Military Term Research Articles

HISTORICAL EVENTS INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF MILITARY VOCABULARY IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND WORLD WARS)

The paper deals with the influence of various historical events on the emergence, evolution and adaptation of military terms in the Ukrainian language. The object of research is the military vocabulary of the Ukrainian language, and the subject is the processes of its formation under the influence of historical circumstances. The study focuses on the identification and analysis of specific military terms that arose in different historical periods, namely, during the First and Second World Wars. The article examines the reasons and circumstances of the appearance of certain lexemes or word combinations, their consolidation in the military terminology system, as well as how these terms are defined and described in modern dictionaries. The methodological basis of the research includes historical-comparative analysis, methods of semantic and etymological analysis, as well as a contextual approach to the study of terminology. Special attention is paid to how social and political circumstances influenced the transformation of military lexicon and its adaptation to the modern linguistic environment. The study also investigates the preservation and relevance of these terms in today’s usage, particularly in military literature, official documents, and mass media. A complex analysis model of the influence of historical events on the formation of the term system of military vocabulary in the Ukrainian language is proposed. As a result of the research, several possible options for changing the initial meaning of the military term will be demonstrated. The research conclusions are interesting not only from a linguistic point of view, but also contribute to a deeper understanding of the cultural and historical processes that influenced the development of the language. These results can be useful for linguistic studies, creation of dictionaries, for teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language, and development of educational materials for foreign students studying the Ukrainian language.

TEDARİK ZİNCİRİ STRATEJİLERİNİN SWOT ANALİZİ İLE BELİRLENMESİ: BİR UYGULAMA

A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a long-term or general purpose. It is a military term, and its origin goes back to Sun Tzu. Its use in the modern sense coincides with the 1980s. In the increasingly competitive environment in recent years, businesses need to make a difference in the market, increase their profitability, closely follow technological developments, etc. They attach importance to developing their strategies in the corporate sense and in the field of business management strategies. However, it has been determined that enterprises cannot develop in the field of supply chain management strategies, which is one of their functional strategies, especially in the researches. Determining supply chain strategies will enable them to compete in the market, especially in terms of reducing costs, increasing customer experience, adopting innovative approaches or quality. Businesses may choose to compete in only one of these factors, or they may adopt several factors. In this study, a supply chain strategy determination study was carried out in a company that has a very important position in the wood-based panel industry sector and has adopted supply chain management, but where no strategic decisions or projects have been created. SWOT analysis was used in terms of company and supply chain process. Ten (10) supply chain strategies were determined.

PECULIARITIES OF THE MILITARY TERMINOLOGY RENDERING INTO UKRAINIAN

Objective. The objective of the article is a study of the peculiarities of reproducing military terminology into Ukrainian. Methods. Solving the tasks is carried out by means of such methods as: methods of theoretical research – analytical review, generalisation and specification; methods of empirical research – observation, comparison, analogy and comparative analysis; methods of linguistic research – comparative; methods of structural analysis; comparative linguistic method. Results. One of the defining features of military translation is its requirement for accuracy and precision. In military affairs, even the slightest misinterpretation or mistranslation can have dire consequences. Whether it is a tactical order on the battlefield, a diplomatic agreement, or intelligence reports, the integrity of the translated content is paramount. A translation error in a military context can jeopardize personnel safety, mission success, or even national security. Special terminology is another feature of military translation. Features of the reproduction of military terminology cover a wide range of tasks, each of which determines the uniqueness of this field. The first and main challenge lies in the diversity and complexity of the terminology itself. Military language is full of technical terms, abbreviations, slang, and jargon that can be confusing to those unfamiliar with these intricacies. In this regard, one of the key features of the reproduction of military terminology is the need for a deep understanding of the subject by linguists and specialists. Their language skills must be complemented by a deep understanding of military tactics, equipment, procedures and culture. Cultural sensitivity is another challenge that distinguishes military terminology from other fields of linguistics. The same military term can have radically different connotations in different cultures and languages. Understanding these subtleties is essential to preventing diplomatic blunders and ensuring respectful and effective communication in a multinational context. This is an extraordinary challenge that goes beyond simple linguistic expertise, requiring deep knowledge of global cultures and their complex intersection with military operations. The translational aspect of military terminology adds another layer of complexity to its reproduction, because it is not fully researched. That is why, when applying the universal model to specific military texts, translators should focus on maintaining the appropriate style and adequately conveying the vocabulary of the analysed terminology.

