Military Supply Research Articles

Performance-based contracting in military supply chains and the willingness to bear risks

Purpose Performance-based contracting (PBC) plays an increasingly important role in the defense industry. This paper aims to investigate factors that influence service provider’s willingness to accept PBC-induced risks. It also shows how these risks could be managed in a military service supply chain. Design/methodology/approach The case study focused on the relationship between a service provider and a customer that acted on behalf of other users in the defense sector. The contract involved the sustainment of a military engine in a complex supply chain. Findings The service provider’s performance attributability appeared to have a strong impact on its willingness to take PBC-induced risks. For the parts where the service provider did not have full control over the service performance, exclusions and Service Level Agreements (SLAs) were used to manage and mitigate the risks associated with uncontrolled performance. The service provider’s willingness to accept PBC-induced risks was also affected by its ability to make accurate forecasts, the applied growth path and the length of the contract. Research limitations/implications This case has specific characteristics, unique by time (maturity of the technical system and supply chain) and place (market). It is recommended that results are tested in other research settings. Practical implications Organizations should be aware of the factors that influence a service provider’s willingness to bear PBC-induced risks. Customers should limit PBC to those parts of a contract where risks are of an acceptable level. Also, it is recommended to follow a phased growth path when it is not possible to make accurate forecasts in a PBC context. Originality/value This study is the first to address critical issues concerning the identification and management of risks under PBC in the defense industry.

Hidden carbon costs of the “everywhere war”: Logistics, geopolitical ecology, and the carbon boot‐print of the US military

This paper examines the US military's impact on climate by analysing the geopolitical ecology of its global logistical supply chains. Our geopolitical ecology framework interrogates the material‐ecological metabolic flows (hydrocarbon‐based fuels, water, sand, concrete) that shape geopolitical and geoeconomic power relations. We argue that to account for the US military as a major climate actor, one must understand the logistical supply chain that makes its acquisition and consumption of hydrocarbon‐based fuels possible. Our paper focuses on the US Defense Logistics Agency – Energy (DLA‐E), a large yet virtually unresearched sub‐agency within the US Department of Defense. The DLA‐E is the primary purchase‐point for hydrocarbon‐based fuels for the US military, as well as a powerful actor in the global oil market. After outlining our geopolitical ecology approach, we detail the scope of the DLA‐E's operations, its supply chain, bureaucratic practices, and the physical infrastructure that facilitates the US military's consumption of hydro‐based carbons on a global scale. We show several “path dependencies” – warfighting paradigms, weapons systems, bureaucratic requirements, and waste – that are put in place by military supply chains and undergird a heavy reliance on carbon‐based fuels by the US military for years to come. The paper, based on comprehensive records of bulk fuel purchases we have gathered from DLA‐E through Freedom of Information Act requests, represents a partial yet robust picture of the geopolitical ecology of American imperialism.

A Case Study on Application of R&D Quality Assurance to Secure High Quality for Military Supplies

A Case Study on Application of R&D Quality Assurance to Secure High Quality for Military Supplies

고구려와 수·당의 전쟁, 무엇을 바꾸었나?

This article considers the meaning of Goguryeo-Sui War and Goguryeo-Tang War in East Asian history in terms of both state system and international relations. These wars were a continuation of great war mobilizing large-scale armies. Mobilization of large-scale armies was based on the reformation of the weapon and military systems, which was paired up with the aligning of a centralized state system. It also promoted the strengthening of centralization and made power of influence. In the 7th century, Baekje, Silla, and Japan engaged directly or indirectly in the war, and strengthened the centralized state system. This interlocking was closely related to the development of transportation. War was accompanied by the development of transportation, because it was possible by moving militaries and military supplies. Overland, waterborne and marine traffic route connecting Northeast Asia, inland Asia, and Central Plains of China developed evenly. The alignment of a centralized state system in several East Asian countries was achieved through cultural exchanges, and the development of transportation vitalized this. The development of transportation accompanied by war led East Asia to one world of history. Goguryeo-Sui War and Goguryeo-Tang War in the 7th century called for change based on the change of ancient society in East Asia.

