Military Sectors Research Articles

Browser isolation as an enterprise security control

Browser isolation is a category of security control that allows users of sensitive endpoint devices to access potentially risky web content without putting their devices at risk of compromise by malware. A key use case is to provide web access from the privileged access workstations that should be used by those with elevated system privileges such as systems administrators. If endpoints for such users are compromised, then the attacker may gain the ‘keys to the kingdom’, making the risk of direct access to unknown and untrusted websites too high. Browser isolation, however, may also be used as a control to protect endpoints for broader classes of users to prevent attacks such as phishing e-mails containing malicious uniform resource locators (URLs). In order to form a useful control, browser isolation must deliver a significant ‘step up’ in security compared to the extensive web security already typically deployed within the enterprise, both in third-party security products such as proxies and endpoint agents, and within existing browser software such as Google Chrome. The Browser Isolation security model depends critically on the data transfer format between an untrusted component responsible for processing risky web content and a trusted component responsible for transmitting information to the user’s endpoint. The gold standard in this area is a technique known as ‘pixel pushing’, whereby risky web content is transformed into raw pixels. Beyond today’s implementations, browser isolation may likely play a broader role in future, in keeping with the role that equivalent technologies already play within the military and intelligence sectors, as referenced by a recent White House memorandum.

Cargo transport management in the military sector

From the beginning of military activity, transport played a priority role in implementing military security tasks, guaranteeing the success of operations or wars. Over the years, significant changes in the implementation of tasks in transport and military movement can be observed, which took place in the technological, infrastructure, and management dimensions. Thanks to new discoveries and introduced modifications, the ability to implement military transport was increased in accordance with the dynamically changing needs of operational troops. The research problem has been specified in the following form: What factors impact the development of cargo transport capacity in the military sector? The material uses several research methods, the leading of which were: analysis and synthesis, querying the literature on the subject, abstraction, and inference. The diagnostic survey was conducted using an expert interview technique as an empirical method. The article identifies the factors most influencing the development of cargo capacity in the military sector, simultaneously pointing to the need to tighten the cooperation undertaken in this area between the civil and military circles. Particular attention was paid to factors that critically impact the development of transport capacity in the military sector. The obtained results made it possible to indicate that the development of the military cargo transport capability is a priority in the process of improving the military transport and movement subsystem. Particular attention should be paid to enhancing managerial abilities, which are a crucial element in ensuring appropriate conditions for the performance of tasks by the armed forces.

Military investment and the rise of industrial clusters: Evidence from China’s self-strengthening movement

This paper investigates the short- and long-term impact of large-scale military investment on civilian industrial growth by focusing on China’s first attempt to modernize its military sector between 1861 and 1894. Panel data from 1858 to 1937 suggest that the program generated positive effects on civilian firm entry, but these effects appeared only after the government relaxed constraints on the entry of private firms. Long-term analysis shows that counties that received more military investment through the program, driven by plausibly exogenous ex ante political connections, had greater output in civilian industries in the 1930s. Analysis of the mechanisms suggest that the program boosted local economies through input–output linkages, human capital accumulation, and the rise of modern banks.

INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN IN EDUCATION

Originating in the period of the Second World War, Instructional Design has gained importance in several fields of activity, from education, health, the government or military sector, to industry, business and non-profit organizations. The interest it aroused was mainly due to the effectiveness of its theory and application models, its purpose being the improvement of learning, the support of the acquisition of knowledge and the formation of skills.
 The present study is dedicated to Instructional Design and its role in education. The first section provides a brief overview of the evolution of this field from the period of the Second World War to the beginning of the 21st century. We also have here a review of the definitions of Instructional Design identified in the specialized literature. The second section is reserved for Instructional Design models that support teachers in design activities, the Gagné model, developed in the 1970s, and the ASSURE model, developed in the 1990s.

