Military Troops Research Articles

New Wars and Their Visual Representation: Dead Bodies without Graves/Mourne

This paper seeks to understand why there has been an increase in photographic images exposing military violence or displaying bodies killed by military forces and how they can freely circulate in the public without being censored or kept hidden. In other words, it aims to analyze this particular issue as a symptom of the emergence of new wars and a new regime of their visual representation. Within this framework, it attempts to relate two kinds of literature that are namely the history of war and war photography with the bridge of theoretical discussions on the real, its photographic representation, power, and violence. Rather than systematic empirical analysis, the paper is based on a theoretical attempt which is reflected on some socio-political observations in the Middle East where there has been ongoing wars or new wars. The core discussion of the paper is supported by a brief analysis of some illustrative photographic images that are served through the social media under the circumstances of war for instance in Turkey between Turkish military troops and the Kurdish militants. The paper concludes that in line with the process of dissolution/transformation of the old nation-state formations and globalization, the mechanism and mode of power have also transformed to the extent that it resulted in the emergence of new wars. This is one dynamic that we need to recognize in relation to the above-mentioned question, the other is the impact of social media in not only delivering but also receiving war photographies. Today these changes have led the emergence of new machinery of power in which the old modern visual/photographic techniques of representing wars without human beings, torture, and violence through censorship began to be employed alongside medieval power techniques of a visual exhibition of tortures and violence.

The leader ship of military medical services in the Great Patriotic War period (to the 75th anniversary of the Great Victory)

High rates in the medical service works during the Great Patriotic War were achieved primarily due to the satisfactory organization of medical support for military operations and troops, in their leadership of which the leading role belonged to the heads of the medical service and the chief medical specialists of the Red Army and the Navy, as well as to the chief medical specialists of fronts, fleets and armies. During the war the main problems of the troops medical supply organization, wounded and sick treatment, as well as a number of sanitary and hygienic and anti-epidemic issues (the system of step-by-step treatment of the wounded and patients with evacuation to destination; gunshot wounds, burns, frostbites treatment, blood transfusion questions, etc.) were successfully solved under the leadership. During the war the many thousands of military doctors work was led by savants, organizers of health, and specialists with enormous knowledge, talent and i nexhaustible diligence.

Musul ve Halep Valisi İmâdeddin Zengi’nin Haçlılarla Mücadelesi

Recognised as one of the greatest heroes of the Turkish & Islamic worlds, Imad al-Din Zangi b. Aq-Sonqur was the son of Aleppo Governor Qasim al-Dawla Aq-Sonqur. Following the death of his father, Imad al-Din was taken under protection and brought up by the Islamic world’s most important commanders Mosul Governor Kerbogha, Chokurmish, Chavli, Mawdūd, and Aq-Sonqur elPorsuqi. Each being an important name in the fight against the Crusaders, these commanders took him with them to the wars in which they engaged, and thus enabled him to gain experience. Iraqi Seljuk Sultān Mahmūd assigned Imad al-Din as the Military Governor of Baghdad and Iraq in 1127, and also assigned him as the Governor of Mosul in the same year. He was also in charge of al-Jazeera and Northern Syria, and Sultān Mahmūd approved him being assigned as the Atabeg of his two sons, Ferrukh shāh and Alparslan. Thus the Atabegdom of Mosul was constituted. Imad al-Din Zangi’s appearance on the stage of history coincides with the occupation and invasion of Anatolia, Syria and Palestine by the Crusaders, when there were Crusader States of Edessa, Antioch, Jerusalem and Tripoli. Imad al-Din Zangi aimed at ensuring a strong unity and order in the Turkish & Islamic world, followed by the preparation of regular and well-disciplined military troops to fight the Crusaders since he considered a confrontation with them in the absence of a plan, a policy and sufficient military power to be extremely hazardous. This power and ideal had a significant effect on the ending of the Crusader County of Edessa by Zangi, and he realised his dream by conquering Edessa on December 24, 1144. Thus The Crusader County of Edessa which was the first Crusader state found in Anatolia also became the first county to collapse. This achievement which was received with extreme joy in the Turkish & Islamic world greatly impacted the Crusaders in Europe and the East, leading to the Second Crusade.