Multi-Objective Cooperative Paths Planning for Multiple Parafoils System Using a Genetic Algorithm

In large-scale natural disasters and military supplies, multiple parafoils are more capable of performing actual tasks. The cooperative paths planning for multiple parafoils with different initial positions and headings is an important step in multiple parafoils airdrop, which has to satisfy multiple objectives, namely, parafoils can’t collide with each other, parafoils should rendezvous at same target area, most of parafoils need to keep alignment against wind, and planned paths should be in the range of maneuver performance constraints to ensure that every parafoil’s path is fl yable. Due to more factors need to be considered, it is more diffi cult to plan paths for multiple parafoils than single parafoil. In this paper an improved genetic algorithm is used to solve the multi-objective cooperative paths planning problem of multiple parafoils system. Parafoils’paths are encoded by real matrix, and the cooperative relationship between parafoils is realized by paths fi tness function. The random single point crossover and Gaussian mutation are introduced to accelerate algorithm convergence rate. Finally, a simulation example is given, simulation results show that proposed method can plan feasible paths for all parafoils, meanwhile, it satisfies the requirements of anti-collision, rendezvous to target point, and keep alignment against the wind.

Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World ed. by Andrew Wilson and Alan Bowman

Reviewed by: Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World ed. by Andrew Wilson and Alan Bowman Jonathan S. Perry Andrew Wilson and Alan Bowman (eds.). Trade, Commerce, and the State in the Roman World. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. Pp. xxi, 656. $145.00. ISBN 978-0-19-879066-2. The renowned historian Eric J. Hobsbawm welcomed the 2008 global financial crisis as a harbinger, at long last, of the Marxist moment. Writing in The Guardian of April 9, 2009, he presaged the utter bankruptcy of the present "pure, stateless, market capitalism, a sort of international bourgeois anarchism," and its replacement with "public decisions aimed at collective social improvement." While Hobsbawm did not live to see this anticipated—and still far-off?—"shift away from the free market" (he died in 2012), the degree to which state action can, or should, intervene in an economy is also of interest to classicists. In this volume, the fourth in a series of Oxford monographs devoted to the study of the Roman economy, Wilson and Bowman aim to demonstrate "that the state was very actively and self-consciously involved" in "trading links and activities within and beyond the boundaries of the Empire" (2). Drawing on 18 more or less specialized studies of particular industries or trade networks, the editors skillfully sketch the image of a "state-supported infrastructure," fashioned from both direct and indirect extractions of revenue. This infrastructure made a high level of trade possible—and beneficial—even if, they argue, an explicit and doggedly pursued "economic policy" cannot be discerned from sifting the available evidence. [End Page 102] The individual papers address the brisk trade in commodities like wood (W. V. Harris), stone (B. Russell), and manufactured glassware containing unguents and other items (D. Foy). There is even a fascinating study of a set of 1200 inscribed lead tags found at Siscia that seemingly indicate prices for services including textile production and cleaning (I. Radman-Livaja). Nevertheless, the most thought-provoking of the chapters are those that hew most closely to the stated themes of market-state interaction—though, even here, perhaps more could be done on one particular element of what constituted a "fair price." Echoing his famous and detailed studies of local market conditions and behavior, Elio Lo Cascio maintains that imperial interventions were designed not merely to counter "speculative behavior," but also "to avoid an artificial lowering of prices" (127). Eschewing the "Finleyan orthodoxy" of previous generations and drawing on "the theoretical framework of the New Industrial Economics" (129), Lo Cascio notes how often—and how effectively—magistrates would intervene to ensure that an item's "market price" was also a "fair price." Similarly, Colin Adams points to "the interaction of public and private, state and individual," in the transport of various products along the Nile in the Roman period. Once the minimal demands of the state, in the forms of shipping tax grain and military supplies, had been met, individual or corporate agents would have been free to fulfill other contracts in order to turn a profit. Adams sensibly concludes that the state saw "reciprocal benefits" in such an arrangement: it was able to "devolve the mechanics" of transport onto its subjects without incurring the cost of maintaining a state-owned fleet (204). While each study is impressive and convincing, one might hope for a holistic reading of them all, through the singular prism of economic decision-making. What one might really desire is a glimpse into the mind of a Roman entrepreneur, as s/he weighs the financial costs and benefits of expanding a business, creating a new manufacturing center, or, most interestingly of all, paying for the transport of a finished item. In our era of ostensibly "free shipping," it is easy to forget that shipping is never actually free. A transportation cost is assessed against some-one—and sometimes a vast number, if one takes into account the army of workers in a "distribution center"—and the people who pay that cost may not be visible to the consumer, or even to the manufacturer of the goods for sale. Several of these questions were addressed in...