Military Spending and Economic Output: A Decomposition Analysis of the US Military Budget

ABSTRACT Although the economic effects of defense expenditures have become an issue of intense interest over the recent decades, little is known about how the individual components of military spending affect the economy. Nevertheless, military spending is highly heterogeneous in its nature consisting of assorted categories that broadly encompass salaries’ payment, operations, training, research and development, and maintenance of equipment, arms and facilities. Naturally, this implies that military spending can affect the economy in various and probably contradictory ways. Hence, by considering this distinctive element of military spending, the present paper aims to uncover the economic effects of the most important components of the US defense budget focusing on a period from 1949 to 2021. Applying linear and non–linear methods on a Barro–style regression, the statistical evidence reported herein suggests that heavy reliance on the military sector entails potentially high opportunity costs.

The end of the Western rule in the world and the Asian century

The 20th century was called the era of the American government, and finally, after the Cold War, Russia was isolated, and the United States remained as a new power and presented its new doctrines to the world. However, the current decade of the 21st century will be considered the title of competition for world leadership and the emergence of a new international order, When Russia will attack Georgia and thus question the world's unipolarity for the first time. Under the support of two agreements, the West filed a complaint against Syria in the United Nations, one of which was about economic sanctions against Syria and the other was related to the attack on Syria. But the events in Ukraine and Taiwan will hit the fact that the world is no longer unipolar and America is not the only superpower in the world. In addition, Russia, China, India, South Africa and Brazil have become an economic bloc known as BRICS. After the Second World War, the world enjoyed relative peace, but the ongoing developments in Russia in the military sector and China in the economic sector, as well as the ongoing crisis between Ukraine and Russia, China and Taiwan, at the regional and international level. The formation of strong economic and military alliances such as BRICS and Shanghai has threatened the existing international system and relative peace, and eventually power will be transferred to Asia, so Asian states and nations should prepare themselves for this. . It absorbs power.

Knowledge loss risk management in a Brazilian public company: the case of AMAZUL

ABSTRACT This study’s main aim is to characterise knowledge loss risk management based on the perception of managers of a military public company that acts in the nuclear sector. This was a qualitative, single case study conducted in the company AMAZUL. For data collection ten semi-structured interviews were conducted, complemented by a documentary analysis. The data were analysed using the content analysis technique. The main findings corresponded to knowledge loss risk situations, actions at the level of managers, KM practices at the institutional level, post-knowledge loss actions, facilitators, barriers, and impacts of failures in the knowledge loss risk management. Thus, this study contributed to the emerging field of knowledge risk management, especially with regard to the understanding of aspects related to knowledge loss risk management in the context of the military and nuclear sectors organisations.

Mechanically robust structural hybrid supercapacitors with high energy density for electric vehicle applications

The concept of structural energy storage devices has fascinated great attention in the past decade as they enhance system capabilities by the system weight/volume savings. The existing engineering technique is to fabricate multifunctional devices with the capacity of electrical energy storage and load-bearing functionalities simultaneously. Herein, a novel structural hybrid supercapacitor with activated carbon fabric as a negative electrode and lithium cobalt oxide coated carbon fabric through electrophoretic deposition, as a positive electrode, is assembled, for the first time, using the vacuum bagging fabrication method. Increasing the lithium cobalt oxide deposition concentration on carbon fabrics improved the electromechanical performance of structural hybrid supercapacitors. At a 10 g of lithium cobalt oxide deposition on battery-type carbon fabrics, the structural hybrid supercapacitors display an outstanding specific energy of 2.4 Wh.kg−1, a specific power of 41.3 W.kg−1, the charge density of 11.71C.L−1, specific-capacitance of 0.6 F.g−1, in-plane shear strength of 25.3 MPa, in-plane shear modulus of ∼2 GPa, bending strength of 117 MPa, bending modulus of ∼28 GPa and impact strength of 317 kJ.m−2, demonstrating the prospective applications in the military, automotive and aerospace sectors.

The Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict on Chinese Military Industry Sector -Based on Event Study

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has had a tremendous impact on the world economy. This paper uses the event study and selects 51 military enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen from February 14 to March 4, 2022. The date of the event was set as February 15, and within eight days of the event, the CAAR as a whole was positive. So, the Russia-Ukraine conflict on the Chinese military industry sector had a positive impact, but the impact of the shorter duration, was mainly affected by investor sentiment, and the overall performance of hedging demand. In the long run, the military industry sector will still be driven by fundamentals. Investors need to include the Chinese military industry sector in their portfolios to avoid the risk of geopolitical conflict. It is also important to note that due to the relatively short duration of events, the portfolio needs to be dynamically adjusted and the risk of late price declines cannot be ignored.

