Military Sectors Research Articles

Scientific and Technological Development in the Juche Model of Socialism

The increasing geopolitical fragmentation has emerged as a new reality in the global economy. International sanctions stand as the principal tool employed by the United States and its allies for political, economic, and technological discrimination. Faced with these circumstances, sanctioned nations are driven to seek fresh avenues for economic progress, pivoting towards strategies of widespread import substitution and technological autonomy. Anchored in the doctrine of "Juche" (self-reliance), North Korea has consistently accorded precedence to its domestic scientific and technological domain. Initially centered around national defense until 2013, this priority subsequently extended into the concurrent development of both the military and civilian sectors. Striking accomplishments within the military-industrial complex have garnered extensive public attention and provoked serious apprehensions among less-friendly nations. Despite grappling with challenges in modernizing its economy amid conditions bordering on technological isolation, North Korea has effectively secured noteworthy achievements in specific sectors. Particularly remarkable is North Korea's proficiency in instituting a robust framework for training programmers and other IT specialists. Additionally, apart from bolstering digital security, the country has, as per diverse evaluations, procured a considerable and stable albeit illicit source of budget augmentation

Of Risk and Threat: How the United States Perceives China’s Rise

Abstract Whether and how China’s rise renders it a threat has been an enduring study. Such literature may be categorised into four traditions: rationalist, structuralist, culturalist, and poststructuralist. Although these highlight the objective and subjective elements of China and its rise as a security concern, there is a puzzling scarcity of analyses that investigate the extent to which the USA itself has discursively constructed China as a security issue. To examine systematically what the USA has made of China, therefore, this article applies discourse analysis to US official security discourse. It finds that, whereas the US government has constructed China as a threat to its own national security as regards cybersecurity and economic competition, it has represented China’s rise to the international community only as a collective risk across the military, political, and economic sectors. This practice has been largely consistent since 2005, in spite of China’s so-called “assertive” turn. The article thereby clarifies the state of US–China competition from the US perspective.

Using Extended Reality in Flight Simulators: A Literature Review.

Virtual reality has long been utilized in the games industry and is emergent for pilot training in the military and commercial airline sectors. Its usefulness as a mechanism of skills transfer to the real world has not been well researched or considered. This paper follows the PRISMA methodology to present a systematic quantitative literature review (SQLR) on the use of extended reality in flight simulators. It also encompasses recent studies of teaching and learning in immersive, virtual environments in non-aviation disciplines. The review identified 39 papers spanning all areas of the virtuality continuum across academic, commercial, and military aviation sectors, as well as engineering and medicine. The SQLR found that extended reality in flight simulators is being introduced in the commercial and military aviation sectors. However, within academia, hardware constraints have hindered the ability to provide positive empirical evidence of simulator effectiveness. While virtual reality may not replace traditional flight simulators in the near future, the technology is available to supplement classroom training activities and some aspects of simulator procedure training with promising cognitive learning outcomes.

A microstrip patch antenna for 5G mobile communications

The advantages of microstrip patch antennas include small size, adaptable surface, ease of fabrication, and compatibility with integrated circuit technology. Numerous experiments have been done over the past few decades to enhance the performance of this antenna, and both military and commercial sectors have found many uses for it. This paper introduces a microstrip patch antenna with an operating frequency of 28GHz for 5G mobile communication. This research designed and simulated a rectangular microstrip patch antenna with 3.494 mm * 5.3 mm * 0.003 mm. The proposed antenna resonates at 28 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, a bandwidth of 280 MHz, and a gain of 2.2 dBi. The inset feed technique matches the 50 Ω transmission line impedance. In the design, Rogers RT5880 substrate and copper ground are used. The antenna’s geometry was calculated, and simulated results were analyzed using Computer Simulation Technology Microwave Studio. In conclusion, the proposed antenna has a reflection coefficient of -24 dB, VSWR of 1.24, an input impedance of 51.6Ω, and a gain of 2.2 dBi at operating frequency with a compact geometry can be used in 5G mobile communications. The future shift in resonance frequencies and beams can be considered to make the antenna operate as a smart antenna.