Military Provisioning in the Sixth-Century Balkans

It is often argued that the Balkan agricultural economy failed to recover from the impact of the late fourth- to fifth-century Goth and Hun raids, and that the eastern Roman government was thus compelled to supply these war-torn regions from without in the sixth century. This paper argues, conversely, that the Balkan provinces were largely self-sufficient in cereals and meat, and that only the northern provinces required imports of wine and olive oil, goods not produced in that region. Much of this argument is based on recent palynological, archaeozoological and archaeobotanical evidence from the region. Imperial decrees concerning military supply, meanwhile, exaggerated the terrible plight of peasant farmers in their attempt to wrestle control of land and food supplies from landholding elites, many of whom were military officials. At the same time, legislation concerning coemptiones (compulsory purchases) was designed to ensure that soldiers, especially field troops, were not left at the mercy of the market when procuring supplies and were instead supplied in kind via official middlemen who purchased goods at market rates on their behalf. By contrast, limitanei and federate troops nearer the frontier had more stable relationships with local socio-economic systems and were thus paid more regularly in gold coin.

НОРМАТИВНЕ ПЛАНУВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСІВ ВИТРАТ ТА ПОПОВНЕННЯ РЕСУРСУ УГРУПОВАННЯ З ПОСТАВКАМИ НОВИХ ОБ'ЄКТІВ

The article describes the features and results of normative planning processes of spending and replenishing the grouping resource with the supply of new objects. The troops have an important task of timely planning for the repair of weapons and military equipment and supplies to the grouping of new objects. It is shown that the solution to this problem is possible only through the use of a mathematical model process of spending and replenishing the technical resource of grouping objects. Using it, you can predict the composition and resource of the group and calculate the optimal plans for maintaining the combat readiness of the group. The launch of the presented algorithm involves the use of a previously developed enlarged structural diagram of a modeling algorithm. The number of implementations of the modeling process and a certain coefficient that sets the range of the limit on the consumption of the resource of objects in percent are set. The block diagram of the modeling algorithm in the standard planning mode plus the supply of new facilities is presented. It is essentially an extension of the previous algorithm. The initial information, as before, is GR and TipO data structures. The required (minimum acceptable) number of objects in the grouping is added to them. The results are shown for two calculation options: for a single case simulation implementation and for 100 implementations. This allows us to compare the obtained data and qualitatively assess nature of the effect on the type of graphs numbers of simulation implementations. The block diagram of the algorithm for modeling the process of spending and replenishing a resource in the User Planning mode without supplying new objects is presented. The form for displaying simulation results (graphs) in the User Planning mode is no different from the form for presenting the results obtained in the Normative Planning modes. Showing examples of the presentation of these results.

АЛГОРИТМИ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПРОЦЕСУ ВИТРАТ І ЗАПОВНЕННЯ РЕСУРСНОЇ ГРУПОВОЇ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ

This article explores the basic initial steps for constructing an enlarged structural diagram of an algorithm for modeling the processes of spending and replenishing resource of a grouping military objects in normative planning mode. The organizations responsible for operating the groupings have an important task of timely planning for repair of weapons and military equipment (WME) and military equipment and supplies to the grouping of new objects. Obviously, solution of such a problem is possible only on the basis of applying a mathematical model process of expenditure and replenishment of resource (PERR) of grouping objects, with which you can predict the composition and resource of the grouping, and taking into account the forecast obtained, find (calculate) optimal plans for replenishing its resource. The article shows the results of studies various groups in terms of elucidating patterns of the occurrence of PERR in them. To do this, using the model, various grouping options can be generated with the specified characteristics, as well as calculating the optimal plans for replenishing resource for a specific group of military equipment (user groups), save these plans in a database, and then make refinement calculations taking into account current changes in grouping. It is assumed that by the time this algorithm is launched, all the necessary data structures have already been created in random access memory of the personal computer, user has already selected an implementation option for the grouping for which simulation is performed. Also, the number of implementations of modeling process and coefficient specifying range of variation limit on the consumption of resource objects (in percent) are given. In each iteration, process of PERR objects the i-th type is simulated at a given forecast interval

Supplier selection and evaluation in military supply chain and Order allocation

The history of military activities known as logistics and supply chain goes back to the history of the wars. The military supply chain management (MSCM) involves coordinating production, inventory and transportation between the elements of a supply chain, to provide the best combination of response and efficiency for the base that feeds it. In fact, it must operate with mutual understanding of military issues such as strategy, tactics, military intelligence, training, human resources and financial support, because the military's focus is more on response to operational requirements. In this paper, a multi objective programming (MOP) model has proposed to determine the quality, quantity and the risk factors of the best suppliers in the military supply chain. The designed model solved by the MOPSO algorithm and the best answer determined after ranking the Pareto solution set from the TOPSIS. The results of the tests prove that this model has high efficiency.