Operation "NeuroTeam": rendering the absolute best care for the most deserving patients under the most difficult conditions

The tenets of neurosurgery worldwide, whether in the civilian or military sector, espouse vigilance, the ability to adapt, extreme ownership, and, of course, an innate drive for developing a unique set of technical skills. At a time in history when the complexity of battlefield neurotrauma climaxed coupled with a chronic shortage of military neurosurgeons, modernized solutions were mandated in order to deliver world-class neurological care to our servicemen and servicewomen. Complex blast injuries, as caused by an increased incidence of improvised explosive devices, yielded widespread systemic inflammatory responses with multiorgan damage. In response to these challenges, the "NeuroTeam," originally a unit of two neurosurgeons as deployed during Operation Desert Storm, was redesigned to instead pair a neurosurgeon with a neurointensivist and launched itself during two specialized missions in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. Representing a hybridized version of present-day neurocritical care teams, the purpose of this unit was to optimize neurosurgical care by focusing on interdisciplinary collaboration in an Echelon III combat support hospital. The NeuroTeam provided unique workflow capabilities never seen collectively on the battlefield: downrange neurosurgical capability by a board-certified neurological surgeon within 60 minutes from the point of injury paired with a neurocritical care-trained intensivist. This also set the stage for intraoperative telemedicine infrastructure for neurosurgery and optimized the ability to evaluate, triage, and stabilize patients prior to medical evacuation. This novel military partnership ultimately allowed the neurosurgeon to focus on the tenets of the craft and thereby the dynamic needs of the patient first and foremost. Since the success of these missions, the NeuroTeam has evolved into a detachable unit, the "Head and Neck Team," comprising neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists, and ophthalmologists, supported by a postinjury hospital unit, which includes an embedded neurocritical care physician. The creation and evolution of the NeuroTeam, necessitated by a shortage of military neurosurgeons and the dangerous shift in military wartime tactics, best exemplifies multidisciplinary collaboration and military medicine agility. As neurocritical care continues to evolve into a highly complex, distinct specialty, the lessons learned by the NeuroTeam ultimately serve as a reminder for civilian and military physicians alike. Despite the conditions and despite one's professional ego, patients with highly complex morbid neurological disease deserve expert, multidisciplinary management for survival.

Innovators, Copycats, or Pragmatists? Soviet Industrial Espionage and Innovation in the Military Aerospace Sector during the Cold War

The article presents a theoretical framework for analyzing domestic innovative capability in relation to industrial espionage, drawing on material from the Soviet military aerospace sector, 1946–1990. It employs a structured comparative case study of six Soviet aircraft systems, which are compared to their closest Western equivalent. Three ideal types are used to categorize each case: copycat (mostly copying, virtually no innovation), innovator (mostly innovation, virtually no copying), and pragmatist (copying of specific parts or subsystems). The study concludes that only one of the studied aircraft is a copy, while three are innovative. The remaining two are categorized as pragmatic designs, where some parts may have been copied. This indicates that Central Intelligence Agency estimates of Soviet technological capability seem to have been mostly correct, while some in academia and at the policy level during the Cold War clearly underestimated the Soviets. The general conclusion is that large-scale industrial espionage should not automatically be seen as an indicator of a lack of domestic innovative capability.

