Military Modernization Research Articles

Deconstructing Pakistan-India Relationships and Covid-19 Implications

States utilize various strategies, including economic makeovers, nuclear proliferation, strengthening ties, upgrading military, and transforming technology to maintain hegemony at the international level. In the strategic calculus of South Asia, nuclear deterrence plays a dominant role and serves as an assurance for peace and stability in the region. Experts claim that mounting nuclear warheads, ethnic, religious, and ideological conflicts, including the Kashmir issue, caused dilapidated security conditions between the Pakistan and India standoff. The research commences with a question as to why the government of India and Pakistan are involved in the latest cross-border incitement despite security challenges. Moreover, the study also examines the impact of Indian escalation on the regional security of South Asia in the era of Covid-19. In so doing, this study reviews the continuous escalating instability of South Asia, especially in the sub-continent, and tries to build a causal relationship between the balance of power and security dilemma. In due course, the causes of the latest Indian provocation will be discussed in reference to the hegemonic theory. Growing India-US strategic partnerships, a regional hegemonic approach, military modernization, and a rising economy were the factors that enabled the Indian military to achieve multiple objectives. Finally, the future prospect in South Asia after Covid-19 will be discussed.

The Meaning and Value of Yusool from the Modern MILITARY Perspective after the Imjin War

Purpose: The military aspects of the Imjin Invasion and the background of Japan s military and yusool estab-lishment in the late Joseon Dynasty were investigated, and a thorough investigation was conducted on Joseon yusool used in hand-to-hand combat as a martial art of the Joseon dynasty. Yusool and Japanese military tours in the late Joseon Dynasty, they investigated Joseon Yusool from the Joseon Training Institute, and in particular, reviewed and analyzed the meaning and value of Yusool from a modern military perspective after the Korean-Japanese Japanese Invasion. Its purpose is to present Yusool as a martial art. Method: This research method examines in-depth the meaning and value of Yusool viewed from the modern military side after the Japanese Invasion of Korea and Japan, and provides related historical papers, reports and books, ancient documents, and Internet materials to present the authenticity of Yusool as a martial art in the Joseon dynasty From a macro point of view, this was conducted as a specific research issue related to the begin-ning of Joseon judo and yusool and military martial arts from the military side of the middle Joseon period and the early period of the Korean Empire. Results: After the Imjin Invasion, Joseon Yusool could provide its value as a cultural heritage in terms of the historical significance of Yusool from the Korean-Japanese military perspective, modern Joseon training, and the form of yusool values in the military aspect. Conclusion: It was said that there was jujutsu in Joseon in 1880, and the representative figures were Jujutsu and Gyeongchuk, a military martial art from Chosun training centers such as Park Moo-gyeong, Im Eun-myeong, and Lee Gyu-wan. Lee Guk-do, the first instructor of the Shinheung Military Academy, taught close combat with Joseon jujutsu. This is because Jujutsu, viewed from the military perspective of Korea and Japan after the Imjin War, has a high value in the military aspect of the modern Joseon training course, and from the perspective of military martial arts. Joseon jujutsu could provide its value as a cultural heritage.

Peran Intelijen dan Perang Psikologis pada Agresivitas Kampanye Militer Kekaisaran Genghis Khan

The Mongol Empire, which prevailed in the 13th to 14th centuries, was one of the largest empires known in the history of world conquest. The stretch of the empire formed by Genghis Khan almost covers all of Eurasia, whose success story cannot be separated from the exploits of intelligence and psychological warfare that have been applied just like modern wars centuries after. Historical Research analysis in this article will try to juxtapose intelligence theories and Psychological Warfare so that the story of the Mongolian empire can be a valuable lesson for the study of strategy and philosophy of war as a reference for modern military strategy. The existence of a military campaign strategy is actually required to be adaptive in accommodating various war philosophies from any era in order to be able to support the success of each mission and operation. Keywords: Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Intelligence, Psychological Warfare, Defense Strategy, Military Campaign

Importance of Strategy in Modern Military Action

Abstract The issue of studying the physiognomy of military actions in the light of the influence of the main military strategy schools is integrated into the field of military art as an objective necessity of a relevant analysis of risks and threats that may affect military force and, consequently, to identify effective means and methods of response against them. The conclusion that emerges from the study is that military action will remain the beneficiary of forward-looking thinking and initiative, in which past moments are primarily considered as a source of lessons learned to increase the effectiveness of the actions to come.