Enhancement of Precise Underwater Object Localization

AbstractUnderwater communication applications extensively use localization services for object identification. Because of their significant impact on ocean exploration and monitoring, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN) are becoming increasingly popular, and acoustic communications have largely overtaken radio frequency broadcasts as the dominant means of communication. The two localization methods that are most frequently employed are those that estimate the angle of arrival and the time difference of arrival. The military and civilian sectors rely heavily on UWSN for object identification in the underwater environment. As a result, there is a need in UWSN for an accurate localization technique that accounts for dynamic nature of the underwater environment. Time and position data are the two key parameters to accurately define the position of an object. Moreover, due to climate change there is now a need to constrain energy consumption by UWSN to limit carbon emission to meet net‐zero target by 2050. To meet these challenges, we have developed an efficient localization algorithm for determining an object position based on the angle and distance of arrival of beacon signals. We have considered the factors like sensor nodes not being in time sync with each other and the fact that the speed of sound varies in water. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach can achieve great localization accuracy while accounting for temporal synchronization inaccuracies. When compared to existing localization approaches, the mean estimation error (MEE) (MEE) and energy consumption figures, the proposed approach outperforms them. The MEEs is shown to vary between 84.2154 and 93.8275 m for four trials, 61.2256 and 92.7956 m for eight trials, and 42.6584 and 119.5228 m for 12 trials. Comparatively, the distance‐based measurements show higher accuracy than the angle‐based measurements.

L and S band microwave absorption properties of Z-type hexaferrite Ba3Co2Fe24O41 synthesized at low temperature

The L-band and S-band electromagnetic waves are widely utilized in radar and satellite communications. This paper reports the successful synthesis of 85.8% content Ba3Co2Fe24O41 (Co2Z) at a relatively low temperature of 1150 °C using the solid-phase method with BaFe12O19 (BaM) and Ba2Co2Fe12O22 (Co2Y) as precursors. The Co2Z samples were confirmed to have been successfully synthesized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) spectra. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the sintered samples exhibited large grains (>10 µm). Vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) data indicated that the synthesized Co2Z samples possessed distinct soft magnetic properties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that the Fe3+ content decreased with the increase in synthesis temperature. The samples synthesized at 1110 °C − 1280 °C had a permeability of 10–20, a cut-off frequency of approximately 1 GHz, and a dielectric constant of 10–30. When the thickness of the sample synthesized at 1150 °C was 3.9 mm, the frequency range of the reflection loss (RL)< −10 dB was 2.55 GHz (0.98–3.53 GHz), with 1.77 GHz as the center frequency, and RLmin was − 57.8 dB. This observation indicates that the effective absorption bandwidth of the samples covers the entire L and S bands, which significantly satisfies practical applications within the military and civilian sectors.

Domestic and international factors of the contemporary Russo–Venezuelan bilateral relationship

AbstractThis article offers an analysis of the domestic and international factors shaping the Russo–Venezuelan alliance. We provide a comprehensive analysis to understand the evolution of this alliance and to consider how the political leadership, the regime type, the military sector, the economy, and the presence of China and the United States in Latin America are vital determinants in this alliance. At the policy level, Russia and Venezuela's relationship has opened an opportunity for the Venezuelan government to consolidate power, while for Russia, this alliance has helped offset the influence of the United States in Latin America.

MILITARY LEADERSHIP AND LEADER PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL MILITARY BEHAVIOR

This study aims to examine the effectiveness model of military leadership and organizational military behavior (OMB) on the organizational performance of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI). This research uses descriptive and explanatory survey methods. The population in this study were 69 POMDAM and DENPOM units throughout Indonesia. The data collection technique uses cross-sectional techniques through Google Forms. The data analysis used is the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model. The findings of this study conclude: (1) the new concept has valid and reliable indicators; (2) military leadership and OMB significantly affect performance; (3) military leadership significantly affects organizational performance through OMB as mediation. Therefore, this research is expected to assist one of the crucial sectors in Indonesia and be considered in research in the military sector. Furthermore, the concepts and models in this study should be empirically tested in further research.