United States Involvement in Economic and Military Sector in the First Gulf War Between Iraq-Iran (1980-1988)

United States Involvement in Economic and Military Sector in the First Gulf War Between Iraq-Iran (1980-1988)

ThThe Impact of Military Expenditures on Economic Growth in Iraq: An Econometric Study (2005-2020)

Military expenditures in Iraq constitute a large proportion of public expenditures and are considered one of the factors of the financial deficit. However, they did not contribute positively to economic growth, which caused the misallocation of economic resources and the failure to exploit them in an efficient manner. The basic hypothesis of the study is that there is an inverse relationship between military expenditures and the economic growth in Iraq, and in order to achieve the aim of the study and verify its hypothesis the standard method of practical aspect using the model of ARDL is adopted, taking military expenditures, investment expenditures, the war of ISIS as independent variables, and economic growth as a dependent variable. The study has reached several important conclusions, most notably is the existence of a reverse relationship between military expenditures and economic growth as an increase in military expenditures by 1 percent leads to a reduction in GDP by (- 0.13- percent). In light of this, several recommendations have been made. The most important of which is the need to reduce military operational expenditures by reducing military forces, especially informal forces (military militias) as well as reducing corruption in the military sector, which drains large amounts of government budget.

THE UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY AGAINST AFGHANISTAN MILITARY: A COVERT MILITARY METHOD

This study aims to analyze and explain the foreign policy of the United States towards the Afghan militia, especially the Taliban. The United States government with the help of the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) investigates and seeks to destroy the Al Qaeda terrorist group led by Osama bin Laden who was later found to be in Afghanistan and obtained protection under the Taliban. The Taliban, the Islamic extremist regime that controls Afghanistan and offers space for Al Qaeda militants to exercise its military in Afghanistan. President Bush signed a resolution on September 18, 2001 regarding the attacks on Al Qaeda under the protection of the Taliban in Afghanistan which continues to this day. The United States is actively involved in supporting military operations in Afghanistan, including logistical assistance, Afghan military training, and sending American military troops to conflict areas. The main goal of the United States in doing so is to prevent potential future attacks by a growing terrorist group in Afghanistan. Based on data from the United States Department of Defense, the total expenditure in the military sector in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2019 was 778 billion USD. Meanwhile, the number of troops sent to conflict locations was 596,303 troops. There are 2,441 US military troops confirmed dead in the Afghan war from 2001 to 2019. It is estimated that about 12,000 US military troops are still in Afghanistan. This research is a qualitative research and the data collection technique used by the author in this study is Library Research in the form of books, journals, documents, reports, articles, or newspapers obtained through electronic and non-electronic media. The conclusion is that this foreign policy is relevant and elaborates that in international relations there will be actions, reactions, and interactions between political entities called states. The state, in this case the head of state as the decision maker, tries to formulate every goal to be achieved by minimizing sacrifices to the national interest. In line with the policies pursued by President Trump to end the war in Afghanistan and withdraw all military forces of the United States and its allies.

Drone as a Target of Terrorist Attack and a Weapon Against Terrorism – Analysis in the Light of International Law

Unmanned aircraft vehicles (or “UAVs”) have became a symbol of modernity and development of aviation, both in its civil and military sector. Stronger connection of UAVs with air industry means not only many advantages for air travellers and military forces, but also potential involvement in terrorism. Unmanned aircraft serving civil air transport can become target of terrorist attack. On the other hand, such a device can also be used as a handful weapon in fight against terrorism. The aim of hereby article is to study both such aspects of usage of UAVs from legal perspective in order to answer a question whether provisions of international law currently being in force accurately reflect the reality of fight against terrorism. For that purpose, applied is research based on a method of analysis of relevant legal acts (conventions forming Tokyo-Hague-Montreal-Beijing system and documents related to international humanitarian law) and critical commentary thereto, enriched with practical review of real and current cases involving unmanned aircraft vehicles.

Cattle plague and the introduction of veterinary education in colonial Bengal

Historically, Bengal had played a pivotal role in the introduction of a regulated regime of veterinary practice and education in colonial India. The proposed study seeks to view this practice through the lens of cattle plague that gripped the province in the second half of nineteenth century. Contrary to what the extant literature makes us believe, it is argued that in the matter of livestock management, Bengal paid more attention to her bovine inmates primarily for agricultural purposes rather than horse breeding and supply in military and transportation sector.