Mission Command in a Modern Military Context

Abstract The development of capabilities for national defence among land forces in the Baltic region underscores the need for mission command as a guiding principle of leadership and command. However, the practice of mission command in the contemporary military context is far from straightforward. This article presents the results of a survey conducted with Swedish Army officers, examining their perspectives on positive as well as negative influences on their ability to utilize mission in their contemporary working environment. While mission command is envisioned to become increasingly important in the future, several obstacles are identified to its utilization and development.

Educational Environment as a Pedagogical Condition for the Successful Training

Introduction. The educational environment is a cultural space open for the formation of a future specialist in his professional culture. However, to improve the effectiveness of training cadets, pedagogical conditions are needed that adapt training technologies to the realities of a modern military educational organization of higher education (hereinafter VOOVO). At present, training technologies have been developed and introduced for cadets who are able to function in the interests of the defense and security of the state, as well as to ensure the rule of law and law and order in the Russian Federation. However, the professional qualification of a modern officer requires the modernization of his knowledge, including on the basis of self-education, self-organization and self-actualization of existing experience. The purpose of the article is to identify pedagogical conditions conducive to the high-quality mastering of automobile technology by cadets by means of successfully solving situational problems, which, firstly, consolidate the skills of driving a car, secondly, form the reflexive abilities of introspection of the difficulties arising in this case, and thirdly, create a communicative environment, contributing to the comprehension of the service-combat mission by all participants in military-professional activity. Research methodology and methods. The study presents the structure of the educational environment of the modern VOOVO as a pedagogical condition conducive to the successful mastering of the discipline “Automotive training” by cadets. This structure was obtained through the analysis of existing ideas about the educational environment as a cultural space for the formation of a future specialist. However, the article takes into account the features of both a military educational organization and the specific content of the subject “Automotive training”. Research results. The following structural components of the educational environment have been identified, which represent a pedagogical condition for the success of training cadets to drive combat vehicles and cars. In conclusion, it is concluded that the empirical data basically confirmed that the pedagogical conditions developed in the study became effective in teaching cadets to drive cars. It was these conditions that organized the educational environment as part of the cultural space of the modern VOOVO, open both in content and organizational terms for the formation of a future specialist in his professional culture. Among the main ones, we identified pedagogical conditions that contribute to the high-quality mastering of automobile equipment by cadets by means of successfully solving situational tasks, which consolidate the skills of driving a car, form the reflexive abilities of introspection of the difficulties arising in this case, create a communicative environment that contributes to the comprehension of the service-combat task by all participants in military-professional activities.

중국의 인공지능(AI) 정책과 군사현대화에 관한 연구: AI 기술의 군사적 활용을 중심으로

중국의 인공지능(AI) 정책과 군사현대화에 관한 연구: AI 기술의 군사적 활용을 중심으로

Early Modern Military Identities, 1560–1639: Reality and Representation, ed. Matthew Woodcock and Cian O’Mahony

Early Modern Military Identities, 1560–1639: Reality and Representation, ed. Matthew Woodcock and Cian O’Mahony

The Role of the Cultural Context in the Russian Military Revolution

This article examines military transformations in Russia between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries within the framework of the Military Revolution concept. This concept, introduced by the British historian Michael Roberts in 1955, was originally used to link changes in the purely military sphere (the introduction of gunpowder and the increased number of troops) with changes in state structures in western European countries. However, the concept can also be used to describe modernisation processes in non-European countries. Some historians have pointed out that military reforms often led to a holistic transformation of the socio-economic system. Others, including those dealing with the Military Revolution in Russia, focus primarily on the role of economic, social, and educational backwardness, which resulted in the construction of a modern military system and state different from that found in the West. This article attempts to complement this historical perspective by highlighting the importance of the cultural context in Russia’s military modernisation. It explores the traditional cultural narrative – rooted in Orthodoxy and a patrimonial socio-political system – which resulted in the emergence of specific beliefs about waging war and achieving victory, as well as practices which differed from those in the West. As a result, it is argued that the introduction of similar technological and organisational solutions in the state of the tsars was accompanied not only by different political and socioeconomic conditions, but also by different values, which were reflected in the various ways of reforming the troops and their subsequent use on the battlefield.

