastfeeding and use of milk bottles and hygiene, number of family members and low economic status.

Factors Generating the Willingness of Romanian Consumers to Buy Raw Milk from Vending Machines.

The use of automatic raw milk dispensers for products obtained from Romanian farms can represent an effective method of encouraging the development of short supply chains and promoting sustainable production and consumption systems. There are very few studies in the literature, especially in emerging economies, that analyze consumer perception regarding the use of raw milk dispensers; most of the research is focused on technical aspects regarding how such machines function and food safety, and less on consumers' perceptions towards them or consumer satisfaction, loyalty, or intention to use them. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the willingness of Romanian consumers to buy raw milk from vending machines. In this regard, the authors drew a conceptual model to assess the factors that trigger willingness to buy raw milk from vending machines and then implemented a quantitative-based survey among Romanian consumers who buy raw milk from vending machines. The data were analyzed by modeling structural equations with SmartPLS. The results reveal that the generation of consumer willingness to buy raw milk from vending machines depends on how consumers perceive raw milk but also on the product safety, reusability of the milk bottle, and the provenance of the raw milk, as well as the nutritional qualities of the unprocessed raw milk. The paper extends previous studies based on the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) and deepens the understanding of consumers' perception towards raw milk dispensers. Furthermore, the results also highlight possible managerial strategies that aim to improve the understanding of consumers.