Leadership Coaching in Surgical Residency: Reasons for Referral and Topics Addressed to Improve Nontechnical Skill

Professional coaching has been utilized in the military and private sector with a long track record of optimizing efficiency, improving high-functioning team performance, and creating greater satisfaction among the workforce. Recent studies in physician populations have suggested that coaching may protect healthcare providers from burnout and improve quality of life and resilience. The aims of the current study were to describe our single-institution experience with the introduction of a leadership coaching program among surgical residents and to characterize the nature of the common reasons for referral for coaching. Upon identification by program faculty that a resident would benefit from coaching, an email was sent from the program director to the coach to establish contact between the coach and resident, with a brief synopsis of the factors that lead to the resident being referred for coaching. The study team obtained deidentified, simplified synopses of the initial email correspondences from program leadership reaching out to residents to refer them to coaching. Common recurring themes were quantified. Later, coaches reviewed their notes kept during coaching sessions and, in a similar fashion, identified topics discussed and skills developed in coaching sessions for each resident. Topics were summarized for each resident, and a deidentified list of residents and the themes reviewed in coaching were provided to the study team, who quantified these topics. Baseline demographic information on the resident cohort, including training level, gender, and number of repeat referrals were summarized to delineate differences in patterns of repeat referral and attrition. This study was conducted within the general surgery residency program at a single academic medical center, composed of 43 categorical and 8 preliminary residents. Over a 2.5-year period, 21 residents were referred: 5 chief, 8 senior, 5 midlevel, and 3 junior (1 preliminary) residents. Male residents represented 2/3 and female residents 1/3 of the total number of referrals. There were 3 repeat referrals, 2 male and 1 female. We identified 2 overarching reasons for which residents were referred for coaching: request for structured leadership training and request for communication training. Six themes were identified upon review of referrals for coaching. Among these were the need for improved communication, methods to improve team integration, tools to balance professional and personal responsibilities, and practices to improve confidence and assertiveness. Through the coaching relationship, residents reviewed deficits and received an individualized plan to address newly identified problem areas. Upon initiation of coaching, new themes like anxiety management, emotional intelligence, and cultural acclimatization were identified. During each coaching session, residents participate in exercises designed to build habits of effective listening, communication, and conflict resolution. Coaching in surgical residency provides a structured program for residents to develop skills in planning and orchestrating team operations, listening and communicating effectively, mitigating conflict, and managing professional and personal responsibilities. Follow-up studies will focus on the long-term effects of professional coaching, evaluating survey data from self-assessments and professional evaluations.

The characteristics of successful military IT projects: a cross-country empirical study

In the armed forces, successful digitalization is crucial to ensure effective operations. Much of the existing literature on project factors during the planning and execution phases of public IT projects do not focus specifically on military sector projects. Therefore, the paper aims to provide empirical insights into the characteristics of successful military IT projects. Data from such projects in NATO countries and agencies were collected through interviews and project documents. The findings relating to the main variable of interest, “delivery of client benefit,” supported previous findings on IT project performance. Medium-sized projects performed better than small and large projects, and the agile development method delivered more client benefit than traditional methods. Client involvement apparently had a positive effect on project success. Clearly specified objectives had a statistically significant effect on project success in terms of clients’ benefits. The paper contributes to the gap in research on military IT projects and broadens the project management literature’s focus on time and cost to include delivery of client benefit as a success variable. The use of cross-country data provided unique insights for academics and practitioners regarding which project characteristics affect the successful development and adoption of new software by the armed forces.