Military modernisation in Southeast Asia in the Indo-Pacific strategic context

The relationship between Southeast Asia’s military modernisation and the Indo-Pacific arena seems to be self-evident in the geostrategic sense, but it is necessary to address their linkage through ...

The Implementation of South Korea’s Military Technology Reform in The Perspective of Techno-nationalism

Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) requires fundamental reforms on its 3 main pillars, namely military technology, doctrine, and organizational reform. South Korea is one of the states that has taken steps to initiate the RMA through defense reform policies. South Korea have initiated its own version of RMA by prioritizing the revolution of military technology rather than any other aspects. This article aims to explain why South Korea prioritizes its military modernization through the development of its domestic defense industry. This research applies the concept of military techno-nationalism impulse with a qualitative approach and literature review method to collect data from official documents, websites of the government, journals, and scientific reports. The results of the research indicate that South Korea's choice to prioritize the development of its domestic defense industry is not merely pushed by the urgency to decrease its dependencies toward the United States, but also by the desire to pursue for strategic power to face the North Korean threat as well as other states around the region that full of antagonism atmosphere, to obtain broader economic benefits through the spin-off effect of industrialization, and to gain international prestige as one of the largest arms exporter as well as standing equal with other regional players.

To free or not to free (ride): a comparative analysis of the NATO burden-sharing in the Czech Republic and Lithuania – another insight into the issues of military performance in the Central and Eastern Europe

ABSTRACT In this paper we argue that free riding within NATO should be assessed from a microeconomic point of view. In particular, nations with a communist background should be appraised in a much broader perspective than the 2% GDP spending target, or number of soldiers on deployment. In comparison with post-Soviet countries such as Lithuania, wealthy post-communist country such as Czechia where defence institution experienced an extensive militarisation of society and economy in the Soviet style, continues to fail in reducing their military-administrative complexes, as well as maintaining an excessive structure of militarised civilian activities; e.g., sport clubs, folkloric choirs, medical and educational facilities, established for purpose of autonomy from civil society. Hence, increasing defence spending to 2% GDP can have the effect of strengthening this structure when weak defence institutions are not able to manage their entire defence budget to achieve military modernisation, as has happened in Czechia.

Keeping the peace with dentistry.

Peacekeeping and the delivery of humanitarian aid is a vital component in the repertoire of any modern military and the UK has been at the forefront in contributing to these types of operation at an international level. When preparing for an enduring task such as peacekeeping, it is essential to consider all supporting components that can help deliver a common goal. Whether access to healthcare for the local population has collapsed or maintaining a healthy deployed force, dentistry will inevitably need to be considered and appropriate provision secured.This paper aims to look at the deployed dental support provided to recent peacekeeping interventions by the British Army.

An Ottoman Staff Officer in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): General Pertev Bey’s Impressions and Evaluations

In this paper, I discuss the influence of Japan’s military westernization on Ottoman conceptions of East-West relations, Westernization, and military reform, from the perspective of an Ottoman staff officer. Colonel (later General) Pertev (Demirhan) Bey visited Japan and the battlefields of the Russo-Japanese War as a military observer between 1904-1905. His experience on the battlefield dramatically influenced his way of thinking. In the successful Japanese example of military modernization, as he saw it in action against Russia, and found the answers to the long debate among Ottomans about the path for modernization in the face of threats from Western powers. He saw the Ottoman Empire and Japan as sharing many commonalities. Both faced a threat from Western modern states and their militaries. In reaction, elites and decision makers in both nations had sought to adopt Western practices, doctrines, institutions, science, knowledge, and cultural elements in order to reach the level of their threatening contemporaries. The Japanese military victory validated in the eyes of Pertev Bey, and many of his Ottoman contemporaries, the Japanese method of modernization. Japan replaced the West as the model of modernization for him. This led him to pen a report and unsuccessfully champion the Japanese example of military reform to Sultan Abdülhamid II. When he was given decision making power during the First Balkan War, tasked with planning the war against the Balkan allies, his experience in Japan played a central role in the war plan he presented, which in turn determined the contours of the Ottoman experience in the war.