From Military Supplies to Wartime Commodities

Abstract This article examines the global and social processes that turned subsidized US war supplies into South Korean black market commodities during the Korean War. The widespread circulation of army supplies to the local black market has been often considered a natural result of the scarcity in the occupied country. Counter to this conventional account, I show how sexual transactions between Korean women and American GIs served as a crucial medium in the circulation process. I conceptualize army supplies as a quasi currency whose exchange value was realized on the black market through the commodification of women’s bodies and sexuality. This article situates the black market in wartime Korea at the intersection of close encounters between local women and American GIs, the political economy of sexuality, and a global history of war, base, and empire.

THE FORTRESS OF THE HOLY CROSS: SUPPLY SYSTEM IN 1724–1735 (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)*

The article features the problem of supply of the garrison of the Fortress of the Holy Cross on the basis of materials of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Dagestan. As a result of the Caspian campaign of Peter the Great (1722–1723), the Seaside Dagestan, including the Kumyk regions (the Shamkhalate of Tarki and the Zasulak Kumyk lands) entered the jurisdiction of the Russian Empire. To protect the new territories, a system of military fortifications was built. The Fortress of the Holy Cross was founded by Peter the Great in September, 1722, in the estuary of the Sulak River. It gradually became one of the economic, administrative, and political centers of the Caucasus.The main information source on the matter remains the archive of the garrison headquartered in the Fortress of the Holy Cross. It includes numerous warrants, official reports, and other military documentation. The authors use the data to draw a complete picture of the military supply system invented by Peter the Great. The system provided both combat troops and regular garrisons with everything they needed to protect the borders of the Russian Empire. In fact, the system was based on logistic support (intendance) of imperial troops in peace and war time with ammunition, arms, food, medicines, finance, fuel, etc. The last-in first-out system of supply made it possible to reserve food and fodder in the country in advance and systematically bring them to the combat troops.

The arsenal of democracy: Production and politics during WWII

We study the geographic distribution of military supply contracts during World War II. This is a unique case, where $3 trillion current day dollars was spent. We find robust evidence consistent with the hypothesis that economic factors dominated the allocation of supply contracts, and that political factors—or at least winning the 1944 presidential election—were at best of secondary importance. General industrial capacity in 1939, as well as specialized industrial capacity for aircraft production, are strong predictors of contract spending across states. Electoral college pivot probabilities are weak predictors of contract (and new facilities) spending, and under the most plausible assumptions they are essentially unrelated to spending. This is true over the entire period 1940–1944, and also for shorter periods leading up to the election in November 1944. That is, we find no evidence of an electoral cycle in the distribution of funds.

Logistic approach to the formation of the procurement and distribution network of fruit in the region

The paper presents the role and importance of contemporary concepts in the management of military supply chains. On the basis of the analysis of the literature on the subject of research, the specifics of the military sector determining the use of the assumptions of modern management concepts were pointed out. The aim of the conducted research was to identify and evaluate the impact of selected concepts on the management of modern military supply chains, specific in many respects.

Optimal Flow Distribution of Military Supply Transportation Based on Network Analysis and Entropy Measurement.

One important element of military supply transportation is concealment, especially during war preparations and warfare periods. By introducing entropy to calculate the transportation concealment degree, we investigate the issue about concealed military supply transportation on the whole road network and propose an optimal flow distribution model. This model’s objective function is to maximize the concealment of military supply transportation. After analyzing the road network, classifying different nodes, summarizing the constraint conditions based on the properties and assumptions in the transportation process, and combining the general parameter limits, the optimal flow distribution model is further transformed into a calculable non-linear programming model. Thus, based on this non-linear programming model, we can obtain the optimal distribution scheme of military supply transportation from the perspectives of network analysis and concealment measurement. Lastly, an example of military supply transportation in Jiangsu province, China is illustrated to prove the feasibility of the proposed model. The managerial implication is that by utilizing the proposed flow distribution model, military supplies can be efficiently transported to the required destinations based on maximizing the concealment degree. Not only this model can be utilized in the real military supply transportation, it can be also applied in other transportation fields which require time efficiency and concealment.

ПРАКТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ПОБУДОВИ МАТЕРІАЛЬНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The current state of our society and the conditions of eurointegration make significant adjustments to the system of logistical and financial support of military units, including the National Guard of Ukraine. The system of military units must adapt to the conditions of European integration in such a way as to be able to effectively carry out the tasks entrusted to it. To do this is quite difficult at all, and within the framework of the law - even more difficult. However, the system must realize its quality, such as dynamism, that is, adequate response to changes in the environment. To this end, it is worth highlighting the key aspects of building material support for the units of the National Guard of Ukraine in the context of European integration. An important practical aspect of building a system of material support for the units of the National Guard of Ukraine is the organization of the logistic support subsystem in the structure of the material support system. The process of physical organization of logistic support depends on some factors such as the range and content of the task, the actual operating situation, the actual logistics situation, the operational capabilities of its own departments and logistics equipment, the range of support, implemented by the boss, the degree of development of the network infrastructure, local and atmospheric conditions, time, intended to organize the process of logistics. An important function in the field of logistics support for troops is the motivation and initiation of logistical measures through special executive documents. The economic activity of the units of the National Guard of Ukraine is a specific and rather complex activity. The absence of a special comprehensive regulatory act that regulates this activity negatively affects the legal regulation of material and technical and military supply and financial support for military units. Therefore, it is expedient for the Ministry of Internal Affairs to develop the Regulations on the economic activities of the units of the National Guard of Ukraine.

Lieutenant Colonel Karl Dolezhal’s Views on the Future of Military Operations of the Galician Army in the Dnieper Ukraine in July 1919

In the study, the author analyzes the report of the Galician Army Lieutenant Colonel Karl Dolezhal to the military-political leadership of the WR of UPR, which was formulated on July 15, 1919. The report referred to the employment of the Galician Army after its abandoning the territories of Eastern Galicia when the Galician military forces in the Dnieper Ukraine had to fight with several opponents. The views of Karl Dolezhal clearly reflect the contemporary discussions between the Western Ukrainian political leadership and the military commanders on further armed struggle, in particular on the choice of the main military operation in the direction of Kyiv or Odessa. In his recommendations, Karl Dolezhal, as well as a significant part of the authors of the memoirs on the events of that time, was a supporter of a military campaign in the direction of Odessa. In his opinion, the deployment in the Northern Black Sea region would allow the army to recover, as winter in Kyiv region was much more severe. Also, in the views of the then politicians and military officers of the UPR, access to the Black Sea ports made it possible to replenish military supplies, in particular with the help of the Entente.However, in his recommendations, Karl Dolezhal did not take into account a number of important factors that influenced the Galician Army after the Zbruch transition, in particular the inevitable war with the Volunteer Army. The concentration of the main striking power in the Odessa direction would not have been as easy as the colonel had imagined. First of all, because Denikin was the first to seize the Northern Black Sea. The very chances of victory in the war against the Army of General Anton Denikin were small due to his support by the Entente. Thus, the White Guards had better material security and were much more numerous than the Ukrainian Armed Forces.In today’s armed confrontation with Russia, one should take into account the lesson given by this short episode of the First Ukrainian liberation movements of 1917–1921: when assessing the situation, one should consider all its possible components in the most unfavorable combination even if intuitively they would rather be avoided.

A Critical Study on RFID

Radio-Frequency Identification Device (RFID) uses radio waves to read and capture information stored on a tag, attached to an object. A tag can be read from several feet away and does not need to be within the direct line-of-sight of the reader to be tracked. A RFID system is made up of two parts: a tag or label and a reader. RFID tags are embedded with a transmitter and a receiver. It can automatically identify a person, a package or an item. Barcodes are really simple and can be easily replicated or counterfeited where as RFID is effective, cheap and secure. So RFID technology has many applications in military zone, inventory management, supply chain, product tracking, transportation, and logistics.