Effect of laser remelting on printability, microstructure and mechanical performance of Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an advanced metal additive manufacturing technology, extensively employed in the aerospace, automotive, biomedical and military sectors. Generally, laser remelting is employed to improve the relative density and surface quality of LPBF fabricated components. Whereas, studies focusing on the influence of remelting on densification, surface roughness, residual stress, crystallographic orientation, microstructure, and mechanical performance of LPBF fabricated Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy are still inadequate. The effects of repeated employment of melting on a deposited layer are also not well understood. To address these issues, this work systematically investigated the effects of remelting and layer thickness on the densification, surface roughness, residual stress, crystallographic orientation, microstructure and mechanical performance of LPBF fabricated Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy. The experiment results indicated that remelting improved the densification of the specimens, owing to the elimination of large size pores. Meanwhile, laser remelting could significantly improve surface quality compared with single melting condition. The microhardness exhibited remelting dependence, as well as elongation to fracture. In summary, these results provide a fundamentally novel insight into how an integration of layer thickness and remelting can assist in the fabrication of high-performance lightweight Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy parts.

Analysis and characterization of opto-electronic properties of iron oxide (Fe2O3) with transition metals (Co, Ni) for the use in the photodetector application

There are several uses for ultraviolet photodetectors, including in the scientific, military, and industrial sectors. In this sense, UV photodetectors must have high responsiveness, be insensitive to visible light, and be inexpensive to produce. For this purpose, we report the development of Co and Ni based iron oxide nanoparticles via the cost effective low temperature sol–gel auto-combustion process. XRD study approves the cubic crystal structure of iron oxide (Fe2O3) with predominant orientation along (311) direction. A sharp and strong peak is obtained at 583 cm−1 and 594 cm−1 for both samples in FT-IR spectra assigned to metal oxide Fe–O network system which approves the formation of iron oxide. Raman spectroscopy analysis reveals the presence of two A1g and five Eg phonon modes in the case of both samples. Absorption study exhibits the strong absorption peaks for the iron oxide sample doped with cobalt and nickel, while poor absorption was noticed from the pure iron oxide nanoparticles. The large and low energy band gap values are found to be 2.77 eV and 1.68 eV for pure Fe2O3 and cobalt and nickel doped Fe2O3 nanoparticles, respectively. Stone and cloud-like shape morphology was observed from SEM analysis. The EDX spectra reveal the presence of essential elements, like Fe and O in the case of pure iron oxide while Fe, O, Co and Ni in the case of transition metals doped iron oxide nanoparticles. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy technique was recorded the luminescent properties which reveals the decrease in PL intensity that confirms the decline in electron–hole recombination. Therefore, I–V characterization analysis reveals that electrical conductivity increases with the addition of metals due to decrease in electron–hole recombination with the co-doping of metals. These modified opto-electronic properties of the developed Fe2O3 by metals co-doping make it suitable candidate for the use in photodetector application.

Pakistan’s External Debt Unsustainability and the Required Approach

The paper traces financial and non-financial variables that prompt external debt distress in Pakistan. It explains that the economic vulnerability emanates from macroeconomic imbalances and structural problems. The macroeconomic imbalances deeply connect with global oil crisis, the Russia-Ukraine war and non-compliance with mutually agreed International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionalities in the short run. However, the structural reasons are rising oil expenses, growing domestic political scandals, increasing terrorist attacks, and high spending on military imports. The paper recommends formulating a publicly available blueprint i.e. theory of change to resolve Pakistan’s increased reliance on transnational lenders, including the IMF. It should include innovative policies to initiate the green revolution that could replace intermittent nonrenewable resources to incrementally lower oil imports. Moreover, to increase growth in the non-military sector employing non-kinetic means and engaging transnational governance entities to resolve geopolitical conflicts would reduce reliance on military sector. The paper concludes that undergoing policy innovation for environmental and economic sustainability, is inevitable for gaining benefits from global renewable energy transition and avoiding debt distress.