Https://www.asianinstituteofresearch.org/JSParchives/The-CCP%E2%80%99s-Development-of-Artificial-Intelligence%3A-Impact-on-Future-Operations-

The development of artificial intelligence and related technologies has a potential serious impact on the industrial development and the military operations. The Chinese Communist Party has also classified this area as a key direction of the future development, hoping that in this new wave of military affairs innovation, under the absolute superiority of economic and military affairs, China could surpass the United States in one fell swoop, changing the world situation in which the United States is the only military superpower since the end of the Cold War. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi Jinping clearly stated that it should accelerate the development of military intelligence and strengthen the joint combat capability of the network information system, including the R&D of the innovative weapons and equipment. As Xi Jinping took over the presidency of China in 2013, he initiated the "dream of strong army". In the future, artificial intelligence is bound to be an important part of the CCP's military modernization, and it is also a foresighted preparation for winning the next war. At present, most of the CCP’s research on military development in terms of artificial intelligence tends to be on hardware devices, such as automated combat vehicles, autonomous drones and remote-controlled submarines. These related technologies rely heavily on the mechanical engineering and traditional R&D. The CCP intends to combine the development of military science and technology with the advanced weapons as a means of "killer" conception for future regional wars against the United States and other major powers. In this concept, the Communist Army will carry out paralytic asymmetrical attacks to its potential enemies. In the past, the "killer" weapons may be the attack missiles that attack large ships, but now they may include a new generation of artificial intelligence weapons that use the big data, the Internet of Things, or the cloud computing. In the face of the development of the CCP’s artificial intelligence militarization, not only we must concern about its current major developments, but also have to analyze the motives behind it, so that we can make correct judgments in the future operations to block the CCP’s media campaign and arms deterrent. This is the focus worthy of our urgent attention.

The CCP’s Development of Artificial Intelligence: Impact on Future Operations

The development of artificial intelligence and related technologies has a potential serious impact on the industrial development and the military operations. The Chinese Communist Party has also classified this area as a key direction of the future development, hoping that in this new wave of military affairs innovation, under the absolute superiority of economic and military affairs, China could surpass the United States in one fell swoop, changing the world situation in which the United States is the only military superpower since the end of the Cold War. In the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, President Xi Jinping clearly stated that it should accelerate the development of military intelligence and strengthen the joint combat capability of the network information system, including the R&D of the innovative weapons and equipment. As Xi Jinping took over the presidency of China in 2013, he initiated the "dream of strong army". In the future, artificial intelligence is bound to be an important part of the CCP's military modernization, and it is also a foresighted preparation for winning the next war. At present, most of the CCP’s research on military development in terms of artificial intelligence tends to be on hardware devices, such as automated combat vehicles, autonomous drones and remote-controlled submarines. These related technologies rely heavily on the mechanical engineering and traditional R&D. The CCP intends to combine the development of military science and technology with the advanced weapons as a means of "killer" conception for future regional wars against the United States and other major powers. In this concept, the Communist Army will carry out paralytic asymmetrical attacks to its potential enemies. In the past, the "killer" weapons may be the attack missiles that attack large ships, but now they may include a new generation of artificial intelligence weapons that use the big data, the Internet of Things, or the cloud computing. In the face of the development of the CCP’s artificial intelligence militarization, not only we must concern about its current major developments, but also have to analyze the motives behind it, so that we can make correct judgments in the future operations to block the CCP’s media campaign and arms deterrent. This is the focus worthy of our urgent attention.

