Role Of Military Research Articles

A Woman’s Place Is in the Workforce: American Gender Roles During the Second World War

World War II (1939-1945) was the most devastating conflict in global history. The United States underwent profound economic, political, and social change as the nation mobilized for war. Millions of American men were drafted into the armed forces, creating an acute labor shortage that the government addressed through propaganda campaigns to recruit women into previously male-dominated occupations. These dedicated efforts resulted in a surge of female employment in the defense industry, noncombatant military roles, and medicine. Female workers overcame significant discriminatory barriers and challenged traditional social norms with their critical wartime labor contributions. Despite post-war efforts to remove them from the workforce, female workers brought about lasting change to the American conception of gender roles that contributed to the later rise of the second-wave feminist movement.

Post Conflict Bakassi and Role of Cameroonian and Nigerian Military

No one would have thought that the military clashes between Cameroon and Nigeria over the Bakassi Peninsula would one day end. For close to 50 years, Cameroon and Nigeria had been fighting over the resource-rich area of Bakassi to take control of it. The mechanisms that resolved these military upheavals were the World Court's Judgment (WCJ) of 2006 and the Green Tree Agreement (GTA) of 2006. The end of the five-year special regime program, as stipulated by the GTA, finally laid to rest the Bakassi conflict. Hitherto, following the end of hostilities between the Cameroonian and Nigerian military in the Bakassi Peninsula, the region was/is being marred by militant activities. The main thrust of this paper is to examine the role played by the Cameroonian and Nigerian military in maintaining peace in the Bakassi peninsula even after the conflict has been resolved. This research used the qualitative method with content and thematic analysis on some military activities in the Bakassi peninsula. Data was collected from secondary sources and observations from two field undertakings in Bamusso, Isangele, and Idabato subdivisions in the Bakassi region. After resolving the conflict, this paper cautions that Cameroonians and the Nigerian military have not only been engaged in security activities but have taken up new humanitarian and developmental activities. This research recommends for Cameroon and Nigerian governments divert heavy projects from the military to civilians, deploying more civilian personnel in the medical, judicial, and administrative fields in the Bakassi Peninsula. They should only limit the use of their military personnel in fighting piracy and militancy in the area. If such policies are implemented, both countries will be assured peace and tranquillity in the Bakassi Peninsula.

Military directors and audit fees

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between companies with military directors and audit fees in Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachUsing upper echelon and audit pricing theories, the authors examine military directors' roles in the demand for and supply of auditing services. The authors use Indonesia as their research setting as their military forces have a long history of involvement in business. The study sample includes 898 firm-year observations on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2014–2018.FindingsThe authors find a negative relationship between military connections and audit fees. This is consistent with auditors assessing lower audit risk and charging lower audit fees to companies that have leaders with military experience. The study findings are strongest where there is military experience on the board of directors and where the military experience is from the Army.Originality/valueThis study extends the literature on the benefits of military experience in company leadership, especially in the context of auditing research. The study findings also have implications for the selection of board candidates and auditor risk assessments.

Aquinas and the Geopolitical Thinking of Pope Francis

This scientific article explores the notion of a Christian geopolitics and its compatibility with realpolitik and international relations. The analysis delves into the perspectives of Pope Francis, John Mearsheimer, and Catholic social thought principles to examine the moral implications of geopolitical strategies. Mearsheimer’s bait and bleed strategy in Ukraine is critiqued for its callousness and disregard for human life, while Francis’s emphasis on personal and social reform highlights the importance of ethics and the universal destination of goods. The article questions whether Christians can engage in realpolitik strategies that perpetuate poverty and violate the principles of human dignity and mercy. It further considers the implications for Catholic leaders in government and military roles, particularly in the context of upcoming U.S. presidential contenders. The analysis ultimately challenges the notion that a Christian geopolitics is a category mistake, advocating for a higher moral road in international relations.

Physiology of Health and Performance: Enabling Success of Women in Combat Arms Roles.