Development of Heuristic Approaches for Last-Mile Delivery TSP with a Truck and Multiple Drones

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are gaining momentum in many civil and military sectors. An example is represented by the logistics sector, where UAVs have been proven to be able to improve the efficiency of the process itself, as their cooperation with trucks can decrease the delivery time and reduce fuel consumption. In this paper, we first state a mathematical formulation of the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) applied to logistic routing, where a truck cooperates synchronously with multiple UAVs for parcel delivery. Then, we propose, implement, and compare different sub-optimal routing approaches to the formulated mFSTSP (multiple Flying Sidekick Travelling Salesman Problem) since the inherent combinatorial computational complexity of the problem makes it unattractable for commercial Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) solvers. A local search algorithm, two hybrid genetic algorithms that permutate feasible and infeasible solutions, and an alternative ad-hoc greedy method are evaluated in terms of the total delivery time of the output schedule. For the sake of the evaluation, the savings in terms of delivery time over the well-documented truck-only TSP solution are investigated for each proposed routing solution, and this is repeated for two different scenarios. Monte Carlo simulations corroborate the results.

Symmetric and Asymmetric Relationships Between Renewable Energy, Oil Imports, Arms Exports, Military Spending, and Economic Growth in China

This paper evaluates the symmetric and asymmetric relationships between military spending (MS) and oil imports (OIM) in China. In the long run, MS increases OIM, renewable energy (RE) consumption, and gross domestic product. OIM seem to have a non-linear and asymmetric impact on MS, both in the short run and the long run. It appears that China is prompt to reduce its MS considerably whenever it is assured of its energy security. This could be partially achieved by increasing its RE consumption, and the military sector is invited to contribute, especially through its R&amp;D activities.

Management and Quality Management Principles in Ancient Greece and their Reflection Today

The work of ancient Greek philosophers is, to say the least, timeless, multifarious and continues to be cited all over the world. Among all issues they highlighted the significance of management and the way in which the State as well as private affairs were organized. This proves that the prevailing view arguing that Management Science is the result of the industrial revolution and especially in Anglo-Saxon countries is not consistent with reality.&#x0D; In ancient Greece the structure of city-states has proven that an effective management function had been established, and by extension its application to all aspects of public life as well. Xenophon is considered by many the father of Management Science. The Oeconomicus by Xenophon refers to the art of household management, while the definition of management is introduced as well. The Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle is widely considered a classical work which could be taught today in the Faculties of Management and Economics and particularly emphasizes on ethics, leadership and education. Aristotle laid the foundations of the scientific method and introduced the definition of Science.&#x0D; Through the Socratic method (maieutics), Socrates is considered the philosopher who established the concept of guidance, and regards management as a special skill, distinct from experience and knowledge. Plato referred to leadership and general culture as well as issues of ethics.&#x0D; Many political and military leaders (such as Cleisthenes, Miltiades, Thucydides, Solon and many others) engaged in state affairs management or took the lead in the military sector.&#x0D; The aim of the proposal under evaluation is to present the classical theories and the way they are incorporated into the modern management of both public and private sector in the era of globalization, multi-culturalism, diversity, electronic government and digital transformation.&#x0D; The proposal under evaluation has adopted the qualitative research method and specifically the tool of literature review. The aim is the holistic approach and analysis of the subject under research. Through the survey of literature, the researchers wish to present the timeless views on Management Science, as well as form new and modern ideas. For this reason, secondary publications relevant to the subject have been selected, such as the works of ancient Greek philosophers, studies, articles, reports, electronic books, texts from websites, etc.&#x0D; The conclusions of the proposal under evaluation are particularly significant and, whatever their utilization may be, can substantially contribute to the upgrading of Management Science in Greece. Ideally, these classical works could be taught in University Faculties at both undergraduate and postgraduate level.&#x0D; &#x0D; JEL Classifications: M00, N01&#x0D; Key words: Quality Management, Administrative Science, Ethics, Management, Education