Репрезентация военного термина и его переводных эквивалентов в англо-русских онлайн-словарях

The study aims to identify the potential of English-Russian dictionaries in the selection of translation equivalents as exemplified by the English military terms used to denote the main types of weapons and military vehicles. The authors refine U Heid’s algorithm of access to an e-dictionary and apply it to the analysis of three online translation dictionaries (Cambridge Dictionary, Multitran and Lingvo Live) in the situation of selecting translation equivalents to the military terms that denote main types of weapons and military equipment used by the US and NATO armed forces. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors for the first time conduct a comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the situation of selecting a translation equivalent to a special (military) term. As a result of analysing the representation of military terminology in English-Russian online dictionaries, the authors prove that Multitran is superior to Lingvo Live and the Cambridge Dictionary in the selection of translation equivalents to military terms, substantiate the importance of a user’s participation in the process of expanding and editing an online dictionary corpus, reveal drawbacks of online dictionaries and provide practical recommendations for the optimisation of an e-dictionary.

The Word “Mamluk”: From Simple Meaning To Military and Political Term

Abbasilerden itibaren İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında sıkça rastladığımız sözcüklerden birisi “memlûk" kelimesidir. Sözcük “mâlikin mülkü” anlamına gelen basit anlamından evrilerek “özel birlikte muvazzaf asker” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Memlûk Türk Devleti (1250-1517) döneminde seçkin bir sınıfın üyesi olarak önem kazanmış, bu dönem memlûk askeri sınıfı toplumun seçkin sınıfı olmuştur. Memlûk kökenli askerlerin idari ve askeri mevkilerde söz sahibi olmasından dolayı devletin adı da bu sözcük ile anılmıştır. Diplomaside üst mevkideki statüsüne atfen muhatabını tazim-hürmet anlamında bir hitap sözcüğü olarak önem kazanmış, böylece “memlûk” sözcüğü basit anlamından uzaklaşıp siyasi terim olarak kullanılmıştır. Makalemizde sözcüğün basit anlamının yanı sıra askeri bir kavram olmasından ve diplomaside siyasi bir terime dönüşmesinden bahsedeceğiz. Çalışmamız Memlûk tarihi kaynaklarındaki kayıtlar dikkate alınarak hazırlanmıştır.

THE TERM COMBINATION AND THE METAPHOR IN THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS DOCUMENT: COGNITIVE ASPECT

THE TERM COMBINATION AND THE METAPHOR IN THE OFFICIAL BUSINESS DOCUMENT: COGNITIVE ASPECT

A book of interest not only to vietnamists

The review is given to V. A. Serbins monograph Word Formation in the Terminological Vocabulary of the Modern Vietnamese Language, which is a multidimensional study of the features of the existence of a military term and military terminology in the Vietnamese language system.

All the Missiles Are One Missile Revisited: Dazzle in the Work of Zofia Kulik

This essay revisits one of Polish artist Zofia Kulik’s most important ‘photocarpets’, produced in a moment of hope, retrospection yet continuing war in 1993; seen by an international public in 1997. Visually, its composition is dominated by late Soviet sculptures symbolising Mother Russia and military aggression, yet the composition, ‘kilim-like’, with an additional reference to Polish Catholicism, involves bilateral and rotational symmetries which undermine significations of power and might with various other symbols: bodies, naked or draped, and Polish TV screenshots from both the military and entertainment worlds. ‘Dazzle’, the camouflage-related military term is also related to tears and (repressed) mourning. The female artist’s attitude to gender is crucial. The piece is both a ‘revisualisation’ and ‘rewriting’, relating both to the author’s previous texts on the artist from 1999 and 2001, and Kulik’s own rediscovery of her Ukrainian heritage, which reframes her own vision and understanding of the piece in 2022.