The modern female soldier has yet to be fully characterized as she steps up to fill new combat roles that have only recently been opened to women. Both U.S. and U.K. military operational research efforts are supporting a science-based evolution of physical training and standards for female warfighters. The increasing representation of women in all military occupations makes it possible to discover and document the limits of female physiological performance. An informal Delphi process was used to synthesize an integrated concept of current military female physiological research priorities and emerging findings using a panel of subject matter experts who presented their research and perspectives during the second Women in Combat Summit hosted by the TriService Nursing Research Program in February 2021. The physical characteristics of the modern soldier are changing as women train for nontraditional military roles, and they are emerging as stronger and leaner. Capabilities and physique will likely continue to evolve in response to new Army standards and training programs designed around science-based sex-neutral requirements. Strong bones may be a feature of the female pioneers who successfully complete training and secure roles traditionally reserved for men. Injury risk can be reduced by smarter, targeted training and with attention directed to female-specific hormonal status, biomechanics, and musculoskeletal architecture. An "estrogen advantage" appears to metabolically support enhanced mental endurance in physically demanding high-stress field conditions; a healthy estrogen environment is also essential for musculoskeletal health. The performance of female soldiers can be further enhanced by attention to equipment that serves their needs with seemingly simple solutions such as a suitable sports bra and personal protective equipment that accommodates the female anatomy. Female physiological limits and performance have yet to be adequately defined as women move into new roles that were previously developed and reserved for men. Emerging evidence indicates much greater physical capacity and physiological resilience than previously postulated.

Towards an effective gender integration in the armed forces: The case of the Colombian Army Military Academy

The importance of gender integration in the armed forces is well-established in the scholarly literature, as it plays a vital role in conflict prevention and resolution, offering an innovative understanding of security issues. However, the discussion has omitted critical issues involving women's integration into militaries other than in developed countries, the military academies' role in fostering respect for women's rights, and the importance of ongoing gender-equality policy assessment. This article aims to broaden this discussion by focusing on the case of Colombia, a conflicted country whose military has extensive combat experience and where societal sexism, and prejudices remain prevalent. To this end, it examines the Army Military Academy (Escuela Militar de Cadetes General Jose Maria Cordova) and its gender-equality policy, Atenea. The statistical methods show that customary predictors of support for women used to study NATO and developed countries should be carefully used when exploring militaries in countries like Colombia, where individual biases associated with typecasts and traditionally male-dominated cultures usually restrict equal opportunities and support for women in the military profession. It finds the role of military academies significant in fostering cohesion and respect for women's rights, concluding that the ongoing evaluation of gender-equality policies and strategies is paramount to promoting and guaranteeing an egalitarian environment.

Disentangling the US military's climate change paradox: An institutional approach

AbstractStudies estimate that the US military it is a bigger polluter than 140 individual countries, having emitted hundreds of millions of tons of greenhouse gases in the twenty‐first century. Despite this, the military is also one of the organizations most affected by climate change, given its global infrastructural reach, and one that is positioning itself to grapple with the social and political upheavals resulting from the climate crisis. Thus, paradoxically, despite its role as a major driver of ecological degradation, the military is one of the few influential institutions in the US that has demonstrated a willingness to grapple with the effects of climate change. In this paper we explore these two sides of the relationship between the military and climate change. Combining perspectives from the military and environmental sociology literature, we review the military's role as a polluter as well as a stakeholder. We examine the military's attempts to reconcile those two approaches through the adoption of a philosophy of “winners and losers” of climate change, highlighting the limits and possibilities of this approach. To make sense of the military's response, we review the conflicting institutional logics guiding the Pentagon's efforts. We conclude by suggesting that policymakers resolve these tensions through a strategic retreat from its globe‐spanning presence.

What Difference Does it Make? UN Peacekeeping’s Impact on Civil-Military Relations in Troop-Contributing Countries

ABSTRACT Participating in UN peacekeeping missions used to be seen as an appropriate way to improve civil-military relations in countries where armed forces held undue political power. Nevertheless, a growing body of scholarship cautions that sending troops to increasingly coercive peacekeeping missions can contribute to a deterioration of civil-military relations. How can this variance in outcomes of peacekeeping deployments be explained? Taking stock of the existing academic debate on socialisation processes in peacekeeping and comparing the cases of India and Brazil, this article argues that military role conceptions are a key factor for understanding the effects of peacekeeping on troop-contributing countries.