Media and Intervention: Examining Representations of Afghan Women in The New York Times

ABSTRACT In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Republican nominee Donald Trump vowed to bring troops home from Afghanistan. After the election, in August of 2017, newly elected President Trump, with advice from national security adviser McMaster, decided to keep troops in Afghanistan. It is reported that the President was convinced to keep troops in Afghanistan after shown a black and white photograph of Afghan women in miniskirts from the 1970s (Eberhardt, 2017; Rucker & Costa, 2017). These photographs, in juxtaposition with images of veiled women, however, play a specific role in how we think about Afghanistan and intervention. Examining media representations of Afghan women, we explore media coverage in The New York Times, through a thematic analysis of 286 articles beginning with the U.S.-led invasion in 2001 up to 2018. We focus on coverage of Afghan women over the span of 17 years, paying close attention to news coverage following the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, President Obama's direction to increase the number of military troops in the country, and President Trump's decision to keep troops in Afghanistan. This paper examines how Afghan women are presented in media coverage and how these representations contribute to larger discussions of intervention.

Private military contractors’ financial experiences and incentives

ABSTRACTThis article analyses findings from an original survey of 187 private military contractors on their incentives for working in the industry. Perceptions of contractors as “greedy, ruthless, and unscrupulous mercenaries” shape both public and military opinions of outsourcing and may impact U.S. military effectiveness, civil–military relations, and contractor identity. We find that contractors are motivated by a range of factors and that their financial experiences are not clearly more positive than that of state military troops. We recommend broad education of military and defense officials and the public in the U.S. and other relevant nations, regarding the true incentives of modern-day, Western contractors, in an effort to dispel misperceptions, increase effective utilisation of contractors, and beneficially shape PMC-military coordination. DoD may consider integrating such training into its current efforts to improve outsourcing, including its Joint OCS Planning and Execution Course, pre-deployment fora, and curricula of advanced military studies schools.

New Wars and Their Visual Representation: Dead Bodies without Graves/Mourne

This paper seeks to understand why there has been an increase in photographic images exposing military violence or displaying bodies killed by military forces and how they can freely circulate in the public without being censored or kept hidden. In other words, it aims to analyze this particular issue as a symptom of the emergence of new wars and a new regime of their visual representation. Within this framework, it attempts to relate two kinds of literature that are namely the history of war and war photography with the bridge of theoretical discussions on the real, its photographic representation, power, and violence. Rather than systematic empirical analysis, the paper is based on a theoretical attempt which is reflected on some socio-political observations in the Middle East where there has been ongoing wars or new wars. The core discussion of the paper is supported by a brief analysis of some illustrative photographic images that are served through the social media under the circumstances of war for instance in Turkey between Turkish military troops and the Kurdish militants. The paper concludes that in line with the process of dissolution/transformation of the old nation-state formations and globalization, the mechanism and mode of power have also transformed to the extent that it resulted in the emergence of new wars. This is one dynamic that we need to recognize in relation to the above-mentioned question, the other is the impact of social media in not only delivering but also receiving war photographies. Today these changes have led the emergence of new machinery of power in which the old modern visual/photographic techniques of representing wars without human beings, torture, and violence through censorship began to be employed alongside medieval power techniques of a visual exhibition of tortures and violence.

From Political Mobilization to Political Security. How Has the Approach to Security Changed Over Centuries and Why Has It Depended on Political Relations?

The paper discusses relations between political mobilization, security and political relations. Security is understood as a social phenomenon, clearly explained by Clausewitz in his book On War. According to Clausewitz, political relations are of key significance for understanding the phenomenon of security. This thesis is not challenged, however, it is necessary to explain why political relations are necessary.
 The paper consists of four parties. The first part explores security and its evolution from a historical perspective. The second part analyses relations between a war and political mobilization. In our opinion, war is something more than simple continuation of politics by other means. Part three discusses the personal security, which was not a priority for the states. The problem of security appeared in its complex form only when people became ready to fight as a result of political mobilization, and with the creation of stable political organization. Section 4 describes political security and its consequences.
 We conclude that the product of the global political mobilization is polyarchy which principally changes the problem of social and political security. Within the framework of regional polyarchy the system of security of states in the area occupied by it is possible. As a result of creating a global polyarchy the universal system of security has become real. The role of army has changed and to an ever decreasing extent fulfils the function of a traditional army. Mercenaries lost their importance (however, not completely) and later also the military troops acting on behalf of the state.