SELÇUKLULAR DÖNEMİNDE İKTANIN GULAMLAR ÜZERİNDEKİ SOSYAL VE EKONOMİK ETKİSİ

Yaklaşık bir buçuk yüzyıl boyunca, büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu, şimdiki yirmi ülkeyi kapsayan toprakları, merkezi olarak ve bazen de dolaylı olarak yönetti. Bu hükümetin yapısal ve kurumsal kapasitesi ve etkinlikleri, büyük devlet arazilerinin optimal yönetimi alanında ikta sisteminin kurulması ve farklı alanlarda santrifüj yönetiminin dengelenmesi dahil olmak üzere çeşitli alanlarda yeniliklere sahipti. İkta iki kurumu, askeri ve ekonomik sektörü birbirine bağladı. Bu sistem ayrıca idari alanda da birçok sorunu çözdü. Ancak; ikta sisteminde oluşan bazı işlev bozuklukları yüzünden bu dönemde siyasi gerilemeye yol açmıştır. Bu vakalar arasında, önemli olan ve sınır illerinin (özellikle doğu sınırlarının) giderek bağımsız bölgesel yönetimlerin oluşumuna zemin oluşturan, Gulam-Sepahsalar'a devredilmesi de vardır.
 Selçuklular döneminde Nizamülmülk önderliğinde tamamen yeni bir sistem oluştu ve Selçuklular bu sistemle diğer Müslüman devletlere model oldu. Yukarıdaki tartışmaya ek olarak, bu çalışma, Selçuklular döneminde iktanın gulamlar üzerindeki etkisini inceler.

Low-cost camera based sense and avoid in unmanned aerial vehicles: Sensing and control methods

Over the past two decades, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have attracted more and more attention because of their increasing applications in the military and civil sectors. Collision avoidance is a core problem in developing UAVs. In this paper, a low-cost camera based sense and avoid control scheme is proposed. First, for the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sense and avoid problem, we propose and demonstrate a low cost solution with only one monocular, wide field of view camera. We adapted a deep learning based algorithm and made it lightweight enough to run on-board the UAV. We created a synthetic dataset to increase the size of the training data set. Second, we developed a filter to estimate the 3D position and velocity of the moving obstacle. Third, based on the estimated information, we adapted the velocity obstacle approach to work in 3D. Finally, we implemented the algorithms in the software framework of our UAV testbed and conducted flight tests, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solution.

Military technology and the North Korean economy: evidence from time‐series data

The causal effect of military variables on economic growth has been investigated for North Korea, using time‐series data over the period 1994–2017. Regression models were constructed with three military variables that include military burden (MB), arms trade openness (ATO) and missile dummy as a proxy for technological progress in the military sector. Although military technology has been highly developed in North Korea, non‐military industrial development is far behind other developing countries. The regression results show that the military variables have negative and significant effects on economic growth. The Granger causality test further confirms the causal directions from MB to economic growth, the ATO measure shows a feedback effect on economic growth, while the causal effect of missile dummy is not strong enough to be significant. The results are, in general, consistent with our proposition that military technology would not have a spillover effect on non‐military industrial sectors in North Korea.

Experimental Investigation on Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining process for heat treated Nickel-based Nimonic 80A

ABSTRACT Nimonic 80 A is a nickel-based alloy having diverse applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and military sectors owing to its immense strength to weight proportion and resistance to corrosion at raised temperatures. As a result of the problems associated with its conventional machining, unconventional machining, in particular, EDM is preferred. Micro-machining has become a key attraction point for manufacturing organizations. This requires to have an understanding of the process in terms of the impact of control factors on the performance characteristics. In the prevailing experimentation, micro holes were drilled on a heat-treated Nimonic 80A plate. Current, pulse-on time and pulse-off time are considered as the control factors, whereas tool wear ratio and drilling rate are considered as the performance variables. The experiments were designed using RSM. ANOVA has been carried out and the SEM analysis of the drilled hole was performed for examining the quality of the holes. The measurement of the thickness of recast layer was performed. Copper and zinc, diffused around the micro-drilled area, were identified through the elemental composition of the drilled sample using EDX. Minimum tool wear ratio and the maximum drilling rate were obtained to be 0.78 and 0.77 mm/sec, respectively.