Military intervention as a spectacle? Authoritarian regionalism and protests in Kazakhstan

Abstract Understanding the scope and the limits of cooperation of authoritarian regimes is important to assess their ability to support each other and strengthen authoritarian rule worldwide. While there is substantial evidence of authoritarian regimes working together to ensure mutual stability, autocracies are also notoriously mistrustful of one another. Therefore, they prefer to limit the assistance from other autocracies to rhetoric, to avoid the emergence of excessive dependencies. The conditions under which authoritarian cooperation goes beyond rhetoric, and even takes such extreme forms as military interventions, are insufficiently studied. The article investigates the case of the Collective Security Treaty Organization's (CSTO) intervention in Kazakhstan in 2022 as an example of an authoritarian regional organization sending a military mission to one of its member states. Using process tracing and carefully investigating the available evidence on the role of CSTO forces in Kazakhstan, we show that their intervention was more of symbolic importance than having an actual military role, and precisely for that reason it was acceptable to the leadership of Kazakhstan and other CSTO countries. The balance of power in central Asia (and in particular the role of China) ensured the credibility of commitment of the CSTO to keep its mission a symbolic one.

Elite chariots and early horse transport at the Bronze Age burial site of Shijia

Horses and chariots played a crucial social, cultural and military role in the emergence and development of early states in China. Little research, however, has explored the life histories of individual chariot horses or assessed their role as working animals. Here, the authors present a detailed zooarchaeological and palaeopathological study of eight adult male horses, used for pulling chariots, recovered from a single chariot-horse pit at the burial site of Shijia in north-western China. The characterisation of key osteological differences between chariot horses and ridden horses is offered as a contribution to the toolkit available for the archaeological investigation of human-horse interactions around the globe.

Militarism and the Politics of Covid-19 Response in Uganda

Within the broader context of securitized responses to Covid-19 globally, Uganda experienced an oversized military role, ranging from law-and-order and lockdown enforcement, to managing food-relief supplies, medical operations, and partisan political repression. What explains this excessive militarization? To address this poser, the article draws on secondary sources and key-informant interviews to test the hypothesis that military involvement in pandemic responses depends on pre-pandemic militarism. The findings reveal direct links between pre-crisis militarism and Covid-19 responses, contrary to the view that exceptionality and novelty of Covid-19 informed overly militarized responses. Through pandemic framing and institutional morphing, pre-pandemic militarism foregrounded military roles because Covid-19 provided Uganda’s ruling elites with a public health pretext to heighten militaristic rule, clutch the political arena in the context of elections, and deepen military presence in civilian public health realms. This excessive militarization of public health seriously impacts civil–military relations, specifically command and control, reporting and accountability, and resources management.

The boundaries of the carceral state: Accounting for the role of military incarceration

This article extends the study of carceral expansion—currently encompassing criminal, civil, and immigration enforcement—by examining the role of military (and, within that, extraterritorial) incarceration. Drawing on the case of military incarceration of civilians in Israel/Palestine, which since 1967 has accounted for between one-third and one-half of the entire prisoner population, it demonstrates the consolidation of a single carceral apparatus that normalizes military detention and incorporates non-citizens detained in extraterritorial locations. Involving both institutional and spatial dimensions, the article illuminates how the boundaries of the carceral state are relatively independent of formal sovereign borders, legal categories, and institutional arrangements, identifying the military as a carceral state agency. The study thus suggests a framework for an integrated study that accounts for the actual scope of the carceral state and its paradoxical modes of exclusionary inclusion.