Paradigm Shift in the Research into Roman Roads? : Possibilities of site diagnostics in road research in Roman Pannonia

During the ca. 500 years of the Roman Empire, road construction and maintenance was viewed as a priority, but it also offered a perfect means of propaganda. Today, the traces of these activities are visible in many places; inscriptions on Roman milestones (miliarum) and on other constructions proudly present these extraordinary achievements, which were accomplished, in most cases, by military pioneer troops.

L’organisation militaire en Valachie durant l’époque des Princes Phanariotes (1716-1821)

Military organization in Wallachia during the time of the Phanariot princes (1716-1821). The communist historiography period (1946-1989) had credited the idea that one of the negative consequences of the establishment of the Phanariot rulers in Wallachia and Moldavia was the abolition of the earthly armies. Today we can state as clearly as possible the fact that the Phanariot rulers significantly reduced the military numbers of the armies from the two romanian countries. The Ottoman Empire never requested this, on the contrary, it allowed, in time of war, the Phanariot lords to increase their troops. Throughout the Phanariot era, Romanian military troops played the role of " auxiliary troops" for the ottoman army.

Those Men and their Shackles. A Rare Discovery from Roman Dacia

In the collection of the Highland Banat Museum from Reșiţa, we can find a special artefact with the inventory number 34614, discovered in one of the Roman forts, from Banat region. It is a Roman shackle, found in the Roman fort of Vărădia Chilii, in 2006. From a typological point of view, the specimen found here, is certainly a shackle from the Roman period, which belongs to type 4 in W.H. Manning and to the type known as Kunzing in F. H. Thompson. It is part of a series of rather rare artefacts in the Empire, illustrated in Dacia by the discoveries made in the forts from Călugăreni, Buciumi, Ilișua, Mehadia and Bologa as well as in the research carried out in the military vicus from Porolissum, and also in the Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa mithraeum. From the context, it is clear that the artifact was used by the military troops stationed here to secure prisoners of war or even non-submissive individuals from inside the military and can be dated to the beginning of the second century, between the conquest of Dacia and the years 117–118 AD. Furthermore, based on the fairly large inner diameter, it appears that the shackle found in Vărădia, fixed the feet and it is called fetter.

Mobil vezetési pontok a krízismenedzsmentben

A mobil vezetési pontok katonai alkalmazására a második világháborúban az afrikai hadszíntéren került sor először. A gyors katonai csapatmozgások, a folyamatosan változó hadszíntér, amely több tíz, akár száz kilométeresre nőtt, megkövetelte, hogy a hadműveleti vezetési pontokat ne egy épületben helyezzék el, hanem költöztethetők legyenek. A mobil vezetési pontok sikeres katonai alkalmazását alapul véve, valamint az információs technológia fejlődésének köszönhetően kormányzati rendvédelmi szervek is igénnyel álltak elő olyan mobil vezetési pontok felhasználása iránt, amelyek segítségükre vannak a természeti katasztrófák elleni védekezésben, terrortámadás vagy egyéb baleset-elhárításban részt vevő katasztrófavédelmi és egyéb hatósági szervek közötti helyszíni koordináció megvalósításában. Ebben a cikkben a szerzők áttekintik a mobil vezetési pontok alkalmazásának történeti hátterét, bemutatják felépítésüket, tipikus kialakításukat, eszközeiket, kiválasztásuk szempontjait.

Członkowie Rządu Centralnego Tymczasowego Wojskowego Galicji – przyczynek do biografii zbiorowej

In 1809, in the territories of the Austrian Partition, which had been taken away from Austrians by Polish soldiers, the Central Provisional Military Government of Galicia was formed. The duties of the Governement was the reorganization of administration in Galicia and organization of military troops. The President of the Government was Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, the most popular and richest magnate in Galicia. Representatives of the local nobility were appointed to other positions in the Government and in the poviat administration bodies. Archive materials allowed the tracing of 53 members. They were born between 1740 and 1780, most often from rich landed gentry and nobility. They owned estates in the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Their career path was typical of the social state they represented. Educated, most often in the spirit of the Enlightenment, they took their first steps in public service as administrative officials or military personnel. Some of these careers seemed to have been above average, but the fall of the country in 1795 led to their their interruption. Withdrawing from public life, they returned in 1809. This article, an attempt to form a characteristic of this group, is part of the research on the elite of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the turn of the 19th century.