The English-Language Military Borrowed Terms: Deconstruction Mechanisms in the Scientific and Popular Science Text

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the semantic deconstruction process of the English-language terminological units of the military sphere in the scientific and popular science texts. The topicality of the study is conditioned by the lack of linguistic studies of the phenomenon of deconstruction on terminological material as such. Specific mechanisms of semantic deconstruction in the texts of different styles have not been identified and are not ordered, which also requires the attention of linguists. The material for the study includes a corpus of the English-language terminological units of the military sphere with a total volume of more than 500 units selected by the continuous selection method from various electronic and printed sources, including scientific and popular science texts on military topics, as well as more than 250 contexts within which the semantics of these units was deconstructed by explication. The selection of text fragments is made from monographs and other literary works of a scientific and popular scientific nature devoted to the history of the emergence and use of various types of weapons, military operations, means and methods of warfare. The main research methods include the method of continuous selection, methods of seminal (component) and definitional analysis, the method of etymological analysis, as well as methods of quantitative calculation. In the course of the work, the analysis of the English-language military terms has been carried out. These terms were deconstructed by explication in the scientific and popular science texts. As part of the work, it has been revealed that the deconstruction process follows two main mechanisms – according to the frame structure and according to the script structure. In addition, there is a combined version of the semantic deconstruction process. It has been determined that the cases of the frame and combined semantic deconstruction are the most common, while the cases of deconstruction according to the script structure in its pure form are quite rare. The fact is emphasized that the deconstruction of the semantics of a military term occurs to a greater extent in a popular science text as compared to a scientific one.

‘DAY WATCH’ OR BAYWATCH? A NOTE ON ΗΜΕΡΟΣΚΟΠΟΣ (AR.LYS. 849)

AbstractThis article argues thatἡμεροσκόποςatLys. 849 constitutes a pun based on iotacism, a well-known feature of female speech in fifth-century Athens aptly illustrated by Socrates in Plato'sCratylus. By describing herself asἡμεροσκόπος‘day watch’ pronounced asἱμεροσκόπος‘lust watch’, Lysistrata perverts the military term associated with the occupation-plot to a sexually charged word associated with the strike-plot. Its use would be very appropriate in a scene in which theφαλληφόριαof the men (not just Cinesias’ but later on also the Spartan herald's and the Spartan and Athenian delegates’) become the subject of aφαλλοσκοπίαby the women (not just Lysistrata but later on also the chorus of women) and perforce also by the onlooking audience. Additional contemporary evidence from orthographic mistakes made by schoolboys suggests that Athenian elite women of the late fifth century were the avant-garde of socially prestigious innovations such as iotacism, which would definitively catch on with the male population in the fourth century and change the face of Greek phonology forever.

Family of Words as a Way to Systematize English-language Military Terms

The present research featured the family of words as a complex unit within the framework of military terminology. The article introduces a new method for studying high-frequency English-language military terms, where terminological units are systematized by the family of words. English-language military terminology is constantly changing. As a result, it remains understudied and requires structuring. The research objective was to structure military vocabulary as blocks, each representing a certain family of words. Military term blocks were selected from modern lexicographic sources. The study involved etymological, semantic, and word-formation analyses. The family of words proved to be a microsystem that combines grammatical, word-formation, and lexical relations. The authors structured cognate high-frequency English military terms as microsystems, i.e. families of words with peaks -bat- , -defend- , -arm- , etc.

Practicing the Work of Worms: Lyric Voice and Grievable Lives in Solmaz Sharif's Look