Media Narrative and Kangwon Area Multilayers of War Technology

본 연구는 강원 지역의 전쟁 유산과 관련해서 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 전쟁은 정직한 사람들에게는 고통스러운 계절이지만 탐욕스러운 사람들에게는 일확천금의 기회이기도 하다. 한국전쟁은 부정부패와 배금주의 사고방식을 남기게 되었다. 무수한 병사들이 최전방 고지에서 꽃다운 나이로 허망하게 죽어갔다. 그러나 전방에서 불과 4, 50km 후방에서는 전쟁에 쓰일 엄청난 군용 물자들이 돈과 연줄을 통한 뒷거래로 시장으로 흘러들고 있었다. 이것은 이승만 정권이 갖고 있는 한계이자 전쟁의 잔재인 것이다. 또한 한국전쟁은 남자들만의 전쟁이 아니었다. 특히 전쟁이 발발하는 지역 속에서 삶을 이어가는 여자들의 경우는 굶주림, 헐벗음과 동시에 자신의 성(性)을 노리는 남성들이 존재한다는 것이다. 이것은 전쟁 후에 양공주라는 직업이 탄생하게 된 것과 같은 맥락이다. 본고가 대상으로 하는 ‘은마는 오지 않는다’도 양공주가 주된 모티브(motive)이다. 한국전쟁을 통해 광폭해진 미국문화의 영향은 한국사회가 줄곧 순응과 반동 속에 내면화해 온 현상이다. 금산리는 외진 곳으로 6.25의 위협을 아직 느끼지 못한다. 그러나 전선이 이동하면서 강 건너 미군 부대가 진주하게 되고, 낮 동안에 제휴의 의미로 초콜릿을 건네주던 미군은 밤이 되자 마을의 부녀를 겁탈한다. 부대를 따라 양색시가 몰려들고 순식간에 텍사스촌이 들어선다. 강을 사이에 두고 낮과 밤, 저고리와 미니스커트, 한옥과 기지촌이 마주선다. 미군에게 겁탈 당했고, 마을에서도 배척당한 언례는 화해를 청해 마을에 남기보다는 강 건너 미군을 따라 양색시가 된다. 마을 지도자인 황 훈장과 언례의 싸움은 외세와 전통이라는 애초의 대립이 이제 내부의 문제로 전이되었음을 의미한다. 마을까지 전세가 번지면서 부대도 이동하고, 모두가 금산리를 떠날 때 언례가 미군에게 받은 보상-달러-을 황훈장에게 나누어줌으로써 잠시 화해가 이루어지지만, 남부여대 떠나는 피난길은 금산리를 떠나 마을사람들이 겪게 될 또 다른 이산경험의 시작이다.The study aims to conduct research on the war heritage of the Gangwon area, which is a painful season for honest people but also an opportunity for greedy people. The Korean War left behind corruption and the way of thinking of the goldsmiths, and countless soldiers died in vain at the forefront of the highlands. But in the four or fifty-kilometer-long distance from the front, huge military supplies to be used in the war were flowing into the market through money and connections. This is the limitation of the Rhee regime and the remnant of the war. The Korean War was not a man’s war. In particular, women who continue their lives in areas where war breaks out have men who are hungry, naked, and at the same time seeking their own sex. This is in the same context as the birth of a job called a princess after the war. The main motif is the main motif of the book. The influence of American culture, which has become widespread through the Korean War, has been internalized by the Korean society in compliance and reaction. However, as the front moves, US troops across the river become pearls, and US troops handing chocolate in the sense of partnership during the day raped the village s women at night. The two-color city will be crowded along the base, and the Texas village will be in the middle of the river, day and night, and the Jogori and Miniskirts, Hanok and the base village will be facing each other. The US military was raped, and the village was rejected, and the village became a two-color city along the river rather than leaving the village for reconciliation. The battle between the village leader Hwang and the ritual means that the original confrontation between foreign and tradition has now become an internal problem. When the premises spread to the village and the troops moved, and when everyone left Geumsan-ri, the compensation received by the US military was distributed to the Hwang Medal, but the escape route to the southern women s college.

RELATION OF HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES / REGIOMAL PEOPLES’S REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY WITH ROLE OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE ERA OF REFORM IN INDONESIA

The idea to highlight and expose the dualism and impartiality of parliament members, either regionally and / or at national level, against Reviews their play jobs, functions, and roles as the members of any given political party was the first that Came to mind at the onset of writing this paper. Upon digging The Necessary information and materials, the main theme of this paper shifts to reveal that the election has Become a means to gain the position as the ruler that legalized and legitimate.Voters can choose directly Reviews their intended candidates as the winning one.As is the case, the loose ends of a regional unhappy residents growing niche and prefer to cut ties with the central government. Faced with the threat and imminent danger of separation insurgencies equipped with military supplies, the central government has run out of options, but the military oppression. Lack of experiences, skills, and training surely can not cope with the highly ones of the Indonesian military personnel, though with obsolete military weapons. The man behind the gun that matters.As the combatants are the same citizens, reconciliation between the brotherly belligerents must have been made. Power struggle must have been Carried out in a fashion as humanly possible. Election in either national or regional scale have Become the main battlefield. Today, it's not the blood that shed, but the money that must have been poured in a very large sum to win the election. As the members of any given political party, they must fully comply and obey with what would have been set as the rules, objectives, and interests of Reviews their political party.