Customary international humanitarian law: An overview of Kenya’s state practice in the post-2010 Constitution era

With the exception of the shifta wars in the northern part of the country, Kenya has, for the greater part of its post-colonial history, enjoyed relative conditions of peace. This, in turn, has affected the volume of and quality of knowledge on Kenya’s state practice on international humanitarian law (IHL). The Customary IHL study of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 2005 reviewed state practice in the country at the time, based on materials such as military manuals, national laws and case law. However, since 2005, two significant events have had a direct bearing on the country’s IHL state practice. The first is the ushering in of a new constitutional order through the Constitution of Kenya, 2010, and the second is the Kenyan military troops’ incursion into Somalia against the Somali terrorist group, Al-Shabaab. This paper looks at the significant ways in which these two events have led to key additions to Kenya’s state practice, under four main headings: military manuals, national laws, court cases and other sources.

An effective snakebite first aid training method for medics in the Chinese troops: a RCT

BackgroundSnakebites can lead to lifelong consequences and is one of the main causes of death among military troops worldwide. However, few Chinese military medics know the proper first aid procedures for snakebites. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of the Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) and checklist on Chinese military medics’ ability to manage snakebite first aid.MethodsThis study was a prospective single-blind randomized controlled trial conducted in a military medical university of China from May to June 2017. A questionnaire-based survey was performed to collect the participants’ socio-demographic profiles before the baseline measurement. During the baseline measurement, participants were requested to provide corresponding first aid that was responsive to the simulative situation portrayed by the SPs (standardized patients) and the evaluators then scored their performances according to a checklist for snakebite first aid scoring table. After the baseline measurement, they were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups after stratification according to their baseline performance scores: group A received a self-learning course with textbooks (n = 27), group B received a self-learning training on the SOP and checklist (n = 27) and group C was engaged in an interactive discussion panel regarding the SOP and checklist (n = 26). After the interventions, participants received outcome measurements about snakebite first aid key points capability from the same evaluator and SP for each group to avoid observational error. The reviewers were blinded about the grouping in the trial.ResultsThe baseline measurement yielded no significant difference (H = 1.647, P = 0.439) among the three groups. The post-intervention scores were higher than the pre-intervention scores for all three (A, B and C) groups (P = 0.008, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). There was significant difference of the post-intervention scores among the three groups (F = 8.841, P < 0.001). Both post-intervention scores of group B and group C were higher than that of group A (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), but no difference was found between group B and C (P = 0.695). The acceptance questionnaire score of SOP and checklist was mostly very satisfied, as the final scores of group B and group C were 4.62 ± 0.61 and 4.82 ± 0.45, respectively.ConclusionsIn this study, the implementation of an SOP and checklist for snakebite first aid was shown to update and improve first aid treatment concepts in military medics. These intervention methods played an important role in improving the medics’ cognition and understanding of snakebite first aid. Therefore, this finding suggests that SOP and checklist training should be further implemented in Chinese troops for snakebite care.

Real-Time Measurement of Ammonia (NH3) in Artillery Smoke Using a Passive FT-IR Remote Sensor.

Early alerts for avoiding exposure to toxic chemical threats are critical applications of sensors to protect both military troops and civilian populations. Among the various sensing techniques developed, the passive Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy method has been demonstrated to work well as a remote (kilometer-scale) sensor for such early-alert systems. The passive type FT-IR detector is capable of mobile detection of toxic gas clouds because of its small-scale interferometer and optical instruments. In this article, real-time FT-IR measurements of ammonia (NH3) in 76 mm artillery smoke are reported using a commercial remote sensor and scored by a real-time analysis conducted using a custom algorithm based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT). Using these methods, we measured the real-time change in the ammonia spectrum and GLRT scores against concrete and forest backgrounds following artillery propellant detonation. We confirmed that the GLRT score characteristics depend on the background and found that the effect of rapid heat transfer from the propellant detonation to the ammonia was detected in the accumulated ammonia FT-IR spectra.