Practicing the Work of Worms:Lyric Voice and Grievable Lives in Solmaz Sharif's Look Maria Capecchi (bio) Solmaz Sharif's poetry book, Look, is a poignant work filled with carefully crafted lyric poems as well as an important analysis of the effects of war. Her poems break new poetic ground, using erasure tactics, a complex lyric "I," and the reappropriation of terms from the US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (indicated by all caps in the poems)1 to adapt the lyric genre. Sharif's strong lyric voice combines the emotional intimacy of the confessional lyric with the intense call-to-action of the political lyric. Her voice is commanding: exposing her reader to a lyric world where the very language that makes up her poetry is undermined by multiple interpretations and meanings. Sharif demands that her Western reader unflinchingly view the costs of war in the Middle East and experience the shifting realities of a society where categorization defines an individual's worth. The poems are filled with startling images of violence juxtaposed with moments of intimacy and reflection. By replicating the immigrant experience through her lyric voice, she exposes her Western readers to the experiences of exile. Sharif's text explores what it means to truly look, to take in a life in its grievable2 state, to see the other and recognize ourselves. This recognition creates intimacy and [End Page 117] connection; her poem "Look" becomes a rallying cry, an invitation to the exilic state. Rather than asking us to leap into action, Sharif encourages us to pause, to consider, to see the "exquisite face" of the subaltern:3 Let it matter what we call a thing.Let it be the exquisite face for at least 16 seconds.Let me look4 at you.Let me look at you in a light that takes years to get here. (4–5) Rather than insisting on one sanctioned meaning, one voice, Look shares multiple and often contradictory voices. Through these lyric voicings, Sharif asks her Western reader to reflect on the wars in the Middle East and experience multiple perspectives within the conflict, including those of her family in Iran; her immigrant parents; US soldiers; and Iranian, Iraqi, and US citizens. Sharif's title alone, based on the military term "look," indicates the importance of being receptive, looking at something, taking it in (Department of Defense 318). The title exemplifies this process: to look indicates an ability to receive from someone else (a state Sharif asks the reader to inhabit). Mines, when influenced, explode, referencing the real use of mines in warfare and the cultural and political metaphorical minefields addressed in the text; and Sharif metaphorically "explodes" the Western concept (or frame) of the Iraq War. Sharif's claiming of words used to objectify Western targets gives a new voice to the concepts and people who are overlooked in the war on terror. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's work on the subaltern is an important theory underlying my understanding of the other and grievability as they relate to Sharif's lyric. Within the frame of the US war on terror, the Iraqi and Iranian people Sharif voices in her poems are classified as "deviations" and "differences" from the Western ideal. While some individuals Sharif voices, such as her uncle, do not completely fit Spivak's definition of subaltern, I find it helpful to use this term in order to interrogate the United States' political rhetoric that focuses on "deviations" and "differences." While these Iraqi and Iranian individuals may not fit the subaltern category in terms of social status within their own countries, the United States effectively treats them [End Page 118] as subaltern. To complicate the issue of voice further, Spivak identifies attempts at speaking for subaltern communities as emanating "from the self-diagnosed transparency of the first-world radical intellectual" (80), which disguises the Western speaker's imperialist and capitalist motivations. This perceived transparency masks the problematic nature of an outsider, including the subaltern elite, speaking for any people. Sharif's voicing of Iraqi and Iranian people is complicated within this construct as she is speaking for the subaltern from a perceived authority as...

Современные проблемы “большой стратегии” во внешней политике США

The research examines the main problems of a grand strategy in the US foreign policy. Attention is paid to the conceptual understanding of this term, its historical development, and the current state. The article analyzes the positions of American foreign policy elites and the expert community regarding the problem of the US self-positioning in the outside world. The article consists of three parts. The first analyses the main conceptual provisions of the “grand strategy” as a term. It describes its development from a military term, reflecting the general tactics in interstate confrontation to its comprehensive understanding as a coordination principle of long-term and medium-term goals with short term actions. The second part of the article focuses on the American foreign policy elites, their approaches, as well as public opinion on this issue. It is noted that the ideology of global leadership has become an important component of the establishment's thinking. It largely impedes the development of new foreign policy concepts and, as a result, reformatting the grand strategy. The third part is devoted to the positions of the expert community on the issue of grand strategy. Four main versions are considered: "Offensive", "Selective engagement", "Offshore Balancing", "Zero-sum". The author comes to a conclusion that the US foreign policy mixes several types of strategies at the moment. It is noted that as China strengthens, the United States faces a new competition, which, unlike the Soviet threat, implies not military-political, but economic confrontation. The implementation of the scenario of a "new Cold War" between Washington and Beijing can define the new goals of the grand strategy. At the same time, this also creates an ideological dilemma of recognizing a new challenge, an increasing alternative for American global leadership - the idea of which is still popular among representatives of American foreign policy elites.