Design and simulation of dual-axis MEMS accelerometer

Micro electro Mechanical systems (MEMS) are integrated electro-mechanical systems with microscale features. These devices are effective and low power consumers, making them one of the prospective technologies for use in a variety of industries and fields, including as the automotive, consumer, industrial, optical, robotic, biotechnology, medical engineering, and military sectors. MEMS accelerometer is one of the prominent inertial sensor allied in different applications.The proposed work is intended on design, modelling and simulation of a dual axis crab-legged suspension system. By using the SOI MUMPs fabrication process flow formulated by MEMSCAP Foundry a capacitive-based MEMS accelerometer is designed. Natural frequency, cross axis sensitivity, frequency response, and static capacitance analysis are the main design characteristics.Sensor is designed for a low frequency applicatons by assuming a natural frequency of 4KHz, he actual bandwidth vs sensitiviy is about 2KHz and 0.088um/g respectively. The measured stiffness along × and y are kx = 176.089 N/m ky = 176.089 N/m respectively.The proposed design of the capacities sensing comb drive structure is capable of producing linear change of the displacement for applied accelerations between 1 and 1000 g (1 g = 9.8 m/s2), over which the stress values exceed the tensile strength of the silicon material. By using stationary,frequency domain studies and electro-mechanics physics, the simulation is carried out in the COMSOL Multiphysics tool.

ANALYSIS OF US-NATO ENTANGLEMENT IN RUSSO-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT: 'WESTERN AXIS' AN EFFORT TO CONTAIN CHINA IN EUROPE

The Ukraine-Russia conflict is a complex one. Some countries intend to defend national interests regarding border areas, energy sources, and international trade routes such as the United States, NATO, and China. The United States-NATO is trying to maintain the status quo over the Euro-Arctic region. Meanwhile, China took advantage of this conflict to expand into the European market. In addition, China has also benefited in the military sector to modernize its military arsenal and cheap energy sources amid the global energy crisis from Russia. Therefore, to help the process of analyzing the issue, this study uses the concept of balancing to see how the US-NATO shapes the perception of threats to China. Henceforth, both know what form of deterrence and containment strategy to employ in their involvement in the Ukraine-Russian conflict, especially to stem China's expansion in the Caucasus and Arctic regions.

Protecting National Security and Economic Freedom

This paper takes the initiative to study the causality between military spending (MS), GDP of military sector (GMS), armed forces personnel (AFP), arms exports (AE), and arms imports (AI) and economic freedom (FE). Objectivity is determined in Indonesia�Malaysia�Singapore. Panel data regression is using to test a series of hypotheses over the period 2014�2021. Furthermore, the probability parameter applied is ? &lt;0.05. Various conclusions show that there are differences in the three observations. First, AFP and AE have a significant effect on EF in Indonesia. Second, MS, GMS, and AI actually affect EF in Malaysia significantly. Third, MS, GMS, and AFP have significant links to EF in Singapore. The results of the investigation provide useful insights into the progress of the military industry and weapons technology, thereby bringing about a more progressive economic escalation. Economic freedom as an identity that symbolizes the maturity of a country's prosperity. Therefore, peace is difficult to achieve if the demands to fight for prosperity are not carried out.

Green energy hubs for the military that can also support the civilian mobility sector with green hydrogen

To support the energy transition in the area of defence, we developed a tool and conducted a feasibility study to transform a military site from being a conventional energy consumer to becoming an energy-positive hub (or prosumer). Coupling a green energy source (e.g., photovoltaic, wind) with fuel cells and hydrogen storage satisfied the dynamic energy consumption and dynamic hydrogen demand for both the civilian and military mobility sectors. To make the military sector independent of its civilian counterpart, a military site was connected to a renewable energy hub. This made it possible to develop a stand-alone green-energy system, transform the military site into a positive energy hub, and achieve autonomous energy operation for several days or weeks. An environmental and economic assessment was conducted to determine the carbon footprint and the economic viability. The combined installed capacity of the solar power plant and the wind turbine was 2.5 times the combined peak consumption, with about 19% of the total electricity and 7% of the hydrogen produced still available to external consumers.