The New Turkey: The Spread of Turkish Military Bases Abroad, Role and Indications 2002-2020

Objectives: This study aims to answer and investigate the following questions: What is the reason for having Turkish military outside Turkey, including the hosting of Turkish military bases abroad? Do these bases reflect Turkey's desire to expand its influence and assert its leadership role in the Middle East? Do they reflect a new vision for Turkey as an international actor with a centrally coordinated foreign policy? The researchers pose these questions in light of Turkey’s growing role in the Middle East, as indicated by its trend towards using public diplomacy to enhance its external relations in the regional and international environment, play a more active role, and assume a more effective strategic position.
 Methods: To answer the research questions, the researchers followed a theoretical approach, conducted an in-depth search using the national interest theory approach and the "strategic depth" theory.
 Results: Results: According to our investigation, we concluded that Turkey's location and history make it ready to move positively in all directions, especially within its geographical neighborhood, to preserve its security and achieve its interests. Thus, the decades-long Turkish boycott of the Middle East region and its issues had to end. Consequently, Turkey began to establish military bases in African or Arab countries that are either politically fragile or in need of external protection from their opponents and neighbors. This helped to counter the growing influence of some regional and international powers, enhance Turkish presence, and advance Turkey’s political, economic, and military interests.
 Conclusion: This study concludes that the construction of Turkish military bases abroad was a response to the increasing influence of certain regional and international powers.

The Military Courts Experiment: A Double-Edge Sword in the Fight against Political Radicalization in Pakistan

This research investigates the root causes of political radicalization in Pakistan from a scholarly perspective in order to understand the 9th May incident and examines the military court's role in curbing this radicalization. Although the establishment of military tribunals was motivated by a desire to combat terrorism, now it is the need of the hour to have complete plans that address issues like economic disparity, religious extremism, effective leadership, and the dissemination of positive narratives about diversity and tolerance that can help reduce the likelihood of people being politically radicalized (Siddiqi, 2018). To prevent people from getting radicalized and create a safe and welcoming society for all, a reasonable and open justice system controlled by civilians is essential. This paper tries to conceptualize how political radicalization can be tamed through military courts' existence by first (i) examining political radicalization in Pakistani society and then (ii) exploring military court establishment and significance in (iii) combating extreme ideas and preventing people from becoming politically radicalized in Pakistan.

A Negotiated Gender Order: British Army Control of Servicewomen in ‘Front Line’ Counterinsurgency, 1948–2014

This conceptual paper critically analyses how the British Army exercises control over the production of knowledge about women’s war labour in ‘front line combat’ and how women exert agency to resist this. 2018 saw all British military roles opened to women, yet it is a myth to say that women are only now able to serve in ‘front line combat’. The paper reveals a complex negotiated gender order or ‘bargain’ between the British Army and servicewomen seeing the latter controlled through their co-option, embodied by compliant military femininities, whilst permitting them some agency to resist. Driven by military need, sustaining this ordering has repeatedly seen women exposed to unnecessary risk. This critical feminist history contributes to conceptual development through deconstructing gendered knowledge systems, arguing that foregrounding women’s voices is central to furthering the cultural turn in war studies.

Shaping the security-development nexus in Brazil: the military as a modernising and nation-building actor?

ABSTRACT Since the end of the Cold War, the topic of military role expansion has become commonplace in the literature. Military deployments in humanitarian crises, disaster relief, border patrol, policing, counterterrorism, stability operations, and state-building played a key role in new doctrine and organisational changes. Yet, this global trend towards role expansion met a very distinct context in Brazil. Despite transitioning from an authoritarian military rule, reducing military prerogatives in government, and rethinking military roles in society, this trend reinforced an embedded idea that the armed forces have a central and all-encompassing role in the state’s political, economic, and social development. This worldview derives from a Brazilian historical process of merging security and development that rose far before the discussions on the security-development nexus in the literature by the late 2000s. That said, the aim of this article is to discuss how historical political and military practices built a security-development nexus avant la lettre, in which the military played a key role. We intend to demonstrate how Brazil placed the military as a key development actor and how this process, over time, led to consequences for civil-military relations, public policies, and democracy