Leksem drabant (Act 23,23) w Nowym Testamencie Biblii gdańskiej (1632) w przekładzie Daniela Mikołajewskiego

In a verse of Act 23,23 in Biblia gdańska (1632) translated by Daniel Mikołajewski, an equivalent of Greek lexeme δεξιόλαβος ‘probably a spearman or slinger’, the noun drabant is used, which is unique, compared to its counterpart – oszczepnik – in Biblia translated by JakubWujek (1599). It may have been borrowed from the Czech language in the second half of the 16th century. In the Polish language of the time it was not a very widespread lexeme, maybe of erudite nature. It appeared in the text of Biblia gdańska taken from the Czech Biblia kralicka. Among Protestants at that time, as a military term, it could have evoked associations with the religious Hussite Wars. The lexeme drabant survived in the biblical text of the Evangelist circles until the second half of the twentieth century. Given the fact that in that century it was already an archaic word, it was not used in new testament translations which followed the translational tradition of Biblia gdańska. And probably it became fixed in the consciousness of the faithful of Evangelist churches as a memorable reminder of the past. For centuries that lexeme, along with other lexemes characteristic of Biblia gdańska caused lexical distinctiveness of that Evangelist translation compared to the Catholic translation by Jakub Wujek.

Psychological 'burnout' in healthcare professionals: Updating our understanding, and not making it worse.

Many healthcare professionals and professional societies are demanding action to counter 'burnout', especially in the acute care medical specialties. This review is intended to empower this laudable 'call to arms', while also validating concerns that have been raised about how we typically define, measure and counter this important issue. This review aims to advance the discussion, dispel common misconceptions, add important nuance, and identify common ground. We also encourage the ideas contained within the military term 'occupational stress injury', which include a cultural shift away from blame and stigmatization, and towards shared responsibility and empathy. We also outline why mandatory testing can be troublesome and why interventions should be tailored to individuals. While the need for immediate action may seem self-evident, we wish to mitigate the real possibility that good intentions could make a perilous situation worse. 'Burnout' matters, but how individuals and organizations go forward matters even more.

In The Types of Orchoon-Unise Notes Application of Military Words

The article outlines the features of the use of military words found in the text of the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments, as well as examples of modified, innovative names at the present time. Actualized words relating to the ancient Turkic languages and military words used in the modern Kazakh language, including military rank, war. Orkhon-Yenisei inscriptions are the source of the first written culture andhistory of the Kazakh people. It is also the historical heritage of the Turkic peoples, which is an example of common works of art that have made a great contribution to the literary heritage of Kazakh literature and the linguistics of the Kazakh language. Forms of communication in the written language are similar to the forms of the modern Kazakh language. As the success of science, these ancient monuments provide information about the historical data of the descendants of the Turkic peoples, whose language is endless and is a fundamental country. The purpose of the event is the study of historical, cultural and linguistic studies of the works of turkologists published in connection with the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments. Historical inscriptions written in stone determine the names of military posts at various levels for the feat of the batyrs in the military campaigns of the Turkic tribes speaking Turkic language. Empirical approaches, such as description, control, and comparison, were used to analyze the topic. The main result of the scientific article is theoretical understanding in the field of Turkology, analyzed previously expressed opinions and principles, problems of linguistic research of Orkhon-Yenisei writtenmonuments were collected and analyzed in military words, taken for scientific analysis as a military term. The value of the article is a historical chronological analysis of military terms in the texts of the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments and defines the beginning of military history. Thanks to this research, the author hopes that Orkhon-Yenisei will enter into a new look in accordance with the modern requirements of military words that were used in military campaigns in the texts of written monuments of Orkhon-Yenisei.&nbsp

Parking Is for People: A History of Public Parking in Washington, D.C. (and Implications for Transportation Design Today)

The history and etymology of “parking” track a shift in meaning from a military term associated with lining up wagons to a public parklike space adjacent to a roadway to its current meaning as car storage. Parking thus historically had nothing to do with cars, predating their invention, and this unique history continues to evolve in the context of Washington, D.C. This paper seeks to trace this little-known history through historical research, as well as document the various plans that established public parking in the District of Columbia and then track its transition to the typical current meaning as car storage. Tracing the evolution of parking and connecting it to current work promoting green space and walkability could bring about a renaissance of public parking in its previous meaning, highlighting its story, and have implications for the significance and design of public space not just in the District but across the world.