The Indian Hybrid Warfare Strategy: Implications for Pakistan

War spins the wheels of history. It changes societies, alters lives, and brings about new dimensions to inflict more brutality on human beings. This is what happened in the aftermath of World War II, when the advent of the nuclear weapons set about a chapter of sophisticated and lethal warfare. Conventional war between the great powers has since been antiquated. It only puts to display the apparent capabilities of the adversary so that deterrence remains intact. War has now become multilevel and multi-dimensional. In such a case hybrid warfare strategy comes to play - which falls under the third dimension of warfare and includes application of both conventional and nonconventional means. It becomes lethal because it brings together the use of technology and cognition to bring about destruction and disruption. Crimean annexation by Russia is used as a case study in this paper which discusses the threat perception levels of the West which was a consequence of the event. On the other hand, the Strategic Interaction theory examines the asymmetric dimension of warfare which a weaker party undertakes in order to subdue or challenge its adversity. To put all this in context, India and Pakistan both being nuclear states do not directly confront each other by conventional means; rather they opt for the non-conventional means. The doctrinal change and rapid military modernization drive by India creates security dilemma for Pakistan. This paper studies that how India has employed hybrid warfare strategy against Pakistan, what are the vulnerabilities of Pakistan that India is exploiting and can exploit, how Pakistan can confront this type of warfare.

Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century

This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization. The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed. One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries. The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time. The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process. The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period. The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization. The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.

A reference-free underwater image quality assessment metric in frequency domain

Owing to the complexity of the underwater environment and the limitations of imaging devices, the quality of underwater images varies differently, which may affect the practical applications in modern military, scientific research, and other fields. Thus, achieving subjective quality assessment to distinguish different qualities of underwater images has an important guiding role for subsequent tasks. In this paper, considering the underwater image degradation effect and human visual perception scheme, an effective reference-free underwater image quality assessment metric is designed by combining the colorfulness, contrast, and sharpness cues. Specifically, inspired by the different sensibility of humans to high-frequency and low-frequency information, we design a more comprehensive color measurement in spatial domain and frequency domain. In addition, for the low contrast caused by the backward scattering, we propose a dark channel prior weighted contrast measure to enhance the discrimination ability of the original contrast measurement. The sharpness measurement is used to evaluate the blur effect caused by the forward scattering of the underwater image. Finally, these three measurements are combined by the weighted summation, where the weighed coefficients are obtained by multiple linear regression. Moreover, we collect a large dataset for underwater image quality assessment for testing and evaluating different methods. Experiments on this dataset demonstrate the superior performance both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Super-flexible polyimide nanofiber cross-linked polyimide aerogel membranes for high efficient flexible thermal protection

• Novel super-flexible PI nanofiber crosslinked PI aerogel membrane was prepared. • The crosslinked structure realized the transition from brittleness to flexibility. • The lightweight membranes exhibited ultra-low thermal conductivity of 0.0279 W/mK. • The membranes showed high-temperature resistance and ultrahigh tensile modulus. Experimental preparation of lightweight and highly flexible aerogels has been a longstanding challenge, which limits their practical application in flexible thermal protection. Here, polyimide (PI) nanofiber cross-linked polyimide aerogel membranes were designed to achieve high flexibility, strong mechanical properties, and highly efficient heat-insulated performance. By taking full advantage of the perfect chemical compatibility and robust interfacial bonding strength between PI nanofibers and PI aerogel molecular chains, the PI aerogel membranes achieved the significant transformation from brittleness to high flexibility. The results demonstrate the addition of PI nanofibers exhibits significant reinforcement and toughening effect. PI nanofiber cross-linked PI aerogel membranes possess low density of 0.168 g/cm 3 and low thermal conductivity of 0.0279 W/mK. Moreover, 20 wt% PI nanofiber cross-linked PI aerogel membranes exhibit high tensile strength of 2.95 MPa, while the tensile strength of pure PI aerogel is 0.27 MPa. The as-prepared PI aerogel membrane exhibited high-temperature flexible thermal protection performance, which made it a candidate for the application in modern technology, military, and aerospace.