Her Cold War: Women in the U.S. Military 1945–1980 by Tanya L. Roth

<i>Her Cold War: Women in the U.S. Military 1945–1980</i> by Tanya L. Roth

Security assistance, securitization, security systems, and insecurity in the Mediterranean mashriq and maghreb

ABSTRACT The Middle East and North Africa, of which the southern and eastern Mediterranean sub-region constitutes the bulk of the population and territory, is the world’s most securitized region. It is also the leading recipient of security assistance but provides the least security of any global region. A related paradox is that this region, the states of which are the world’s least democratic, receives the bulk of its security assistance from democracies. This article draws upon the causes and consequences of these two paradoxes to investigate relationships between securitization, security systems, and insecurity in the Mediterranean and broader MENA region. These paradoxes are products of historical legacies and limited access orders that characterize the region’s political economies. They are key drivers of ‘Faustian Bargains’ between providers and recipients of security assistance and the costs of those relationships. The article concludes with a review of proposals to improve the balance of costs and benefits of SA, recommending a dual strategy of seeking to reform recipients’ civil–military relations while changing military roles and responsibilities of both partners in security assistance relationships.

‘Abd Allah b. ‘Umar b. al-Khattab and His Military and Political Role. An Analytical-Historical Study of His Political and Military Career (Year 3 until Year 73 AH)

This study deals with the Companion (ṣaḥābi) ‘Abd Allah bin ‘Umar bin al-Khattāb, may God be pleased with them. This is an attempt to clarify his positions on the political events he lived through and the invasions and wars in which he participated. The researcher’s choice of this topic came due to the lack of historical studies on the positions of the Companions (al-ṣaḥābah) in general in the stages of strife that the nation was exposed to at the beginning of Islam, including Ibn ‘Umar. What has been written about him has been focused on the religious aspects in the sciences of Islamic Law, such as interpretation, ḥadith, fatwas, and so on. What about his political and military positions? I have not found a study specifically analyzing this field. The study relied on primary sources and analyzed them as a serious attempt to provide an original study of those aspects.

Impacts of Austerity on Urogenital Infection Rates in Active Duty Servicewomen.

Female warfighters are at increased risk of urogenital infections (UGIs) when serving in austere environments with varying levels of access to water, sanitation, and hygiene resources. Urogenital infections among servicewomen were among the top five reported medical encounters and one of the top seven reasons for medical evacuation from deployed locations between 2008 and 2013. In this study, we examine the use of water and sanitation resources across three environments (home duty station, field training, and deployment) and analyze associations between water, sanitation, and hygiene resource access and UGIs during training or deployment. The analyses are based on answers from 751 diverse active duty servicewomen (ADSW) at a large military installation in the southeastern USA. Data for this population-based, prospective, cross-sectional survey design were collected during the administration of the Military Women's Readiness Urogenital Health Questionnaire. This research study was guided by two specific research questions derived from self-reported data in sections2 and 3 of the questionnaire. The sample consisted of an extremely diverse pool of U.S. Army ADSW attached to highly operational units with robust field training and deployment tempos. Over one-half of the participants reported being diagnosed with one or more UGIs before military service. Of that participant group, more than 76.0% experienced one or more infections since joining the military. We found that the majority of UGIs occurred while U.S. Army ADSW were at their home duty stations rather than during field training or deployment. Of the three types of UGIs, bacterial vaginosis is more often associated with water and sanitation constraints. None of the water factors were significantly associated with UGIs during deployment. Intentional dehydration was not associated with UGIs in either field training or deployment, but intentionally delaying urination was associated with a significant increase in the odds of developing urinary tract infection during deployment. We identified trends in hygiene practices that may put ADSW at a higher risk for UGIs. Austere conditions, which may exist in any service environment, pose risks to the urogenital health and wellness of a female warfighter. Access to clean water and sanitation resources in military settings is essential for optimal health and operational readiness. It is necessary to identify and investigate critical research and policy gaps in need of investment and support for successful, evidence-based integration of female warfighters into military combat roles and to optimize their performance.