Pyro terrorism in Greece? Greek forest fires August 2007 and the impact on Greek banks stocks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine Greek forest fires in August 2007 and statements about terrorism (pyro-terrorism) and the impact on Greek banks stocks.Design/methodology/approachEvent study methodology and market model is used in this paper and data of all Greek bank stocks prices listed in Athens Stock Exchange are analysed, before and after 17 August 2007, which is when forest fires took place in Greece.FindingsTotal number of burned acres during a seven-year period, 2000-2006, was 2,530,883, and during only August 2007, burned acres accounted to 2,059,615. The former Minister for Public Order, Vyron Polydoras, stated the fires may be a result of terrorist attacks, as many of the fires started simultaneously and in places where an arsonist could not be seen. The Minister also stated that the country is facing an asymmetric threat, a military term used for terrorist attacks. The findings of event study methodology and market model show that CAARs were slightly negative but not statistically significant and during event date, and average abnormal return (AAR) was slightly positive at 0.0273 per cent. The event caused no influence on the stock market.Practical implicationsResults are important for banking system, compliance and regulatory authorities, justice system and politicians.Originality/valueThe impact of Greek forest fires in August 2007 on Greek banks stocks has not been examined so far.

History Off-Hand: Bunnell's No-Man's Land.

Background: To date, it remains unclear what inspired Dr Sterling Bunnell to start using the typical World War I military term no-man's land in hand surgical context, only in 1948. To commemorate that Bunnell passed away 60 years ago on August 20, I report on my quest to clarify this. Methods: An extensive bibliography of Bunnell was made up by use of the McDowell Series of Plastic Surgery Indexes and cross-checked by use of a PubMed search. Bunnell's round-robin letters were searched for in the Sterling Bunnell Hand Surgery Archives of the California Pacific Medical Center Health Services Library in San Francisco, California. In addition, some of the second-generation hand surgeons were personally approached to try and trace the round-robin letters. Finally, the publications of the chiefs of the 9 hand surgical centers and 6 coworkers of Bunnell were checked for referrals to the term no-man's land. Results: Prior to 1948, no-man's land was not used in print in hand surgical context. Bunnell's nearness to the trenches during World War I appears not to have inspired him immediately to start using the term. The reconnaissance tunnels dug through the soil of the no man's land between the Allied and German trenches likely inspired him to replace a cut tendon through incisions proximal and distal to no-man's land. Conclusions: Bunnell must have associated his tendon grafting techniques to that of the World War I trenches and tunnels at some time between 1947 and 1948.

Uwagi dotyczące wyrażenia WOJNA PODJAZDOWA

The word combination guerrilla war has a terminological meaning ‘war, during which the weaker side uses the tactics of avoiding general battles and combats unexpected enemy attacks with the help of small military units or partisans’. The combination guerrilla war is associated by users of common language primarily with semantic elements such as ‘a scope of insidious, hidden and difficult to predict, tiring opponent actions’. In the modern texts, the term guerrilla war can undergo a metaphorisation process – it is a determinologisation of multiword expression of military terms. In the figurative sense of the verbal connection guerrilla war there are characterised semantic elements as ‘set of insidious actions, hidden, difficult to predict, directed against to someone or to something, to achieve something, teasing the opposite side, her fatigue, limiting its influence’. In some texts determinologisation signals were presented – a change of component pattern, clauses appeared, which indicates metaphorisation of compound, for example: tax guerrilla war, office guerrilla war. The texts which reported metaphored military term guerrilla war featured the following metaphors: POLITICS is a WAR, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE is a WAR, DIFFERENT, SPECIAL ACTIVITIES and FORMS OF COMPETITION is a WAR.