Eperjes - Az evangélikus jogakadémia 1918/19-es tanéve és Miskolcra költözése

Az eperjesi jogi akadémiát 1862-ben alapították újjá, és az iskola ezzel a felvidéki családok fontos képzőhelyévé vált. Az I. világháború során az oktatást sokszor megzavarták az elszállásolt katonák, és nehézségetokozott a harcoló oktatók helyettesítése. A háború után, de még Trianon előtt szóba került az iskola Miskolcra telepítése. Eperjes csehszlovák megszállása után (1918 decembere) és a jogi képzés betiltása után az iskolátmárciusban Miskolcra költöztették, ahol az ősszel megkezdődhetett az oktatás.

Centralities for networks with consumable resources

AbstractIdentification of influential nodes is an important step in understanding and controlling the dynamics of information, traffic, and spreading processes in networks. As a result, a number of centrality measures have been proposed and used across different application domains. At the heart of many of these measures lies an assumption describing the manner in which traffic (of information, social actors, particles, etc.) flows through the network. For example, some measures only count shortest paths while others consider random walks. This paper considers a spreading process in which a resource necessary for transit is partially consumed along the way while being refilled at special nodes on the network. Examples include fuel consumption of vehicles together with refueling stations, information loss during dissemination with error-correcting nodes, and consumption of ammunition of military troops while moving. We propose generalizations of the well-known measures of betweenness, random-walk betweenness, and Katz centralities to take such a spreading process with consumable resources into account. In order to validate the results, experiments on real-world networks are carried out by developing simulations based on well-known models such as Susceptible-Infected-Recovered and congestion with respect to particle hopping from vehicular flow theory. The simulation-based models are shown to be highly correlated with the proposed centrality measures.Reproducibility:Our code and experiments are available athttps://github.com/hmwesigwa/soc_centrality

Authentic leadership and its relationships with work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors in military units: The role of identification as a mediating variable

ABSTRACT The objective of the study is to explore the relationship of authentic leadership with work engagement and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) in military units, measuring the mediating effect of personal identification with the leader and social identification with the military unit. We used the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique to analyze data from a sample of 225 Spanish military troops. The results showed that social identification with the military unit influenced the relationship of authentic leadership with the outcome variables.

Mindful leadership for personal and organisational resilience

Given that the volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity (i.e., "VUCA" nature) of our world will likely continue to increase over time, it is clear that learning how to develop our inner capabilities of mindfulness and resiliency is of the utmost priority for us as individuals, organisations, communities, and nations. In today's world - and tomorrow's - such capacity development for ourselves, our leaders, and our organisations is vital to bringing a deeper wisdom and care to our lives and work, and to our human flourishing. In our increasingly VUCA world of ever-increasing complexity, old norms, skillsets, and "business and usual" norms are simply insufficient to assure sustainable success. The kind of high-performance protocols that were once reserved for world-class athletes, martial artists, elite military troops, and sports teams, or monastic adepts, have now become essential training for any leader, professional, or organisation intent on assuring high standards for safety, quality care, sustained success, well-being, and meaningful beneficial influence in their medical centres and communities. Could it be that the global surge of interest in mindfulness and resiliency reflects a wise and evolutionary impulse perfectly adapted and responsive to meeting the challenges and realising the opportunities of the VUCA world in which we live and serve as dedicated health caring providers and practitioners?

Investigating the Gap between Simultaneous Interpreter Training and Iraqi Market Needs

AbstractAfter the war in 2003, interpreting became one of the most prominent professions in Iraq. Huge numbers of interpreters were recruited to facilitate communication between military troops and reconstruction international corporations on the one hand and the Iraqi public on the other. Moreover, there was a gradual high demand for interpreters in the market to cater for the needs of the rapidly increasing foreign direct investment in many fields such as the oil industry. However, interpreter training programmes offered by Iraqi universities and several independent institutions remain as poorly designed as they have always been: they fail to meet the requirements of such social and global changes. The present study evaluates simultaneous interpreting training in Iraq. It calls for the revision, renewal, and continuous update of curricula and teaching methodology to suit the critical challenges posed by the digital modern market. It also suggests a number of possible workable solutions to improve interpreter training such as devoting well-trained teaching staff, offering specialized training programmes for the would-be interpreters, raise programme standards and the integration of technology into teaching.